液态硅树脂对氧化铝基陶瓷型芯性能的影响

航空发动机上的叶片是航空发动机的"心脏"部件,叶片性能的好坏对航空发动机的性能起决定性作用。高性能空心叶片的制备对生产综合性能高的陶瓷型芯提出了更高的要求。以球形氧化铝粉末为基体材料,液态硅树脂为粘结剂,利用干压法制备陶瓷型芯素坯并使用管式电炉在空气气氛中烧结。系统研究了不同烧结温度和液态硅树脂含量对陶瓷型芯相组成、显微组织和烧结性能的影响。结果表明,添加液态硅树脂对陶瓷型芯抗弯强度、线性收缩率、显气孔率和体积密度影响显著。相同烧结温度下,陶瓷型芯样品线性收缩率和抗弯强度随液态硅树脂量的增大而增大,而显气孔率和体积密度则相应减小。当液态硅树脂质量分数为0.8%时,陶瓷型芯显气孔率和体积密度变化最为稳定,线性收缩率也能保证良好的尺寸精度;当烧结温度为1550℃时,抗弯强度达到最大值50.76 MPa。     

多孔铝基陶瓷型芯的制备及其性能

为了解决铝基陶瓷型芯难于烧结和不易脱芯的难题, 在样品中加入了一定量的SiO₂. 利用干压法制备了多孔氧化铝基陶瓷型芯样品, 研究了不同SiO₂的添加量、烧结温度和保温时间对样品性能的影响. 研究结果表明: 经1500℃烧结保温2 h和1600℃烧结降温2 h的样品, 其线收缩率变化不大. 经1700℃烧结保温2 h的样品, 由于SiO₂的挥发导致样品的气孔率升高, 抗弯强度明显降低. 经1500℃烧结保温2 h的样品综合性能最好, 当SiO₂添加量为10wt%时, 样品的线收缩率为1.1%, 抗弯强度为63 MPa, 气孔率为35.5%, 体积密度为2.29 g/cm³; 当保温时间≥4 h时, 其线收缩率、抗弯强度、气孔率和体积密度变化不大, 有望成为高温型芯的候选材料.     

金属Al粉对氧化硅基陶瓷型芯的性能及组织的影响

本工作以石英玻璃粉作为基体材料, 白刚玉粉作为矿化剂, 金属Al粉作为添加剂, 制备了氧化硅基陶瓷型芯。研究了不同含量金属Al粉对氧化硅基陶瓷型芯收缩率、物理性能、显微组织和相组成的影响。研究结果表明, 在型芯烧结过程中, 金属Al粉受热氧化形成Al₂O₃, 伴随着体积膨胀和重量增加, 可以抑制陶瓷型芯的烧结收缩和铸造收缩。Al粉对烧结过程中的方石英析晶无明显抑制作用, 铸造过程中由于型芯骨架结构的松散程度增加, 型芯的高温抗变形能力降低。当铝粉含量为1wt%时, 陶瓷型芯综合性能良好, 三维方向的烧结收缩率分别为0.01%、0.03%、0.03%, 气孔率为28.58%, 挠度为0.57 mm, 抗弯强度为12.1 MPa。制备的陶瓷型芯能够满足高温合金定向凝固需求, 并有望能提高空心涡轮叶片的内腔尺寸精度。     

热固性硅树脂压注法制备多孔硅基陶瓷型芯研究

以石英玻璃粉为基体, 热固性硅树脂为增塑剂, 利用压注方法制备了多孔硅基陶瓷型芯, 研究了烧结温度和保温时间对样品性能的影响。研究结果表明: 随着烧结温度的升高, 反玻璃化进程加快, 在烧结温度1250℃, 随着保温时间的延长, 玻璃相发生了转变, 逐渐析出方石英, 且含量不断增加; 样品的线收缩率和失重随烧结温度的升高略微增加, 但烧结时间的影响较小。样品的失重主要是由于硅树脂的分解引起的。在1250℃烧结10 h后, 得到样品的收缩率为0.93%, 显气孔率为32.8%, 抗弯强度为9.08 MPa。     

PA66纤维含量对多孔铝基陶瓷型芯气孔率的影响

为了解决氧化铝陶瓷型芯不易脱芯的难题,加入一定量的PA66纤维作为成孔材料,以热压注的方法制备多孔铝基陶瓷型芯。研究PA66纤维含量对铝基陶瓷型芯气孔率,室温抗弯强度和烧结收缩率的影响;分析PA66纤维含量对氧化铝陶瓷型芯气孔率的影响机理。结果表明:PA66纤维的加入显著提高了氧化铝陶瓷型芯的气孔率,有效延缓了型芯的烧结收缩;随着PA66纤维加入量的增多,氧化铝陶瓷型芯气孔率增大,室温抗弯强度和线收缩率均减小。当PA66纤维含量为0.9%(质量分数)时,氧化铝陶瓷型芯的气孔率为41.14%,抗弯强度为15.33 MPa,线收缩率为0.418%。     

预加方石英含量对SiO2基陶瓷型芯高温蠕变性能的影响

将方石英作为第二相、锆英砂作为矿化剂加入到SiO₂基陶瓷型芯基体材料中,采用热压注法制备陶瓷型芯。研究预加方石英含量对SiO₂基陶瓷型芯性能的影响,分析在1550℃下预加方石英含量对SiO₂基陶瓷型芯高温蠕变性能的影响机制。结果表明,随着预加方石英含量的增加,SiO₂基陶瓷型芯抗弯强度和高温挠度逐渐减小,型芯的气孔率逐渐增加。当预加方石英含量为10wt%时,石英玻璃析晶速率最快,方石英开始相连构成耐高温的方石英骨架,陶瓷型芯抵抗高温变形的能力显著提高,陶瓷型芯的综合性能最佳,其抗弯强度、高温挠度和气孔率分别为5.13 MPa、1.18 mm和40.55%。      

温度对V-5Cr-5Ti合金拉伸性能及组织结构的影响

对真空自耗重熔制备的V-5Cr-5Ti合金进行了室温到1150℃温度范围的拉伸性能测试,获得了不同温度下的拉伸应力应变曲线,用SEM和光学显微镜对断口形貌和金相组织进行了观察,分析了温度对断口形貌和组织的影响。结果表明:V-5Cr-5Ti合金的屈服强度和极限强度总体上随温度升高而降低,但在300℃到700℃之间出现应变失效效应,断裂伸长率随温度升高而降低,断面收缩率随温度升高先增大再而降低,在400℃时断面收缩率最大;温度较低时塑性变形以滑移为主,温度较高时以晶界开裂为主,并伴随有晶界熔化的现象,高温断口表现为韧性断裂为主,具有韧性与脆性共存的现象。     

陶瓷纤维增强氧化硅气凝胶复合材料力学性能试验

氧化硅气凝胶具有极低的热导率和密度,可作为很好的隔热材料,而脆弱的力学性能限制了其在隔热领域的应用。在不影响隔热效果的前提下,通过复合陶瓷纤维可增加氧化硅气凝胶的强度及韧性。试验探索了陶瓷纤维增强氧化硅气凝胶在室温下的拉伸、压缩和剪切等基本力学性能,分别研究了300℃、600℃和900℃下复合材料纤维铺层面方向的压缩性能,并采用扫描电子显微镜对高温试样微观结构进行了观察分析。结果表明：陶瓷纤维增强氧化硅气凝胶的性能表现出方向性,弹性模量在铺层面内方向与厚度方向的数值最大相差约28倍,强度极限亦然;在室温条件下,复合材料的拉伸和压缩弹性模量不同,X 、Y 和 Z 方向拉伸模量与对应的压缩模量之比分别为1.60、1.83和0.56;高温下复合材料沿厚度方向收缩,收缩量随温度升高而增大,900℃下的最大收缩量可达10.8%;高温下复合材料铺层面内方向压缩性能随温度升高而增强。     

退火热处理对TA15钛合金组织性能的影响

研究了不同的退火热处理制度对TA15钛合金显微组织、室温拉伸性能、高温拉伸性能、室温冲击韧性及硬度的影响。结果表明：在相变点以上温度退火,合金具有较高的室温、高温强度,但室温塑性、高温塑性、室温冲击韧性较低;在相变点以下温度退火,合金的室温、高温断裂强度在860℃退火时出现峰值,而室温塑性、高温断面收缩率和室温冲击韧性则随着退火温度的升高而提高;同单重退火相比,双重退火、三重退火对提高合金性能的作用不大。     

梯度HA/Mg复合材料的制备及性能研究

采用粉末冶金技术制备了梯度HA/Mg复合材料。研究了HA含量、HA梯度分布情况以及烧结温度对复合材料孔隙度、烧结收缩率和弯曲性能的影响,观察烧结产物的显微组织,并对复合材料的耐腐蚀性能进行测试。研究结果表明:随着梯度HA/Mg复合材料中间层HA含量的增加,梯度HA/Mg复合材料的烧结收缩率降低,孔隙度升高,抗弯强度降低。随着烧结温度的升高,梯度HA/Mg复合材料的烧结收缩率增大,孔隙度降低,抗弯强度增加。耐腐蚀性分析表明,与纯Mg相比,梯度HA/Mg复合材料具有更好的耐腐蚀性能。随着中间层HA含量的增加,腐蚀速率降低,溶液的pH增加缓慢。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。