基于博弈理论的无线自组织网增强协作模型研究

为了解决无线自组织网络中转发节点因自身能量与存储空间限制而拒绝协作的自私性问题,该文从分析数据包源节点与转发节点的收益与开销特性出发,基于虚拟货币的奖励机制,结合博弈理论提出无线自组织网络增强协作模型。该模型将网络协作问题转化为数据包转发路径中多转发节点与源节点收益的博弈均衡问题,在保障双方利益的基础上提出最优的激励方式,促进通信协作的进行。另外,为最大化网络生存时间与避免拥塞,该模型对转发节点的电量与存储空间状态做了相应的约束。     

基于信誉的延迟容忍网络激励方案

由于长延迟、频繁中断等特性,延迟容忍网络采用“存储-携带-转发”的路由方式实现报文的传递.这种传输方式建立在网络节点互相信任,诚实合作的假设之上.然而,由于受到自身资源的限制,网络中存在自私节点拒绝参与网络合作的行为,导致网络传输性能下降,甚至无法正常运行.针对此类问题,本文提出一种基于信誉的延迟容忍网络激励方案,鼓励节点共享资源,并约束自私行为.设计了一种观测协议,以解决延迟容忍网络环境下对网络节点行为的观测问题;提出了一种信誉模型,通过信任值评价节点的可信程度,从而优化路由决策,惩罚自私节点.仿真结果表明了本文提出的激励方案的有效性和可行性.     

基于博弈理论的移动自组网激励机制研究

摘 要：针对移动自组网中节点在报文转发过程中的表现出的自私行为,利用博弈理论,从静态和动态2个方面对其进行了完整的建模与分析。首先,提出了一种严厉针锋相对策略,并建立了一个无限重复报文转发博弈模型,求得了激励一致性条件。然后,利用演化博弈理论对节点由自私向协作转变的动态过程进行了分析,并证明了严厉针锋相对策略的演化稳定性。仿真结果表明,即使在自私节点比率为1的条件下,只要合理选择惩罚参数,均可有效激励自私节点的协作转发行为,整体网络性能最多可提升80%。     

无线Mesh网络可信路由协议THWMP研究

为了使节点在网络中存在恶意节点和自私节点时能够选择安全可靠的路由,降低恶意节点和自私节点对无线Mesh网络带来的影响,文中通过对无线Mesh网络混合路由协议HWMP(Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol)和信任模型的研究,提出了基于主观逻辑信任模型的无线Mesh网络可信路由协议THWMP(Trusted HWMP),大大降低了因为信任的传递带来的网络开销,同时保证了路由的可信度。与HWMP路由协议相比较,在网络中存在恶意节点时,THWMP路由协议能够在增加有限的额外开销的情况下保证全网有较高的数据传递成功率和吞吐量。     

基于博弈的协作路由算法

协作虚拟多输入多输出（VMIMO）传输是一种有效的无线传输性能优化技术。将物理层协作VMIMO技术和网络层路由选择技术相结合,设计跨层VMIMO路由选择方案可以利用VMIMO的分集增益,显著地降低网络传输能耗。如何设计VMIMO协作路由协议抵抗无线网络的自私节点和欺骗行为,保证高数据转发率和低传输能耗成为路由设计中的重大挑战。为了提高自私网络的VMIMO路由性能,提出了一种基于重复路由博弈的VMIMO协作路由算法。该算法将网络划分成多个Group、Group间使用VMIMO传输数据。将Group间路由选择过程建模为重复路由博弈过程。为了提高数据转发的成功率,提出适用度函数评估节点参与数据分组转发的信誉。以此为基础,提出基于适用度的路由选择子算法和路由转发子算法。理论证明所提重复路由博弈可达到帕累托最优。仿真实验结果表明本算法可以促进自私节点相互合作,可获得较高的数据转发率,较好地减少数据传输时延以及能量消耗。     

基于信誉的延迟容忍网络双重Spray and Wait增强方案

引入转发证据的概念,设计了节点行为观测协议,提出一种基于信誉的双重Spray and Wait增强方案。通过对原始协议直接传输阶段的建模,使得信誉门限的确定建立在概率计算的基础上。仿真结果表明,在自私节点存在的环境中,与原始方案相比,增强方案能够减少自私行为对网络的危害,提高网络性能。     

Ad Hoc网络中一种基于价格策略的协作转发方案

在商用AdHoc网络中，对中继而言，为其他用户转发数据会带来额外的能量损耗，同时也会使用户自身的数据传输产生延迟，因此，网络中便会出现一些“自私节点”，不愿意为其它用户转发数据。在一定程度上影响了网络的正常运行。根据微观经济学中的博弈理论，给出了一种基于价格的协作转发方案，综合考虑网络收益和用户效用，由源节点决定补偿价格，并对中继进行价格补偿，来激励其转发数据。仿真结果表明，价格机制不仅可以激励转发，增加网络收益，而且改善了用户效用。特别是中继的效用。     

基于重复博弈的ad hoc网络节点惩罚机制研究

在无线ad hoc网络中,节点在数据转发过程中可能出现的自私行为将影响网络的可靠性。为了促进节点合作,本文在特定的网络模型中实现了两种已有的惩罚机制。本文的创新点是从节点收益的角度观察机制下的网络的稳定性,分析贴现因子对网络总收益的影响和各种参数对网络收敛的影响,并对此设计了4组仿真实验（上述几点在原文献中并未着重讨论）。仿真结果证明,上述机制能够降低自私节点的收益,有效地促进了节点的合作转发,维护了网络的稳定。     

适应自组织管理模式的P2P资源共享网络激励模型的研究

P2P网络中的自组织管理模式使得节点的自私行为大量存在.建立相应解决方案所面临的主要问题是难以继续维持P2P网络拥有的自组织及规模可扩放性等特性.目前存在的信用管理模型或者激励模型多是采用泛洪方式获得网络其他节点的历史行为信息,庞大的报文通信量和推导算法的高时间复杂度制约了所能应用的P2P网络的规模.本文提出了一种利用随机相遇博弈理论指导建立的P2P资源共享网络激励模型ResP2P.该模型通过引入节点信誉及信誉恢复区分机制,同时制定相关行为社会规范,来激励理性节点为使其自身收益最大化而向整个网络贡献资源,并且ResP2P所对应的分布式算法易于在自组织管理模式的网络环境中实施.实验证实了ResP2P模型激励机制的有效性.     

基于双向拍卖的DTN拥塞感知激励策略

为激励DTN自私节点在自身缓存有限时,有效地转发其他节点的消息,提出一种基于双向拍卖的拥塞感知激励策略.该策略中节点根据当前空闲缓存大小和消息接收速率确定自身拥塞程度,结合消息的传递概率和拥塞度并基于双向拍卖模型进行消息的买卖,从而实现节点间的合作.在真实数据集上进行仿真验证,结果表明由于进行了拥塞感知,该策略能够进一步激励自私节点进行合作转发,提高消息传递成功率,减小消息传递时延.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Nanoimprint Lithography -A Next Generation High Volume Lithography Technique

IntroductionNanoimprint Lithography is a well-acknowl-edged low cost, high resolution, large area pattern-ing process. It includes the most promising methods,high-pressure hot embossing lithography (HEL) [2],UV-cured imprinting (UV-NIL) [3] and micro contactprinting (m-CP, MCP) [4]. Curing of the imprintedstructures is either done by subsequent UV-lightexposure in the case of UV-NIL or by cooling downbelow the glass transition temperature of the ther-moplastic material in case of HEL…     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.     

Influence of PVK ： NPB hole transporting layer on the characteristics of organic light-emitting devices

A doping system consisting of NPB and PVK is employed as a composite hole transporting layer （CHTL）. By adjusting the component ratio of the doping system, a series of devices with different concentration proportion of PVK ： NPB are constracted. The result shows that doping concentration of NPB enhances the competence of hole transporting ability, and modifies the recombination region of charge as well as affects the surface morphology of doped film. Optimum device with a maximum brightness of 7852 cd/m^2 and a power efficiency of 1.75 lm/W has been obtained by choosing a concentration proportion of PVK ： NPB at 1：3.     

New insert layer structure OLEDs

An insert layer structure organic electroluminescent device（OLED） based on a new luminescent material （Zn（salen）） is fabricated. The configuration of the device is ITO/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1. Effective insert electrode layers comprising LiF（1nm）/Al（5 nm） are used as a single semitransparent mirror, and bilayer cathode LiF（1 nm）/A1（100 nm） is used as a reflecting mirror. The two mirrors form a Fabry-Perot microcavity and two emissive units. The maximum brightness and luminous efficiency reach 674 cd/m^2 and 2.652 cd/A, respectively, which are 2.1 and 3.7 times higher than the conventional device, respectively. The superior brightness and luminous efficiency over conventional single-unit devices are attributed to microcavity effect.     

Analysis of error performance on Turbo coded FDPIM

Due to variable symbol length of digital pulse interval modulation（DPIM）, it is difficult to analyze the error performances of Turbo coded DPIM. To solve this problem, a fixed-length digital pulse interval modulation（FDPIM） method is provided. The FDPIM modulation structure is introduced. The packet error rates of uncoded FDPIM are analyzed and compared with that of DPIM. Bit error rates of Turbo coded FDPIM are simulated based on three kinds of analytical models under weak turbulence channel. The results show that packet error rate of uncoded FDPIM is inferior to that of uncoded DPIM. However, FDPIM is easy to be implemented and easy to be combined, with Turbo code for soft-decision because of its fixed length. Besides, the introduction of Turbo code in this modulation can decrease the average power about 10 dBm, which means that it can improve the error performance of the system effectively.     

A method for calculating the center position of collimated light

It is a key problem to accurately calculate beam spots＇ center of measuring the warp by using a collimated laser. A new method, named double geometrical center method （DGCM）, is put forward for the first time. In this method, a plane wave perpendicularly irradiates an aperture stop, and a charge couple device （CCD） is employed to receive the diffraction-beam spots, then the geometrical centers of the fast and the second diffraction-beam spots are calculated respectively, and their mean value is regarded as the center of datum beam. In face of such adverse instances as laser intension distributing defectively, part of the image being saturated, this method can still work well. What＇s more, this method can detect whether an unacceptable error exits in the courses of image receiving, processing and calculating. The experimental results indicate the precision of this method is high.     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.