核电站在大型商用客机撞击下损伤破坏研究进展

2001年9·11事件后,美国核能管理委员会、核能研究院和能源部以及我国核安全局相继出台相关规范,明确规定核电站设计必须考虑大型商用客机的意外和恐怖性撞击作用。从飞机机身的整体撞击效应、引擎局部撞击效应以及核岛厂房结构振动3方面,回顾了核电站重要基础设施在飞机撞击下损伤破坏的理论模型、原型和缩尺试验以及数值仿真研究等的工作进展,对课题组近年来在该领域的研究工作进行了简要介绍,包括4种典型飞机（F4战斗机、空客A320、A380和新舟MA600）和4类核岛设施（预应力钢筋混凝土屏蔽厂房、普通钢筋混凝土屏蔽与附属厂房、钢板混凝土屏蔽与附属厂房,普通钢筋混凝土大型冷却塔）的精细化有限元模型及其撞击全过程的数值仿真分析。此外,介绍了引擎撞击普通钢筋混凝土和超高性能混凝土靶板的缩尺试验和数值模拟分析工作,以及引擎撞击局部效应的计算方法。最后,指出了该领域已有研究在撞击力计算、整体响应、局部破坏、振动效应和多灾害作用方面的不足和进一步研究方向的建议。     

Experimental study on a large aircraft impacting reinforced concrete nuclear containment structure model

美国9·11恐怖袭击事件后，核电厂房抵御大型商用飞机恶意撞击成为核安全领域备受关注的热点问题。为真实准确地研究大飞机撞击下核电厂房结构的损伤破坏及振动特性，基于某新型反应堆核电厂房结构，设计了大飞机撞击钢筋混凝土核安全壳模型试验，获得了核安全壳结构遭受大飞机撞击时相对完整的试验数据及物理参数。试验结果表明：当大飞机模型以我国核电厂厂址选择安全导则中建议的基准速度100 m/s撞击时，安全壳模型发生局部碎甲破坏，但壳体的主筋整体性能完好，钢筋网有效阻止了大飞机模型的侵入破坏。依据试验结果研究了钢筋混凝土安全壳结构在大飞机撞击作用下的损伤破坏规律和特点，分析了结构的撞击振动反应特性。根据试验结果反演至原型结构，安全壳结构的环梁牛腿处和筒体与穹顶连接处峰值加速度较大，分别为39.5g和47.2g，底板处水平和竖向峰值加速度相对较小，但仍达到3.45g和4.37g。壳体直接撞击区钢筋发生屈服，而在壳体碎甲区之外，各测点的钢筋应变均小于屈服应变，钢筋未发生屈服，钢筋混凝土壳体未发生由振动导致的破坏。     

大飞机撞击钢筋混凝土核安全壳模型试验研究增强出版（附加材料可在文章详情页“评审附件”下载）

美国9·11恐怖袭击事件后,核电厂房抵御大型商用飞机恶意撞击成为核安全领域备受关注的热点问题。为真实准确地研究大飞机撞击下核电厂房结构的损伤破坏及振动特性,基于某新型反应堆核电厂房结构,设计了大飞机撞击钢筋混凝土核安全壳模型试验,获得了核安全壳结构遭受大飞机撞击时相对完整的试验数据及物理参数。试验结果表明：当大飞机模型以我国核电厂厂址选择安全导则中建议的基准速度100 m/s撞击时,安全壳模型发生局部碎甲破坏,但壳体的主筋整体性能完好,钢筋网有效阻止了大飞机模型的侵入破坏。依据试验结果研究了钢筋混凝土安全壳结构在大飞机撞击作用下的损伤破坏规律和特点,分析了结构的撞击振动反应特性。根据试验结果反演至原型结构,安全壳结构的环梁牛腿处和筒体与穹顶连接处峰值加速度较大,分别为39.5g和47.2g,底板处水平和竖向峰值加速度相对较小,但仍达到3.45g和4.37g。壳体直接撞击区钢筋发生屈服,而在壳体碎甲区之外,各测点的钢筋应变均小于屈服应变,钢筋未发生屈服,钢筋混凝土壳体未发生由振动导致的破坏。     

Using Numerical Simulations and Engineering Reasoning under Uncertainty: Studying the Collapse of WTC‐1

Abstract: A series of numerical aircraft crash simulations and thermal behavior analyses were made at Purdue University to study the response of the World Trade Center Tower 1 (WTC‐1) on September 11, 2001. The process included accuracy verification for the computational tools using available experiment data. Numerical models for the Boeing 767–200ER aircraft and the structural system for the top 20 stories of WTC‐1 were developed for the simulations. A second aircraft model, simpler yet comparable in effect, was developed and used for a parametric sensitivity analysis. Results from these simulations and published by other researchers indicate that while the observed impact damage to tower exterior framing can be estimated accurately, the unseen impact damage to the core structure of the tower could not be estimated with high confidence. Although the computational tools helped in developing an understanding as to what might have happened as the aircraft penetrated and disintegrated into the structure, they were not able to reduce the uncertainty in the core damage estimate. However, reflecting insight from the behavior of the Pentagon building under the impact loads it received on the same day and studying the effects of elevated temperature on mechanical properties of steel in light of experimental data, the uncertainty in the core structural damage estimate was found to be of negligible importance with regards to the ultimate fate of the tower. It is demonstrated that through use of numerical simulations and engineering reasoning, a dominant factor in the collapse of the tower could be proposed with confidence. It was the loss of fire‐proofing in the tower core during aircraft impact that left the core vulnerable to ensuing thermal loads and resulted in the eventual collapse of the tower.     

大型商业综合体防排烟系统设计要点分析

与一般的商业建筑相比,大型商业综合体集购物、餐饮、KTV、电影院等功能于一体,室内空间相对复杂、人员密集、设备用电量较大,发生火灾事故的概率相对较高。一旦发生火灾事故,将会造成非常大的后果。只有做好防排烟系统设计,才能够提高大型商业综合体的火灾防控力度,降低火灾事故所造成的负面影响。基于此,文章针对大型商业综合体的防排烟系统设计进行了详细的分析,以供参考。     

Stochastic seismic collapse and reliability assessment of high‐rise reinforced concrete structures

To provide knowledge beyond the conventional engineering insights, attention in this work is focused on a comprehensive framework for the stochastic seismic collapse analysis and reliability assessment of large complex reinforced concrete (RC) structures. Three key notions are emphasized: the refined finite element modeling and analysis approach towards structural collapse, a physical random ground motion model, and an energy‐based structural collapse criterion. First, the softening of concrete material, which substantially contributes to the collapse of RC structures, is modeled by the stochastic damage constitutive model. Second, the physical random ground motion model is introduced to quantitatively describe the stochastic properties of the earthquake ground motions. And then the collapse‐resistance performance of a certain RC structure can be systematically evaluated on the basis of the probability density evolution method combining with the proposed structural collapse criterion. Numerical results regarding a prototype RC frame‐shear wall structure indicate that the randomness from ground motions dramatically affects the collapse behaviors of the structure and even leads to entirely different collapse modes. The proposed methodology is applicable in better understanding of the anti‐collapse design and collapse prediction of large complex RC buildings.     

Sewer Discharge Estimation by Stereoscopic Imaging and Synchronized Frame Processing

A system for fully automatic contact‐less image‐based measurement of volumetric flow rate in urban drainage structures is presented. The hardware includes two original equipment manufacturer cameras and a single‐board computer on which our custom image processing software is running. The value of water discharge depends on the surface velocity, water level and channel's geometry. The level of the flow is estimated as the difference between distances from the camera to the water surface and from the camera to the channel's bottom. Camera‐to‐water distance is recovered automatically using large‐scale stereo‐matching, whereas the distance to the channel's bottom is measured upon installation. Surface velocity is calculated using cross‐correlation template matching: individual natural particles in the flow are detected and tracked throughout the sequence of images recorded over a fixed time interval. The relative discharge computation error is lower than 1.34% of the theoretical maximal discharge for a given location, which makes our system competitive to commercial components such as ultrasonic flow meters, while using cheaper technologies.     

Structural Analysis of Impact Damage to World Trade Center Buildings 1, 2, and 7

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) conducted an extensive investigation of the collapse of World Trade Center towers (WTC 1 and WTC 2) and the WTC 7 building. This paper describes the reconstruction of impact damage to each of the WTC buildings, as well as analytical studies related to the WTC building collapses. In addition, data and evidence that were collected, tests of the floor truss systems in the WTC towers that were conducted, the overall structural analysis approach, and the development of the collapse hypotheses are discussed to provide a basis for the impact analyses and the fire and structural response analyses in a companion paper. Three companion papers address the primary structural systems of the WTC towers and WTC 7, the effects of fire on the three buildings, and how these events contributed to building collapse. The papers provide an overview of the complex and extensive investigations undertaken by NIST at a level of detail that has scientific merit but presents key aspects from the voluminous official reports at a level suitable for the technical literature. The aircraft impact damage to structural members and their passive fire protection in WTC 1 and 2 were estimated through detailed aircraft impact simulations. The impact damage to WTC 7 was estimated from photographs after the collapse of WTC 1, where falling debris damaged the southwest corner of WTC 7. Based on the aircraft impact simulation, over half of the exterior columns on the north face of WTC 1 were severed and approximately 20% of the core columns were severed or heavily damaged. Spray-applied fire resistive material (SFRM) was dislodged by direct debris impact over five floors (Floors 94 to 98). WTC 2 structural damage was concentrated on the east side of the building. Over half of the exterior columns on the south face were severed and approximately 25% of the core columns were severed or heavily damaged. SFRM was dislodged by direct debris impact over six floors (Floors 78 to 83). WTC 7 was structurally damaged by debris from the collapse of WTC 1. Photographic evidence showed that seven exterior columns were severed near the southwest corner at the lower floors. Unlike the towers, the SFRM in WTC 7 likely remained intact except for local areas around the debris impact damage at the southwest corner. All three buildings were stable with the impact damage, but the WTC 2 building section above the aircraft impact damage leaned to the east and south.     

Temperature fields for fire resistance analysis of structures exposed to natural fires in large space buildings

Temperature fields analysis is an essential work to evaluate the behavior of structures in fires. Large space buildings are mostly highly populated or high‐fire load places with high fire risks. So it is a research focus to predict the temperature fields of large space fires accurately. In this study, a full‐scale physical experiment on fires in large spaces has been conducted. The results show that the temperature distribution of natural fires in large spaces is nonuniform. With regard to the evolution laws of the temperature fields of natural fires in large spaces, the author developed a new temperature field prediction model for large spaces. The new model has been compared with the well‐known Li G Q model and the Xue S D model. Based on the comparative analysis, the new model can predict the change laws of the temperature fields with time in the whole fire process and reflect the gradual attenuation of temperature fields in the fire during the decay phase better. In the meantime, this new model developed by the authors can be used to structural analysis exposed to fires in large space buildings.     

基于三维弹塑性损伤模型的木材非线性分析

为预测木材复杂的受力行为,在弹塑性理论和连续介质损伤力学的框架内建立了木材三维弹塑性损伤本构模型。采用Hill屈服准则和Voce强化模型描述木材受压硬化行为;通过修正后的Hashin破坏准则和指数型损伤演化模型控制木材受拉、受剪的损伤演化过程。基于应变增量法求解本构模型的数值解,并采用Newton-Raphson迭代法求解塑性应变。通过编写用户自定义子程序（UMAT）将本构模型嵌入商业有限元软件ABAQUS,并根据试验结果对本构模型进行了验证。针对木材顺纹和横纹受压试验的数值模拟结果表明,该模型可以有效地描述木材的受压非线性硬化行为。针对木材斜纹受拉试验的数值模拟结果表明破坏准则可以较为准确地识别木材在横纹拉应力和顺纹剪应力作用下的破坏模式,损伤演化模型可以合理地控制木材的损伤演化过程。     

Non‐destructive testing

Takashi Nakai and Toshinari Tanaka of the Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute in Japan present the results of tests, using the easy handling and reasonable cost technique of fundamental vibration frequency measurement, on larger than usual cross‐sections. Modulus of elasticity measurements showed this method to have high possibilities for stress grading, overcoming the size limitations of existing commercial equipment at the saw mill or lumber yard. This paper was first presented at CIB Working Commission W18a in Vancouver in September 1988.     

Vulnerability and Robustness of a Security Skyscraper Subjected to Aircraft Impact

Abstract: Ultra‐high‐performance concrete (UHPC) is particularly suitable for application in aircraft‐impact‐resistant high‐rise buildings for combined load‐bearing and protective structures. The material provides very high—steel‐like—compressive strength, sufficient ductility, and fire resistance due to the addition of steel and polypropylene fibers. The following contribution is focused on two key aspects: hydro‐code simulations of structural UHPC walls which protect vertical escape and rescue routes and structural dynamic simulations of the global structure to investigate the impact resistance considering the sudden loss of external columns. A high‐speed dynamic material model for UHPC is obtained by implementing the results of a series of Hopkinson‐Bar experiments which were recently published. The strain‐rate‐dependent material properties are implemented in the established RHT‐Concrete‐Model for hydro‐code applications being furthermore extended by a tensile softening law for fiber‐reinforced UHPC. Based on this material model a series of aircraft‐engine impact experiments are configurated supported by three‐dimensional nonlinear hydro‐code prognosis simulations. With a total of six impact experiments on combined fiber‐ and rebar‐reinforced UHPC panels, all relevant damage states of the structural wall are obtained. The experimental results are compared to the hydro‐code prognosis simulations to validate the simulative approach and the material model for UHPC. In addition to the local impact behavior, structural dynamic numerical simulations of a global high‐rise structure are presented being focused on the effect of the sudden and notional loss of columns in coincidence with the aircraft impact load function.     

钢-混凝土混合结构振动台试验的弹塑性损伤分析

通过LS-DYNA程序,二次开发了钢材和混凝土单轴弹塑性损伤本构模型,其中钢材损伤模型采用混合强化准则,可考虑材料的Bauschinger效应;混凝土损伤模型定义了拉、压两个损伤指数,能较为准确地模拟混凝土单边效应、箍筋约束效应等。结合程序中基于显示算法的纤维单元,建立了结构整体数值分析模型,并通过一个缩尺比例为1∶4的3层钢-混凝土混合结构模型振动台试验,验证了数值分析模型的分析精度,数值模拟得到了模型结构的损伤发展过程。此外提出一种通过实测应变反演应变测试部位材料的应力和损伤发展的方法,研究表明,应变反演能充分利用应变测试数据,获得材料应力和损伤发展过程,并对结构的性能退化进行评估。     

设备工程对房屋抗震性能的影响与对策

本文针对当前我国结构设计和施工环节中重视结构所受作用的效应分析和抗力设计,忽视抗力在与设备工程专业设计配合和施工交叉作业中出现消弱的客观存在,结合地震灾害调查,以典型结构破坏为例探讨抗力的实际损失,并提出了较详细的解决办法,结果表明采用技术措施减少预留、预埋,为暗埋配管和控制箱提供结构局部加强方案,同时规范施工和二次装修过程中的交叉作业管理,房屋就能达到抗震性能的预期目标。     

Developing a Smart Structure Using Integrated Subspace‐Based Damage Detection and Semi‐Active Control

Damage detection in large building structures has always faced challenges due to analyzing the large amount of measured data. In this article, a new damage detection approach based on subspace method is proposed to identify damages using limited output data. Also, a new scheme is presented to develop a smart structure by integrating structural health monitoring with semi‐active control strategy. If damage occurs in such a structure under severe excitations, the proposed scheme has the capability to exert necessary control forces in order to compensate for damage and reduce simultaneously the dynamic response of the structure. The reliability and feasibility of the proposed method are demonstrated by implementing the technique to two shear building structures with semi‐active control devices. Results show that the damage could be identified accurately with saving time and cost due to less computation even under noise existence; and dynamic response is significantly reduced in the smart structure.     

Structural damage assessment of building structures using dynamic experimental data

Detection of damage to structures has recently received considerable attention from the viewpoint of maintenance and safety assessment. In this respect, the vibration characteristics of buildings have been applied consistently to obtain a damage index of the whole building, but it has not been established as a practical method until now. It is reasoned that this is perhaps due to restrictions on the experiment, use of improper method, and lack of inspection opportunity for the structures. In addition, in the case of large‐scale structures such as buildings, many variables to be considered for the analysis contribute to a large number of degrees of freedom, and this can also be a considerable problem for the analysis. A practical method for the detection of structural damage using the first natural frequency and mode shape of building is proposed in this paper. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by numerical analysis and experimental tests. From the results, it is observed that the severity and location of the damage can be estimated with a relatively small error by using modal properties of building. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental parametric study of forced and mixed convection in a passenger aircraft cabin mock-up

Forced and mixed convection has been investigated experimentally in a full scale passenger aircraft cabin mock-up. The mock-up represents a generic cabin section of the A380 upper deck. Large scale particle image velocimetry (PIV) and temperature field measurements were conducted in a cross sectional plane of the cabin mock-up. The flow fields for two different air inlet configurations were measured and analysed under isothermal and cooling conditions. Furthermore the flow rates at the different air inlet positions were varied while keeping the air exchange rate constant. Our extensive experimental parametric study demonstrates that the flow field in aircraft cabins is affected by various fluid mechanical phenomena. Interaction between the supplied air jets, negative buoyancy forces acting on these air jets and interaction of thermal plumes with the supplied air jets, all influence the flow field inside the cabin. The impact of these effects differs considerably depending on the ventilation configuration and relative mass flow settings at the supply inlets.     

Autonomous damage segmentation and measurement of glazed tiles in historic buildings via deep learning

Detecting and measuring the damage on historic glazed tiles plays an important role in the maintenance and protection of historic buildings. However, the current visual inspection method for identifying and assessing superficial damage on historic buildings is time and labor intensive. In this article, a novel two‐level object detection, segmentation, and measurement strategy for large‐scale structures based on a deep‐learning technique is proposed. The data in this study are from the roof images of the Palace Museum in China. The first level of the model, which is based on the Faster region‐based convolutional neural network (Faster R‐CNN), automatically detects and crops two types of glazed tile photographs from 100 roof images (2,488 × 3,264 pixels). The average precision values (AP) for roll roofing and pan tiles are 0.910 and 0.890, respectively. The cropped images are used to form a dataset for training a Mask R‐CNN model. The second level of the model, which is based on Mask R‐CNN, automatically segments and measures the damage based on the cropped historic tile images; the AP for the damage segmentation is 0.975. Based on Mask R‐CNN, the predicted pixel‐level damage segmentation result is used to quantitatively measure the morphological features of the damage, such as the damage topology, area, and ratio. To verify the performance of the proposed method, a comparative study was conducted with Mask R‐CNN and a fully convolutional network. This is the first attempt at employing a two‐level strategy to automatically detect, segment, and measure large‐scale superficial damage on historic buildings based on deep learning, and it achieved good results.     

落物竖向冲击下PC装配式简支箱梁桥动力响应及损伤分析

为评估落物(重型货物、落石)竖向冲击下的桥梁工作性能,以跨径30 m的预应力混凝土装配式箱梁桥为对象,建立精细化结构模型并与足尺模型试验结果进行对比验证; 采用显式动力分析方法对落物冲击多片式箱梁的动力响应和损伤发展过程进行分析,探讨了不同坠落冲击位置、冲击能量以及冲击角度等因素下桥梁的损伤特征和发展规律。结果表明:落物冲击作用可导致箱梁同时出现整体和局部型损伤,损伤过程可分为初始碰撞、损伤扩展和最终稳定3个阶段; 横向冲击位置由中梁转至边梁,受冲击梁体的损伤逐渐严重,梁体的位移和支反力显著增长; 落物冲击位置由跨中移动至支点处,破坏模式逐渐由弯曲型转变为剪切型,冲击梁体的位移和支反力逐渐减小; 随着冲击能量的增加,受冲击的主梁损伤明显加重,对未受冲击的主梁损伤影响较小,钢筋应力、碰撞力、受冲击主梁支反力和位移呈增长趋势,当冲击能量超过391.9 kJ时,纵向钢筋屈服; 落物角度变化会影响碰撞接触面积,接触面积减小,被冲击梁体的损伤分布区域、支反力和位移也会明显减小,但是局部接触区域的损伤更为严重; 落物冲击参数对于桥梁的损伤影响明显,加固维护时需要根据其特定的损伤分布特征采取相应措施。