先驱体转化法制备耐高温Si-Al-C-O纤维

以聚硅碳硅烷(PSCS)与乙酰丙酮铝为原料,在常压高温条件下反应制备出聚铝碳硅烷(PACS),经过熔融纺丝、空气预氧化、烧成等工艺,制备出性能优异的耐高温Si-Al-C-O(KD-A)纤维.研究了PACS纤维组成,预氧化过程中的质量增加、Si-H反应程度、凝胶含量,探讨了氧对KD-A纤维性能的影响;通过元素分析、AES和SEM等一系列分析,研究了KD-A纤维的结构组成以及耐高温性能.研究表明,PACS纤维空气预氧化过程中,主要是Si-H键与氧发生反应生成Si-O-Si交联结构;KD-A纤维的组成SiC1.51O0.31Al0.013耐高温性能明显优于普通SiC纤维,在空气中1000℃下加热100h后,强度保留率达到60%左右.     

耐高温的SiC(Al)纤维

聚硅碳硅烷 (PSCS)与乙酰丙酮铝(Al(AcAc)₃)在一定条件反应制备了耐高温SiC(Al)纤维先驱体聚铝碳硅烷( PACS)。PACS通过熔融纺丝、预氧化处理、低温烧成、高温烧结等一系列工艺过程制备了耐高温SiC (Al)纤维 。SiC (Al) 纤维的化学组成为Si₁C_1.15O_0.026Al_0.013,主要结构是平均晶粒为95 nm的β-SiC,O和游离C含量均大大低于Nicalon纤维 ( O>10wt%,游离C>10wt%),同时含有微量的Al和少量的 α -SiC。纤维表层O含量和Si含量略高于纤维内部,表面光滑平坦,没有明显表面缺陷。 SiC (Al) 纤维的平均直径为13 μm,平均强度为2.3 GPa,1400℃氩气中处理1 h,强度保留率95%以上;1800℃氩气中处理1 h,强度保留率为71%。纤维的高温稳定性高于Nicalon纤维,低于Tyranno SA纤维。      

连续含铁碳化硅纤维2～18GHz频段雷达波吸收性能探索

采用聚二甲基硅烷(PDMS)与二茂铁合成了聚铁碳硅烷(PFCS)。PFCS经多孔熔融纺丝、空气不熔化和N2中1320℃连续烧成,可制得连续含铁碳化硅(SiC(Fe))吸波纤维,此纤维与环氧树脂制备的结构材料对2～18GHz的雷达波具有较好的吸收。运用元素分析、红外光谱、核磁共振和XPS表征了PFCS的组成结构,结果表明,铁被引入到PFCS中;PFCS的主体结构为—Si—CH2—主链,其中Si上连接有—CH3、—CH2Si—和—H等;二茂铁的存在形式主要是茂环与部分主链Si的结合,因此二茂铁起到了使部分主链交联的作用。HRTRM分析表明连续SiC(Fe)纤维主要由无定型SiCxO4-x、晶态β-SiC和游离碳组成。     

由PDMS与PVC共热解聚碳硅烷制备SiC-C纤维

以聚二甲基硅烷(PDMS)与聚氯乙烯(PVC)为原料,经过共热解聚合反应合成了聚碳硅烷(PCS P),并制备出SiC C纤维.利用IR、XRD、XPS等分析方法对先驱体PCS P与SiC C纤维的组成、结构与性能进行了研究.结果表明,在PVC的引入量适当的条件下,通过共热聚将少量的短碳链引入到聚碳硅烷结构中,使SiC-C纤维的电阻率显著降低到10-1～101Ω·cm,并保持了良好的结晶性和耐氧化性.     

固/液态聚碳硅烷共混制备碳化硅纤维的研究

以超支化液态聚碳硅烷(LPCS)与固态聚碳硅烷(纯PCS)的共混物作先驱体,熔融纺丝;所得原丝再在热空气气氛中氧化交联,在高温氮气气氛中热裂解,得到碳化硅纤维。研究表明,15%(质量分数)LPCS的加入,可使纯PCS先驱体的纺丝温度,从285℃降低到225℃;纺丝性能和纤维表面质量明显提高;还可以提高氧化交联的效率,降低交联温度,从而减少纤维部分融并、粘结的弊端;虽然纤维的室温力学强度有所降低,但抗氧化性能提高,1400℃氧化交联后,力学性能几乎不变;而纯PCS的力学性能却降为原来的50%。     

具有优异纺丝性的陶瓷先驱体含铝聚碳硅烷的合成及表征

选择适当分子量的低分子量聚碳硅烷与Al(AcAc)3在自制常压高温合成装置中合成了含铝碳化硅纤维的先驱体--聚铝碳硅烷(polyaluminocarbosilane,PACS).并对PACS进行了软化点测试、傅立叶红外光谱(FT-IR)分析、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)测试、元素分析以及可纺性研究.由中等分子量聚碳硅烷为原料合成出的软化点为194.8～220.1,Si-H键含量为0.857,数均分子量为2353,分子量分布呈"双峰"分布的PACS,经熔融纺丝得到了直径为5μm、表面光滑、直径均匀的原丝,表现出了优异的纺丝性能.     

Al、O含量对SiAlCO纤维高温转化为Si(Al)C纤维过程的影响

采用不同Al含量的聚铝碳硅烷(PACS)为先驱体, 通过不同的PACS纤维不熔化方法调节O引入量, 制备了具有不同Al和O含量的连续SiAlCO纤维。研究了SiAlCO纤维经高温处理转变为Si(Al)C纤维过程中, Al、O含量对SiC_xO_y相分解、β-SiC结晶生长和微观形貌的影响。结果表明: 纤维中SiC_xO_y相的分解温度区间为1300~1700℃, 与Al、O含量基本无关; 提高Al含量可减少纤维在高温下表面形成粗大SiC结晶颗粒和相互连通的气孔, 并且对1700℃以上β-SiC结晶生长的抑制作用增强, 有利于烧结致密化; 利用纤维中O元素, 以放出CO或CO₂方式脱除富余C, 但O含量过高导致气体逸出时产生较大孔洞, 不利于烧结致密化。当Al和O含量分别约为0.6wt%和9wt%时, SiAlCO纤维经高温处理后能得到具有较大β-SiC晶粒尺寸的致密化Si(Al)C纤维。     

聚碳硅烷纤维氧化交联机理的研究

对聚碳硅烷(PCS)原丝在不同氧化交联温度区间生成的逸出产物进行红外、核磁和GC-MAS分析,并结合交联丝的红外分析,推测氧化交联的机理。结果表明,PCS的氧化交联主要是其Si—H氧化生成Si—OH,后者进而彼此缩合生成Si—O—Si交联结构;氧化交联温度高于150℃时,其部分Si—CH3也开始氧化生成Si—OH并进而交联;同时,在氧化交联过程还发生PCS侧链的热裂解,所形成小分子也通过Si—OH彼此结合,形成较大分子,且其分子量随交联温度的提高而提高。因此,要及时排除氧化交联过程废气,以免逸出产物黏附在纤维表面而导致粘结。     

含钛聚碳硅烷的合成、表征及其形成机理研究

以合成聚碳硅烷的副产品——液态小分子聚碳硅烷（LPCS）和钛酸正丁酯为原料,合成含钛聚碳硅烷,并通过产物的凝胶液相色谱、核磁、红外等表征方法研究其反应机理。研究表明,液态小分子聚碳硅烷的Si—H基团受热分解所形成的自由基,部分相互偶联,另一部分则与钛酸丁酯发生自由基取代反应,从而形成含钛聚碳硅烷,并因链的增长,分子量相应增大,最终形成主分子链由支化或交联度较高的链段所组成的含钛聚碳硅烷,具有较高的陶瓷产率,可以用作SiC陶瓷的先驱体。     

Si-C-Fe-O功能陶瓷纤维的制备

本文采用低分子量的聚硅烷(LPS)和二茂铁合成出聚铁碳硅烷(PFCS),后者经熔融纺丝、预氧化、烧成,可制得电阻率低至10-2Ω·cm的Si-C-Fe-O纤维.在预氧化过程中,Si-H反应程度增加的同时纤维的重量增加.研究了二茂铁对纤维电阻率和β-SiC结晶的影响:二茂铁用量的增加有利于β-SiC晶粒的增长和电阻率的降低.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.