果蔬差压通风预冷冷却均匀性研究

对于差压通风预冷除了冷却速度,包装箱内果蔬冷却的均匀性直接影响到其保鲜品质.提出基于方差分析的评价冷却均匀性的指标——均匀度.建立了果蔬差压通风预冷试验台,对黄金梨在不同送风速度、包装箱开孔形状、开孔面积、及箱内排列方式等工况下的差压预冷过程进行了试验测试.分析了相关参数对包装箱内黄金梨冷却均匀性的影响.结果表明,箱内黄金梨直排摆放工况下的流场比较均匀,冷风送风速度在1.5～2m/s时,圆形开孔包装箱且开孔直径45mm左右,黄金梨的冷却均匀性较好,均匀度σ在0.15左右.     

变送风参数对西红柿差压预冷节能效果研究

差压预冷送风参数直接影响差压预冷效果和预冷装置的能耗,本文搭建差压预冷实验台,选取西红柿为研究对象,测得不同送风速度、不同送风温度工况下西红柿中心温度随时间的变化特点,分析不同预冷条件下西红柿预冷时间规律,对不同工况下西红柿预冷效果和装置能耗进行分析。根据分析结果提出变送风速度和变送风温度的优化方案,发现西红柿由27℃降到15℃过程采用风速0.9 m/s,由15℃降到5℃采用风速0.57 m/s预冷,对比定送风速度预冷,差压风机可节能14.5%~17.7%;西红柿由27℃降到10℃过程采取送风温度为4℃,由10℃降到5℃采取送风温度为2℃,对比定送风温度预冷,制冷系统可节能5.6%~10.5%。     

垂直送风式草莓差压通风预冷实验研究及数值模拟

本文对草莓在侧面送风、垂直送风两种方式下的差压通风预冷过程进行了实验研究。实验测试结果表明：垂直送风式具有冷却速度更快、冷却更均匀的特点。此外，还对草莓垂直送风预冷过程进行了数据模拟，计算结果与实验测试吻合较好，为实践中草莓预冷处理时风速、包装箱大小等参数的选择提供了理论依据。     

不同因素对白萝卜差压预冷效果的影响

为研究不同因素对白萝卜差压预冷的效果,引入Pearson相关系数及正交试验法,计算得到白萝卜差压预冷过程中温度和均匀度二者相关度较高,Pearson相关系数绝对值为0.875。基于正交试验法,以降温速率和冷却均匀度为评价指标,计算并分析可得:对降温速率的影响程度由大到小的因素依次为孔隙率、送风温度、开孔率、风速;对冷却均匀度的影响程度由大到小依次为送风温度、孔隙率、风速、开孔率。正交试验结果表明:送风温度越小、风速和开孔率及孔隙率越大,降温速率越大;送风温度和孔隙率越大、风速和开孔率越小,均匀度越小。实验的优化预冷条件为:送风温度3℃、风速0.32 m/s、包装箱开孔率0.08、孔隙率0.48。     

真空高压气淬炉中淬火气体压力、流速和类型对工件冷却性能影响的数值模拟

本文运用FLUENT软件,通过大量的计算机模拟,研究了真空高压气淬炉中淬火气体压力、进口速度、气体类型对工件冷却性能的影响.通过对比氮气在0.45 MPa、0.6 MPa、1.0 MPa和1.5 MPa淬火压力下工件的冷却速度,量化了淬火压力对工件冷却速度的影响程度.氮气在0.6 MPa下,将气体速度由40 m/s增至60m/s,工件冷却速度提高27％,但风机功率增加3.4倍.由于气体体积流量一定的情况下,淬火气体比热和密度的协同影响了换热系数的大小,通过计算机模拟了四种淬火气体氢气、氦气、氮气和氩气对工件冷却速度的影响,得出在相同气体压力和流量下,四种气体的冷却能力是:氮气＞氢气＞氦气＞氩气;在消耗相同的风机功率下,密度小比热大的气体冷却能力高,四种气体的冷却能力依次是氢气＞氦气＞氮气＞氩气.     

蓝莓预冷箱的设计优化

本文建立了三维数学模型对3种不同开孔的蓝莓预冷箱体内蓝莓的预冷过程进行模拟，分析了3种预冷箱体内的蓝莓在不同预冷风速下的预冷时间与不均匀度。考虑不同箱体的承载量，提出密度预冷系数来综合评价箱体内的蓝莓质量与预冷时间。模拟结果表明：预冷时间随风速的增加而减小；在相同预冷风速下，箱体3可多承载1/3的蓝莓质量，7/8预冷时间增加低于5 min，预冷不均匀度提升0.2~0.4，密度预冷系数增加最显著，达到3.09 kg/(m3.min)。综合所考察的影响因素，确定蓝莓预冷的最佳风速为1.5 m/s；虽然箱体3的预冷不均匀度有所增加，但可以有效提升预冷库的利用率。     

果蔬预冷风速与风机能耗和预冷效果的实验研究及分析

果蔬预冷中,预冷风速是决定风机能耗及预冷效果的重要因素之一.通过对风机能耗和预冷效果与预冷风速之间的分析,分别建立了风机能耗和预冷终止温度与预冷风速关系的模型.在这基础上分别进行了预冷风速为1m/s和2m/s及它们之间3种不同组合的苹果预冷实验.理论及实验结果表明,在预冷过程中,进行变风速预冷能取得较好的节能效果,同时可以达到相似的预冷效果.在实验中,基于2m/s实验数据,最小的节能率达到12%,而预冷效果相差2℃.     

葡萄差压通风预冷实验研究

本文根据差压通风预冷的原理建立了实验台,对一定位置圆形开孔的葡萄差压预冷包装箱在五种不同开孔面积、5种不同压差工况下的葡萄冷却速度分别进行了测试,并绘制了2.5h内的葡萄温降曲线.结果表明,合理地选择压差以及包装箱开孔大小对葡萄的冷却速度、冷却均匀性起着关键的作用.     

果蔬的差压预冷技术简介

差压预冷方法是果蔬预冷的一种形式，它可以显著提高冷却速度以保证果蔬的贮藏期和贮藏质量。本文讲述了差压预冷的原理及其应用方式，并阐明了影响其预冷效果的几个因素。     

果蔬差压通风预冷数值模拟研究

建立了箱装果蔬差压通风预冷三维数学模型,采用湍流流动肛s模型和SIMPLE算法对黄金梨在平行排列和交叉排列两种不同摆放方式下的预冷过程进行了数值模拟研究;结果表明,交叉摆放方式降温速度快,但冷风来流方向的温度梯度较大,降温的均匀性较差;平行排列方式的箱内流场比较均匀,沿风向温度梯度小,降温均匀性好。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。