PAAS-CMC/Mel-CS双极膜的制备及性能

分别以聚丙烯酸钠(PAAS)和Cr3+改性羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)阳离子交换膜层,以三聚氰胺(Melamine)和戊二醛改性壳聚糖阴离子交换膜层(CS)制得PAAS-CMC/Mel-CS双极膜(BPM).该双极膜具有较高的离子交换容量、离子渗透性,较低的交流阻抗和工作电压.以该双极膜组装的电槽电压明显低于未经改性的mCMC/mCS BPM膜电槽.当阴阳两膜层中添加的PAAS和质量分数为8.0％的三聚氰胺,工作电流密度达80 mA/cm2时,电槽的工作电压仍小于5.3V.     

以络合金属作催化剂的双极膜制备及电学性能

基于国内尚没有市售的良好双极膜,本研究以氯甲基化聚砜和磺化聚苯醚作为双极膜的阴阳膜层,在双极膜中间界面层固定络合金属作为催化剂,分别利用SnSO4、CrCl3、NiSO4作为催化剂制得3种双极膜,并与不添加任何催化剂制得的双极膜进行了比较.实验表明,络合金属对双极膜水解离有很好的催化作用,当中间界面层含有络合金属催化剂时,双极膜的水解离电势大大降低,并得到3种络合金属的催化活性为:Cr3+>Ni2+>Sn2+;过多催化剂用量会使双极膜的膜电阻增加;络合金属催化剂对双极膜的选择透过度影响不大,可以忽略;双极膜中间界面层中的络合金属催化剂与阴阳膜面的附着力不强,在酸碱环境中有些出现脱落或溶解.     

新型聚醚砜超滤膜的制备与表征

以聚醚砜(PES)为膜材料,N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)为溶剂,聚乙二醇(PEG)和二氧化钛(TiO2)为添加剂,采用相转化法制备聚醚砜超滤膜.研究了不同铸膜液配方所制备的超滤膜的性能.考察了添加剂的种类及含量对膜性能的影响.对所制备的聚醚砜超滤膜的孔径、孔隙率及耐污染性进行了表征,并通过SEM观察了膜表面与断面形态.用PEG-400和TiO2作混合添加剂所制得的聚醚砜超滤膜纯水通量可达148 L/(m2.h),对胃蛋白酶的截留率可达56%.     

光催化TiO2薄膜的溅射沉积技术

采用直流反应溅射技术可以制备出具有光催化作用的TiO2薄膜.这种TiO2薄膜经紫外光辐照后,可以分解有机物以及降低水和TiO2薄膜表面之间的接触角.然而,普通的直流反应溅射在制备介质膜时,普遍都存在着工艺不稳定、沉积速率低的问题,所以它不适合于工业化生产.脉冲磁控溅射与直流磁控溅射相比,它在基体表面附近具有较高的等离子体密度以及带电粒子具有较高的能量,这对于TiO2在低温下结晶十分有利.此外,采用双极脉冲模式生长的TiO2薄膜,它的光催化特性要优于单极脉冲模式.这种双极脉冲溅射并结合等离子体发射监控(PEM),使得工艺稳定性得到了改善,沉积速率亦得到了提高.     

聚乙烯醇缩丁醛/纳米TiO2原位法复合材料的合成与性能

主要研究了BA/PVA、纳米TiO2和催化剂及表面活性剂的用量、反应温度和时间等因素对原位复合材料膜性能的影响;采用原子力显微镜( AFM)对所制备的原位复合材料的结构、微观形貌进行了分析.结果表明,在PVB树脂合成阶段中引入纳米TiO2粒子,制得的原位复合材料的力学性能尤其韧性得到了明显提高.在TiO2相对PVB含量...     

TiO_2对PVDF超滤膜结构与性能的影响

实验制备了两种TiO2分散液,并将其填充到聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)铸膜液中制得PVDF/TiO2杂化膜.考察了分散液填充比率对杂化膜的通量、截留率、接触角等性能的影响,用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)等技术表征杂化膜的微观结构.结果表明,两种TiO2分散液均能不同程度地改善膜的性质,且当分散液的填充比率为10%时,杂化膜的各项性能稳定,表面接触角得到有效改良,对牛血清蛋白(BSA)截留率改变较小,杂化膜纯水通量显著提高,最高水通量可达257.87L/(m2.h).XRD和SEM分析的结果表明,TiO2分散液的加入使其羟基数有不同程度的增加,杂化膜表面更加平滑,亲水性改善.     

TiO2/活性炭复合纳米纤维膜的制备及表征

在聚丙烯腈(PAN)、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)体系中加入钛酸四丁脂水解溶胶,通过静电纺丝技术得到纳米纤维膜,经预氧化、炭化、活化制备出TiO2/活性炭复合纳米纤维膜。采用扫描电子显微镜、X射线能谱、热分析、傅里叶红外光谱、X射线衍射以及测定Zeta电位和表面接触角等手段对TiO2/活性炭复合纳米纤维膜进行表征。结果表明,当V(PAN)∶V(DMF)∶V(Ti(OH)4)溶胶=3∶17∶3时,可制得纤维直径为600～700nm的TiO2/活性炭复合纳米纤维膜。纳米TiO2在TiO2/活性炭复合纳米纤维膜中分布均匀,晶型结构易于控制;TiO2/活性炭复合纳米纤维膜有较强的光催化活性和吸附活性,可以作为环境功能材料使用。     

热分解法制备纳米TiO2微粒膜及其杀菌性能的研究

采用钛酸丁酯热分解法在陶瓷、玻璃表面制得均匀透明的多孔TiO2纳米微粒膜材料.以TEM、XRD、TG-DTA、GB15979-1995等方法对膜材料的结构、组成、晶粒大小、杀菌性能进行了研究.结果表明:膜材料为均匀的多孔锐钛型TiO2微粒膜;TiO2微粒大小在7～30nm范围;杀菌性能好,对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、白色念珠菌在30min内的杀菌率均达到90.00%以上.该膜材料可直接应用于陶瓷、玻璃制成具有杀菌功能的陶瓷、玻璃制品.该膜材料进一步应用研究可望在水质消毒、污水处理、空气净化、环境保护等方面具有广阔的应用前景.     

染料敏化TiO2纳米晶太阳能电池的研究

通过改变TiO2 膜热处理温度来研究染料RuL2 (SCN ) 2 敏化TiO2 纳米晶太阳能电池光电性能。得热处理温度对TiO2 膜的质量有很大的影响。染料RuL2 (SCN) 2 的吸收光谱表明 ,染料RuL2 (SCN) 2 在可见光有很宽且强的吸收 ,是一种很理想的敏化剂。用XRD和UV -Vis等手段分别表征了TiO2 膜和染料。     

纳米多孔TiO2厚膜的制备及其汞溴红敏化光电化学性能

采用“粉末刮涂”与“化学分散”相结合的方法制备了用于染料敏化太阳电池光阳极的纳米多孔TiO2厚膜，解决了传统工艺中TiO2浆料难于制备和保存等问题，同时可对膜层微结构进行精确调控．采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜等表征所得膜层的晶体结构、表面和断面形貌；采用透过光谱考察了涂覆次数、退火温度、汞溴红敏化对TiO2膜光学性质的影响，并以汞溴红敏化TiO2膜为光阳极制作了染料敏化太阳电池原型器件．结果表明，采用以稀硝酸为分散剂、低分子量聚乙二醇为结构调控剂的化学分散技术可以制得满足染料电池要求的TiO2厚膜．所得膜层致密均匀，无孔洞、缺陷以及分层现象，在纳米尺度表现出典型的纳米多孔结构特征．浆料涂覆次数、退火温度、汞溴红吸附对纳米多孔膜层的光学透过率影响显著．采用汞溴红敏化TiO2光阳极制作的染料电池原型器件具有较强的光电响应，经12-15次涂覆、500℃退火工艺制得的膜层显示出较优的电池性能（Voc-430mV，Isc-150-215μA）．     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.