数学模拟技术在食品微波加工过程中的应用研究进展

微波处理因其快速加热、简单、方便等特点广泛应用于食品领域。但在优化食品微波处理方面,因其涉及到的参数较多,需要进行多次实验,数学模拟技术的导入使条件优化变得更为简单、方便。数学模拟技术已用于微波加热食品特性的研究并且广泛用于微波食品的开发、微波工业装备的设计等。本文的目的是阐述近年来模拟技术应用于食品微波加工的研究现状。本文介绍了食品微波加工应用的数值模拟软件,并对一些数值模拟的计算依据和计算步骤进行了综述。总结了微波加工食品的验证方法以及不足,归纳整理出数学模拟在食品的微波干燥、杀菌、解冻、辅助冷冻等方面的应用。最后展望了数值模拟在微波加工食品的发展和前景。     

食品的微波加工研究新进展

近年来,微波技术因其加热速度快、效率高等优势,在食品加工中得到了广泛的应用。本文从微波技术的原理着手,对微波技术在食品加热或烹饪、干燥、杀菌以及有效成分提取等方面的最新应用进展加以阐述,并探讨微波对食品颜色、质地、营养成分、生物化学成分、复水性、微观结构等食品品质的影响,以期为微波技术在食品领域的进一步开发及规模化应用提供参考,进而促进食品行业的发展。     

Radio frequency heating of foods: principles, applications and related properties--a review

Radio frequency (RF) heating is a promising technology for food applications because of the associated rapid and uniform heat distribution, large penetration depth and lower energy consumption. Radio frequency heating has been successfully applied for drying, baking and thawing of frozen meat and in meat processing. However, its use in continuous pasteurization and sterilization of foods is rather limited. During RF heating, heat is generated within the product due to molecular friction resulting from oscillating molecules and ions caused by the applied alternating electric field. RF heating is influenced principally by the dielectric properties of the product when other conditions are kept constant. This review deals with the current status of RF heating applications in food processing, as well as product and system specific factors that influence the RF heating. It is evident that frequency level, temperature and properties of food, such as viscosity, water content and chemical composition affect the dielectric properties and thus the RF heating of foods. Therefore, these parameters should be taken into account when designing a radio frequency heating system for foods.     

超声波技术在食品科学中的应用与研究

超声波为频率高于20kHz以上的声波,是一种机械振动在媒质中的传插过程,其传播过程中,超声波与媒质的相互作用,可以使超声波的相位和幅度等发生变化;功率超声波则会使媒质的状态、组成、结构和功能等发生变化.本文综述了食品工业中的超声提取、超声灭菌、超声干燥、超声过滤、超声清洗等方面的进展,介绍了近年超声波技术在食品添加剂的合成、微生物代谢、酒类发酵、食品检测、控制结晶等方面的最新应用,并简要分析了超声波的作用机理,旨在食品工业中使超声波技术得到更好的利用.     

射频加热技术在食品工业中的应用

射频加热技术作为一种新型热加工技术,其在食品干燥、杀菌、杀虫、解冻等领域的潜力被广泛开发,并且在这些领域已有部分工业应用。文章综述了射频加热技术机理、在食品领域的应用以及射频加热过程的数学建模方法,指出了射频加热技术目前存在的加热不均匀性等问题及解决方案,并对未来研究的方向进行了展望。     

Enhancing Food Processing by Pulsed and High Voltage Electric Fields: Principles and Applications

ABSTRACT

Improvements in living standards result in a growing demand for food with high quality attributes including freshness, nutrition and safety. However, current industrial processing methods rely on traditional thermal and chemical methods, such as sterilization and solvent extraction, which could induce negative effects on food quality and safety. The electric fields (EFs) involving pulsed electric fields (PEFs) and high voltage electric fields (HVEFs) have been studied and developed for assisting and enhancing various food processes. In this review, the principles and applications of pulsed and high voltage electric fields are described in details for a range of food processes, including microbial inactivation, component extraction, and winemaking, thawing and drying, freezing and enzymatic inactivation. Moreover, the advantages and limitations of electric field related technologies are discussed to foresee future developments in the food industry.

This review demonstrates that electric field technology has a great potential to enhance food processing by supplementing or replacing the conventional methods employed in different food manufacturing processes. Successful industrial applications of electric field treatments have been achieved in some areas such as microbial inactivation and extraction. However, investigations of HVEFs are still in an early stage and translating the technology into industrial applications need further research efforts.     

非热杀菌技术特点及在肉制品加工中的应用

非热杀菌技术是指利用非加热的方法杀灭食品中特定的致病微生物,使微生物的总量符合标准的杀菌技术。该技术具有产热低或不产热,能最大程度地保持食品的香味、色泽和营养成分的特点,有效地避免了传统热杀菌技术影响产品品质的缺点,因而具有良好的应用前景。目前应用较为广泛的非热杀菌技术主要包括超高压杀菌、微波杀菌、高压脉冲电场杀菌、超声波杀菌以及辐照杀菌五种。本文根据近年来的研究成果综述了上述五种非热杀菌技术的原理、影响因素以及对肉品质的影响,并对非热杀菌技术的未来进行了简要展望。     

超声波技术在鱼类加工中的应用研究进展

超声波技术是一种高新加工技术,具有重复性好、时间短、效率高等特点,能够改善鱼类品质,延长货架期。在介绍超声波工作原理的基础上,叙述了其应用于鱼类加工过程(提取、干燥、冷冻、解冻、杀菌)对鱼品质的影响。同时阐述了超声波在实际应用中的不足,对未来超声波技术在鱼类加工中的应用进行了展望,旨在为鱼类加工研究提供基础性参考,提高鱼类利用率和经济价值。     

工业微波灭菌技术在食品加工领域的研究进展

微波灭菌是食品加工领域的前沿技术,有着广泛的应用前景。微波灭菌技术涉及到灭菌系统的设计、产品温度分布的确定、冷点温度的监控及工艺的优化等内容。目前,工业微波灭菌技术处于工业放大研究阶段,其微生物安全问题已经得到解决,但仍面临加热不均匀的难题。本文系统介绍了微波加热的原理、微波灭菌系统的设计原则、工艺流程、研究动态以及微波灭菌技术的工业研究进展,为相关领域研究者提供理论和技术指导。     

Microwave and Radio Frequency Processing

SCOPE OF DELIVERABLES: The use of microwave and radio frequencies to heat food for commercial pasteurization and sterilization in order to enhance microbial safety is discussed here. Although not under FDA regulations, use of microwave technology to enhance microbial food safety in the home is also discussed briefly. Mechanisms of heating food and destroying pathogens, and the validation of industrial processes are also discussed, followed by conjecture on handling deviations during industrial processing. This document summarizes information obtained through published literature and personal contacts with industry, academia, and government. Although radio frequency is covered whenever possible, very little information on radio frequency heating for commercial pasteurization or sterilization of food is available in the published literature and no commercial facility for this purpose could be located. The microbial inactivation mechanisms of radio frequency heating are also quite similar to those of microwave heating. Thus, this document refers mostly to microwave processing with the implicit assumption that the principles are generally applicable to radio frequency. Specific information on radio frequency is included whenever available.     

通电加热技术在食品中的应用研究动态

通电加热是利用食品物料本身的电阻抗来产生热量的加热技术,是一种内加热方法。与其他加热方式相比,具有加热快速、均匀的特点。文章介绍了通电加热装置的主要组成,总结了电导率的影响因素,概述了通电加热过程中食品的温度分布模拟,归纳整理出通电加热在热烫、脱水、蒸发、发酵、提取、解冻、灭菌等方面的应用,并对食品通电加热技术的应用前景进行了展望。     

超声波技术在食品加工中的应用进展

在食品加工过程中,传统的加工方式已不能满足人们对食品质量的高需求。超声波技术是一种非热处理技术,可以减少传统加工给食品带来的损害,增强食品的营养价值与加工特性。本文主要讨论了超声波在干燥、冷冻、提取、过滤和乳化等加工操作中所产生的效应与作用,超声波产生的空化、机械、化学和生物效应能够通过复杂的关联对加工操作产生影响,例如能够提高传质传热效率、减少加工时间、降低加工试剂用量、增加产量、提高食品安全性、保留食品营养等。通过对文献的梳理与比较,超声波技术被证明在食品加工中非常具有应用价值,但是不适当的超声条件处理也会给食品品质带来负面影响。在未来的工作研究中,不仅需要建立超声波在食品加工中的动力学模型,还需在工业水平上的应用进行深入挖掘,以克服超声能源消耗大的短板。     

Dielectric properties of water relevant to microwave assisted thermal pasteurization and sterilization of packaged foods

Microwave assisted thermal sterilization and pasteurization systems, as emerging thermal processing technologies, use circulation water to reduce edge heating of the food packages in the microwave heating sections. Yet, the influence of the circulation water on microwave heating efficiency for food is unknown. This research studied the dielectric properties of purified water from a reverse osmosis unit and tap water over microwave frequencies of 150–2500 MHz at 23–120 °C and evaluated microwave loses in the circulation water. The values of the dielectric constant of purified and tap water decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing temperature and slightly decreased with increasing frequency. The value of the loss factor of purified water also decreased with temperature (P < 0.05) but increased with frequency. The trend was more complicated for the loss factor of tap water. The penetration depth of 915 MHz microwave power in purified water was 399 and 457 mm at 90 and 120 °C, respectively, it was reduced to 161 and 136 mm in tap water. The microwave power loss in the 18–30 mm deep purified water, depending on the thickness of the food packages, was 4–7%, compared to 11–20% in tap water. Thus, using purified circulation water in microwave assisted thermal sterilization (MATS) and pasteurization systems (MAPS) can significantly improve the efficiency of microwave heating of packaged foods.Industrial relevanceThe information from this research are highly relevant to industrial operations of microwave-assisted thermal sterilization and pasteurization systems of pre-packaged foods. The dielectric property data will contribute to the literature related to the physical properties of water in microwave heating.     

高压电场技术在食品加工中的应用研究进展

高压电场技术是一种重要的非热处理技术,由于其效率高、能耗小、无污染、对食品品质几乎无影响,因此在食品加工领域具有广阔的应用前景。目前,该技术主要应用于食品杀菌、食品物料干燥、辅助食品冷冻解冻以及提取食品生物活性物质等方面。本文概述了高压电场技术的基本原理,分析了高压电场对食品中组分的影响,综述了其在食品加工中的应用研究进展及作用机制,并对其应用前景进行了展望,以期为高压电场技术在食品加工中的应用提供理论参考。     

微波处理技术在食品干燥领域中的应用

文章主要分析了微波处理技术的机理和特点,与传统干燥方式相比,微波处理作用下,物料微观结构出现较多的孔隙和较少的坍塌,有利于水分的脱除,增加了对流传质速率,降低了干燥能耗,提高了营养成分的保存率。同时也比较了微波干燥处理、微波在联合干燥和辅助干燥过程中的应用,对比分析了其干燥能耗、干燥时间和物料品质,并展望了微波处理技术在食品干燥领域良好的发展前景。     

超声技术在食品工业中的应用研究进展

超声波是频率超过20 k Hz的声波,其声场具有独特的空化现象,可同时产生热效应和机械效应,在食品加工领域应用具有处理效率高、可控性好、成本低等优点,近年来在食品加工领域被广泛关注。本文从超声技术作用机制出发,综述了国内外有关超声技术在食品加工业中的应用和研究新进展,主要包括利用高频和低频超声对不同食品原料进行超声提取、超声降解、超声辅助酶解、超声干燥、超声灭菌、超声乳化和超声嫩化等方面,并对其可能的作用机制进行了分析归纳。超声技术除具有传统破碎、断裂原料细胞作用之外,超声辅助酶解等生物物理结合加工方式也符合"十三五"食品科技创新专项规划中发展现代食品绿色加工与低碳制造技术的要求。本文为食品绿色制造和产业转型升级提供了理论依据。     

Research progress in fluid and semifluid microwave heating technology in food processing

Microwave is a form of electromagnetic radiation that has high penetration and heating efficiency in food processing. Uneven heating is the main problem of microwave processing, especially in solid foods. Fluid and semifluid media, which are good carriers in microwave processing, have uniform dielectric properties and good material fluidity. Herein, we review the development, application prospects, and limitations of microwave in fluid and semifluid food processing and the research progress in microwave heating with steam as carrier. The mixture of generated steam and tiny micro droplets from food material under the action of microwave can absorb microwave and transfer heat evenly, which effectively improves the uniformity of microwave heating. Due to the relatively uniform dielectric properties and consistent texture of fluid and semifluid food materials, uneven heating phenomenon during their microwave processing can be significantly inhibited. Based on the development of microwave heating technology and equipment design, the microbial inactivation and enzyme inhibition in fluid and semifluid food were improved and food product with better retention of nutrients and sensory profile were produced. Also, microwave radiation can be used to prepare the printing material or process the printed product for 3D food printing, which enhances the added value of 3D printed products and the personalization of food manufacturing. In future research, intelligent control technology can be applied in the microwave processing of fluid and semifluid food materials for various applications. Therefore, the processing conditions can be adjusted automatically.     

微波技术在肉类工业中的应用

介绍微波技术在肉类工业中的应用,包括微波解冻、微波干燥、微波杀菌等,并指出微波技术在肉类工业中的应用前景.     

Enhancement of Food Processes by Ultrasound: A Review

In food processing, the applications of ultrasound can be divided into two categories, namely replacing traditional technologies and assisting traditional technologies. In the latter case, the processing efficiency is enhanced and the disadvantageous of traditional technologies during processing are improved. These ultrasonic effects can be defined as ultrasonic enhancement of food processes. This review is focused on the use of ultrasound to enhance various food processes, including extraction, freezing, thawing, brining, oxidation, filtration, and drying/dehydration. The major functions of ultrasound in enhancing these processes and the factors which can affect the ultrasonic enhancement are elucidated. In the meantime, the strategies of modeling these processes enhanced by ultrasound are provided. Future studies should pay more attention to elucidate the ultrasonic effects during freezing, thawing, brining, oxidation, and filtration processes. Furthermore, when it comes to design the ultrasound equipment at the industrial level, it is better to quantify the ultrasonic effects through numerical stimulation.     

超声在食品干燥领域中的研究进展

如何快速而经济地干燥物料并获得高品质的产品,是干燥领域需要解决的核心问题。目前传统单一的干燥技术在一些方面已无法满足实际需求,探索各种干燥技术的组合成为近年来的研究热点。功率超声(声强大于1 W/cm_²)作为一种绿色、无污染的物理加工方法,在干燥过程中强化水分的传热和传质方面已显示出独特的优越性,在食品干燥领域方面具有广阔的应用前景。本论文主要介绍了超声在食品干燥前预处理、超声强化渗透脱水、超声耦合热风干燥、超声耦合喷雾干燥、超声耦合冷冻干燥、超声耦合热泵干燥、超声耦合太阳能干燥等方面的研究进展,分析了超声干燥的作用效应及机理,总结了超声干燥的优点并指出目前存在的问题及今后的研究方向。