电沉积Fe-Co-Ni三元合金的工艺研究

Fe-Co-Ni合金镀层的硬度、耐蚀性和表面光亮度接近硬铬镀层,一定程度上可代替铬镀层以减少环境污染.用恒电位法电沉积Fe-Co-Ni三元合金,并运用X射线衍射能谱、扫描电镜等方法观察镀层的形貌,同时对镀层的失重率、显微硬度也进行了测定,分析了有机添加剂、温度、pH值和阴极控制电位等工艺因素对电沉积的影响.结果表明:在一定量的有机添加剂下,若镀液温度为50～60℃,pH值为3.0～4.5,阴极电位控制在-1.2 V(vs SCE)时,即能得到光亮、耐腐蚀性好、显微硬度高的Fe-Co-Ni三元合金镀层,其综合性能接近硬铬镀层.     

SiCp/Al复合材料的化学镀镍

采用化学镀技术对高体分SiC颗粒增强铝基复合材料(SiCp／Al)表面进行改性以改善其焊接性能和抛光性能。本文探索了在SiCp／Al表面化学镀镍的预处理工艺及条件,系统分析并阐述了除油、粗化、活化等工序对化学镀镍的作用和影响,同时在最优的条件下成功地制备出光亮、均匀、完整且与基体结合良好的镍磷合金镀层。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱(EDAX)对镀层微观结构和成分进行表征。结果表明,预处理可以改变基体表面的结构形貌,影响镍磷合金镀层在其表面的分布,从而对镀层质量、结合强度及沉积速度起决定性作用。     

二元配合物中电镀锌镍合金的结构与抗腐蚀性

为深入了解碱性锌酸盐体系的工艺参数对锌镍合金镀层结构和耐蚀性的影响,在以四乙烯五胺(TEPA)为镍离子主络合剂、三乙醇胺(TEA)为辅助络合剂的碱性镀液中电沉积制备了锌镍合金镀层,利用电子能谱、X射线衍射、极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱等方法表征镀层的组成结构和在氯化钠溶液中的耐腐蚀性.结果表明:镀层含镍原子数分数11.54%~20.12%,为γ-Ni2Zn11+纯Zn两相结构(低含镍原子数分数时)或单一γ相结构(较高含镍原子数分数时),γ相晶粒在(600)方向上具有不同程度的择优取向性;随着镀液中镍原子数分数的提高,镀层的腐蚀电位正移,阻抗增加,耐蚀性提高;当电流密度为2 A/dm2时,镀层的腐蚀电位和电荷传递电阻最高,耐蚀性最好.     

Al2O3粒子对双脉冲电沉积Ni-Al2O3 镀层组织与性能的影响

通过直流电沉积(DC)、双脉冲电沉积(PRC)在45钢上制备了Ni-Al2O3复合镀层,研究了Al2O3颗粒含量对复合镀层性能的影响,并用X射线衍射、扫描电镜等测试方法分析了Ni-Al2O3复合镀层的组织形貌与性能.结果表明:Al2O3粒子的加入使镀层结晶细密、平整,复合镀层的硬度和耐高温氧化性能随着Al2O3含量的增加而升高;镀层中粒子含量相近时,双脉冲方式制备的复合镀层硬度、宏观残余应力和耐高温氧化性能优于相应的直流复合镀层.     

氯化胆碱-尿素中三元合金膜的制备及耐腐蚀性表征

探究ChCl-urea低共熔溶剂对电沉积合金膜含量的影响,并提升二元镁合金的耐腐蚀性能。在353 K的ChCl-urea低共熔溶剂中,利用恒电位电解法制备了Eu-Mg-Co合金膜对Mg合金组成及耐腐蚀性进行优化。利用循环伏安法研究ChCl-urea以及加入金属元素后熔体的电化学行为。在Pt电极上的循环伏安曲线表明,Co(Ⅱ)+2e→Co(0)是一步不可逆反应,并计算得出Co(Ⅱ)在Pt电极上的传递系数α以及扩散系数D_0~([1])。稀土元素Eu和金属Mg沉积电位较负,难以单独沉积得到单一元素的合金膜,但能在Co(Ⅱ)的作用下诱导共沉积得到多元合金膜。在不同电位和不同组成的镀液中采用恒电位计时电流法进行电沉积,用EDS分析和SEM对合金膜进行分析和表征。对合金膜进行Tafel测试,利用外推法得出合金膜在NaCl溶液中的自腐蚀电流与电位。Co(Ⅱ)在Pt电极上的传递系数α=0.093,扩散系数D_0=1.177×10~(-5) cm~2/s。EDS结果表明在沉积电位-1.18 V,镀液配比为0.04 mol/L CoCl_2+0.04 mol/L MgCl_2+0.03 mol/L Eu(NO_3)_3时合金膜中Eu含量最高,Eu-Mg-Co有良好的耐腐蚀性。结论:得到镀层晶粒细致均匀的Eu-Mg-Co合金膜,加入稀土Eu元素的三元合金膜耐腐蚀性能优于Co-Mg二元合金膜。     

NdFeB表面离子液体电沉积Al-Mn和Al镀层的耐蚀性

为了进一步探讨离子液体电沉积Al及Al-Mn层的耐蚀性及其机理,在NdFeB基体表面离子液体电沉积制备了Al-Mn合金镀层及Al镀层,采用电化学测试动电位极化曲线、静态全浸腐蚀试验,研究了2种镀层在3.5%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为;利用SEM和EDS考察了2种镀层腐蚀前后的表面、截面形貌及成分。结果表明:Al镀层的腐蚀电位较NdFeB高,对基体形成阴极保护,而Al-Mn合金镀层的腐蚀电位较NdFeB低,对基体构成牺牲阳极保护;Al-Mn合金镀层腐蚀速度慢,是一种性能优异的NdFeB耐蚀保护镀层。     

氧化时间对SUS430不锈钢离子液体镀铝结合力的影响

以SUS430不锈钢为基体,采用先阳极活化去除表面原有氧化膜,再进行可控氧化,探讨在酸性AlCl3-EMIC(2∶1)离子液体中电沉积铝时,氧化时间对镀铝结合力的影响。通过线性伏安扫描法对不同氧化程度试样的阳极行为进行分析;并对阳极活化前后的试样表面及镀铝后界面进行观察和成分分析;通过拉拔法检测镀铝结合力。研究结果表明,阳极活化可以去除试样表面氧化膜;试样表面的氧化膜会影响线性伏安曲线上初始氧化峰的起始电位和电流,由此可对试样表面的氧化程度进行判断;氧化时间小于60s时,SUS430不锈钢的镀铝结合力优异,最大超过18.8MPa;氧化时间大于90s时,结合力随时间增加而下降。     

镁合金无铬微弧氧化新工艺

利用正交试验对MB2镁合金无铬、磷、镁微弧氧化成膜工艺进行了研究,同时利用表面分析技术,分析了氧化膜层的显微硬度、截面形貌和相结构,采用动电位扫描法考察了氧化膜的耐腐蚀性能.研究的最佳工艺条件为:30 g/L KOH,45g/L Al(OH)3,2 g/L K2SiO3,2g/L添加剂M,电流密度65 mA/cm2,温度45℃.该微弧氧化新工艺能在镁合金上形成银灰色的氧化膜层,其显微硬度值及耐腐蚀性远优于传统含铬工艺DOW17所形成的膜层;微弧氧化膜主要由MgO,MgAl2O4,Al2O3组成,具有多孔结构,孔径较为均匀,分为内外两层,外层为疏松层,内层为与基体结合牢固的致密层;在成膜过程中,电解液的铝盐浓度和微弧氧化电流密度是影响性能的主要因素.     

铝合金黄色微弧氧化膜的制备及其性能

目前,铝合金微弧氧化膜色泽单一,多为白色,影响了其装饰性和在光学仪器方面的应用.为此,以高锰酸钾为着色剂,通过控制电解液的组成及其浓度,在铝合金表面原位生成了黄色微弧氧化膜.用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)分析、观察了氧化膜层的相结构和表面形貌.结果表明:陶瓷膜层致密,与基体结合紧密;膜层主要组成相为Al,Al2O3,Mn5O8,Mn3O4,MnWO4;黄色陶瓷膜色泽稳定,较铝合金基体腐蚀电位有所提高.     

Ni/ZrO_2复合镀层电沉积行为与耐高温氧化性能的研究

通过电化学试验、高温氧化试验、扫描电镜及X 射线衍射 ,研究了电沉积Ni/ZrO2 复合镀层的电化学行为和添加微粒对镍镀层高温抗氧化性能和组织结构的影响。研究结果表明 ,在瓦特 (Watts)镀液中加入ZrO2 微粒使电镀时阴极电流密度明显降低 ,阴极电位与时间 (E t)、阴极电流对时间 (I t)的关系曲线变化趋势不大 ,但I t曲线抖动加快 ;高温氧化试验结果表明 ,ZrO2 微粒可以使复合镀层的高温抗氧化能力明显提高 ;Ni/ZrO2 复合镀层与瓦特镍镀层的高温氧化规律基本满足W =ktn;扫描电镜能谱分析则证实 :在 80 0℃高温氧化过程中 ,明显存在铜向镍镀层中的扩散 ,这可能有利于增强镀层与基底之间的粘合。X 射线衍射表明 ,在高温氧化时 ,镀层表面主要生成NiO产物。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。