沸石基锂离子电池隔膜的制备及性能

针对传统聚烯烃类锂电隔膜的耐温性差和电解液亲和性差的问题,以沸石粒子、硅溶胶和乙二胺四乙酸为主要原料,通过烧结工艺制备综合性能优异的沸石基锂离子电池隔膜。结果表明:与商用聚乙烯膜相比,本实验制备的沸石隔膜具有发达的孔道结构,其耐热性和电解液润湿性得到显著提升;经过160℃,0.5h的热处理后,沸石隔膜的热收缩率为0,而聚乙烯膜已经完全融化,沸石隔膜的电解液接触角接近0°,聚乙烯膜的接触角高达35°。受益于良好的孔道结构和电解液亲和性,沸石隔膜所装配电池在倍率放电容量和循环放电容量等方面均优于传统聚烯烃膜。     

聚苯醚纳米纤维锂电隔膜的制备

为了改善锂离子电池的高温安全性和充放电性能,以聚苯醚树脂为成膜材料,采用静电纺丝技术制备了纳米纤维锂电隔膜,对隔膜的形貌、结构、电解液亲和性和耐高温性进行了系统测试,并将该纳米纤维膜装配到电池中进行充放电性能测试。结果显示:聚苯醚隔膜的纳米纤维直径约为260nm,纤维交错形成均匀的孔道(平均孔径约500nm),其孔隙率达到74%以上,为聚烯烃隔膜的2倍左右;聚苯醚树脂的电解液亲和性和高孔隙率强化了隔膜的电解液吸收和保持能力,其吸液率约为310%;在150℃,60min的热处理条件下,该隔膜的尺寸收缩率几乎为零。电池性能测试表明,聚苯醚基纳米纤维膜显示出更优的放电倍率性能和循环性能。     

聚偏氟乙烯-沸石复合锂电隔膜的制备及性能

针对传统聚烯烃类锂离子电池隔膜的耐温性差和电解液亲和性差的问题,本实验以微孔沸石纳米粒子和聚偏氟乙烯树脂(PVDF)为主要原料,通过相转化法制备了综合性能优异的沸石/PVDF复合锂电隔膜。结果表明:与商用聚乙烯(PE)膜相比,所制备的沸石/PVDF复合隔膜具有更加发达的孔道结构,其孔隙率超过70%,约为PE膜的2倍。沸石/PVDF复合膜的耐高温性和电解液润湿性明显优于PE膜和纯PVDF膜,经过160℃、0.5h的高温处理后,复合膜的热收缩率仅为5%,而PE膜已完全融化,收缩率达到100%,PVDF膜收缩率超过50%;沸石/PVDF复合膜的电解液接触角仅为7.4°,而PE膜和PVDF膜的接触角高达42.5°和31.7°。受益于丰富的孔道结构和良好的电解液吸收/保持能力,沸石/PVDF复合膜所装配锂离子电池的倍率放电容量高于PE膜,同时,该复合膜装配电池的循环性能也优于传统聚乙烃隔膜。     

静电纺丝聚芳醚砜酮锂离子电池隔膜的制备及热处理EI北大核心CSCD

采用静电纺丝技术制备了聚芳醚砜酮(PPESK)纤维膜用作锂离子电池隔膜,并对PPESK纤维膜进行热处理以提高隔膜的拉伸强度和弹性模量,经320℃热处理后的隔膜纤维之间的黏结作用有效增强,隔膜的拉伸强度提高至19.8MPa。通过扫描电镜观测、差示扫描量热分析、交流阻抗测试和充放电测试等手段表征了PPESK隔膜的表面形貌、热稳定性能、电化学性能和相应的电池充放电循环性能。实验结果表明,热处理PPESK隔膜显示出良好的电解液吸收性能和热稳定性;电解液浸润的热处理PPESK隔膜相比Celgrad 2400PP隔膜具有更高的离子电导率(2.38mS/cm)和更低的界面电阻(170Ω);使用热处理PPESK隔膜装配的扣式电池展现出较高的充放电容量和稳定的循环性能。     

静电纺丝聚芳醚砜酮锂离子电池隔膜的制备及热处理

采用静电纺丝技术制备了聚芳醚砜酮(PPESK)纤维膜用作锂离子电池隔膜,并对PPESK纤维膜进行热处理以提高隔膜的拉伸强度和弹性模量,经320℃热处理后的隔膜纤维之间的黏结作用有效增强,隔膜的拉伸强度提高至19.8MPa。通过扫描电镜观测、差示扫描量热分析、交流阻抗测试和充放电测试等手段表征了PPESK隔膜的表面形貌、热稳定性能、电化学性能和相应的电池充放电循环性能。实验结果表明,热处理PPESK隔膜显示出良好的电解液吸收性能和热稳定性;电解液浸润的热处理PPESK隔膜相比Celgrad 2400PP隔膜具有更高的离子电导率(2.38mS/cm)和更低的界面电阻(170Ω);使用热处理PPESK隔膜装配的扣式电池展现出较高的充放电容量和稳定的循环性能。     

聚烯烃型隔膜的表面亲液改性

为提高锂离子电池聚烯烃多孔膜的亲电液性,增加其离子导电性能,采用辐射聚合甲氧基聚氧化乙烯丙烯酸酯对聚烯烃隔膜进行表面改性。改性后的隔膜对高极性电解液具有良好的湿润性。由于对电解液更高的吸附作用,通过吸附更多的液态电解液,使膜更易传导锂离子。改性膜作为隔膜制备的碳/正极材料锂离子电池不仅具有优良的容量保持性,也具有良好的倍率放电性能。     

直接挥发法制备无纺布增强型聚合物电解质

以N,N-二甲基-甲酰胺(DMF)为溶剂, 采用直接挥发法制备无纺布增强型聚偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯(PVDF-HFP)聚合物电解质, 并以锂为负极制备了聚合物电池.用扫描电子显微镜、交流阻抗和循环伏安对所制聚合物膜性能进行了表征,用充放电实验对所制聚合物电池电化学性能进行了测试.实验结果表明,直接挥发法制得的聚合物膜孔穴丰富,微孔呈蜂窝状,吸液率为280%,电化学稳定窗口为4.5V,浸取电解液后室温离子电导率为1.5mS/cm;以LiCoO2为正极制得的聚合物电池0.1C充放电, 放电平台为3.9V左右, 首次放电容量为137.5mAh/g,20次循环后容量保持在134mAh/g以上,充放电库仑效率高于95%,0.5C放电时放电平台为3.7V,0.5和1C放电分别能保持0.1C放电容量的96%和93%.     

大倍率高耐热聚醚酰亚胺-聚偏氟乙烯芯壳纳米纤维锂离子电池隔膜

以高耐热、高强度的聚醚酰亚胺（PEI）为芯层材料,以电解液亲和性和界面稳定性优良的聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）为壳层材料,构建了一种具有同轴结构的大倍率、高耐热PEI-PVDF纳米纤维锂离子电池隔膜。通过SEM、TEM、TGA、电化学工作站、电池测试系统对PEI-PVDF同轴隔膜的微观形貌和性能进行测试与表征。结果表明:PEI-PVDF同轴纤维具有清晰的芯壳结构,与商业隔膜相比,PEI-PVDF同轴隔膜具有优异的热稳定性,在180℃下处理2 h,尺寸稳定并未发生热收缩;吸液率达到520%;电化学稳定性优异,电化学窗口达到5.0 V;离子电导率达到2.3 mS·cm-1;采用PEI-PVDF隔膜组装的锂离子电池在8 C的放电流下放电比容量仍能达到107 mAh·g-1,再回到0.2 C时恢复到原始比容量的95.4%,且电池在1 C电流下循环100次后容量保持率高达92.5%,PEI-PVDF隔膜表现出的大倍率、高耐热的特点说明该纤维膜是一种高功率、高安全的锂离子电池隔膜。      

TiO_2改性PVDF锂离子电池隔膜的研究

静电纺丝制备聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)锂离子电池隔膜电化学性能一般,可采用混纺增强其电化学性能。采用二氧化钛(TiO_2)与PVDF混纺,制得TiO_2/PVDF锂离子电池隔膜,研究不同TiO_2的添加量对TiO_2/PVDF锂离子电池隔膜性能的影响,考察其力学性质、离子电导率、放电比容量和循环性能。结果表明:在添加1.5%(wt,质量分数)TiO_2条件下,制得的TiO_2/PVDF锂离子电池隔膜的孔隙率高达52.54%,吸液率403.70%,离子电导率4.2×10~(-4)S/cm;在0.5C条件下放电比容量为134.0mAh/g,循环25次条件下,TiO_2/PVDF锂离子电池隔膜的放电比容量仍有130.0mAh/g,放电比容量的波动小,循环稳定性好。     

静电纺丝与静电喷雾技术共纺制备PPESK/PVDF复合锂电池隔膜

为了改善传统静电纺丝无纺布纤维膜力学性能较差的缺点,采用静电纺丝和静电喷雾技术相结合的方法,同时进行静电纺PPESK浓溶液和PVDF稀溶液,制备得到PPESK纤维/PVDF珠粒复合锂电池隔膜,并在160℃进行热压后处理。通过扫描电子显微镜、万能拉伸试验机、电化学工作站及充放电测试仪等表征复合锂电池隔膜的微观结构、力学性能、离子电导率和相应的电池充放电性能。结果表明,该复合隔膜具有良好的电解液润湿性,室温下离子电导率达到1.92mS·cm^-1,PVDF珠粒均匀地分布在PPESK纤维中,珠粒经热压产生微熔融有效增强了纤维之间的黏结力,使复合膜的力学强度提高到13.2MPa。此外,使用复合隔膜装配的电池展现出较高的放电比容量和稳定的循环性能。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。