一种青核桃去皮机的设计与试验研究

为了提高青核桃去皮效率,减少因堆沤时间过长青皮腐烂而对核桃品质的影响,减少青皮汁液对人手及衣物的污染,加快新鲜核桃上市,设计了一种青核桃去皮机。通过试验,对主要工作部件进行了优化设计,确定了较为合适的工作参数,为机械化青核桃去皮提供了理论参考。     

一种实用型青核桃去皮机的设计与试验

为了加快鲜核桃上市时间，防止因堆沤时间过长而造成核桃青皮腐烂，影响核桃外观和品质，以及减少核桃青皮汁液对人手及衣物的污染。设计了一种实用型青核桃去皮机。该设计还配套有进料输送机和接料斗，可降低成本和劳动强度，节省劳动力，提高工作效率，进而加快了青核桃去皮机的机械化进程。     

基于Workbench的青核桃力学特性分析

根据青核桃去皮过程中的受力特点,分析青核桃静力学特性,建立青核桃的几何模型;通过对青核桃进行不同加载方式下的压力试验,运用Workbench对青核桃在不同加载方式下的力学特性进行仿真模拟。通过比较压力试验和模拟仿真值,发现二者的结果一致,说明仿真的可行性,所建的力学模型可以分析核桃青皮在去皮过程的破损机理,可为研制新型青核桃去皮机械提供参考依据。压力试验与有限元模拟结果表明,施加相同压力条件下,方向并不是去青皮的决定性因素。     

一种青核桃脱皮机改进设计及试验分析

核桃具有很高的营养价值、药用价值和经济价值,核桃收获后要及时进行脱青皮处理,否则会影响到其品质。针对现有的滚刀旋切式青核桃脱皮机在生产过程中出现的问题进行了改进设计,提出了改进方案并试验加以验证,对改进后的工作参数进行了正交试验,得出了脱皮的最优方案。结果证明,该方案提高了青核桃的脱皮效果,加快了核桃的机械化去皮进程。     

香玲核桃青皮破裂力学特性试验研究

为了给青核桃脱皮装备的设计提供理论依据并完善脱皮工艺,对香玲青核桃的几何特征进行测定,并利用微机控制电子万能试验机对其进行不同条件下的单因素力学特性试验。以青皮破裂力和破裂功耗为评价指标,分析了加载方向、加载速率、青核桃外形尺寸、刀片划割处理、阴凉放置处理及青皮含水率对青皮破裂的影响,并拟合了青核桃受压过程中压力随位移的变化曲线。结果表明：香玲青核桃平均球度为0.94,不同部位处青皮厚度不同,青核桃可以简化成非均匀外壳的球体;青皮受压破裂时裂纹只有1条且沿挤压方向延伸出现;青皮破裂受加载方向和外形尺寸的影响,沿纵径方向挤压时青皮更易破裂,青核桃尺寸等级越大,青皮越不易破裂;加载速率对青皮破裂力和破裂功耗的影响不显著;通过烘干降低青皮含水率会影响青皮破裂力和破裂功耗的大小;将青核桃在室内阴凉放置60 h或使用刀片划割后进行加载,青皮更易破裂。因此,为了更好地脱青皮,可以采取对青皮核桃进行分级、刀片划割青皮表面、阴凉放置等措施。     

去除核桃青皮的方法综述

对于采摘的核桃必须首先进行青皮的去除,否则会使核桃发生腐烂变质。文章对核桃青皮的人工去除法和机械加工法进行了概述,并对各种方法的特点进行了分析。对于亩产较大的核桃产区采用大规模机械化去皮方法有利于缩短核桃从采摘到上市的时间,产品外形和品质都能得到保证。     

二次挤压式核桃破壳机

目的:解决核桃破壳率低,整仁率低的问题.方法:根据核桃破壳原理,对二次挤压的核桃破壳机上料机构、破壳机构、传动机构等进行设计.结果:核桃破壳率可达100％,整仁率为77.58％.结论:试验设计的核桃破壳机结构简单,操作便捷,经济安全.     

核桃青皮提取物的抑真菌活性研究

核桃青皮中含有种类较为丰富对供试真菌具有抑菌活性的次生代谢物质。以核桃青皮为原料,乙醇、石油醚、正丁醇、乙酸乙酯以作为提取剂进行浸提,得到核桃青皮的提取液,选取酵母菌、青霉、木霉、马拉色菌、脚气真菌作为供试菌种,通过实验观察不同溶剂提取液对供试菌种的抑制作用,研究核桃青皮提取物对真菌的抑制作用。核桃青皮中含有胡桃醌、多糖、黄酮等多种活性成分,利用分光光度法测定黄酮、胡桃醌、多糖的吸光值,通过吸光值计算提取物中各成分的质量浓度。结果表明：核桃青皮不同极性溶剂的浸提液对酵母菌、青霉、木霉均有抑制效果。核桃青皮95%乙醇浸提液对脚气真菌的抑制效果显著,抑菌率为59.64%;正丁醇核桃青皮浸提液对脚气真菌、马拉色菌有抑制效果。通过核桃青皮不同极性溶剂浸提液抑菌率的比较,和核桃青皮中所含三种活性物质的浓度与抑菌机制可知,核桃青皮不同极性溶剂的浸提液中主要起抑菌作用的是胡桃醌。     

乙烯利催熟去青皮对鲜核桃冻藏品质的影响

目的：评价乙烯利催熟去青皮的生产操作在鲜核桃冷冻—解冻复鲜中应用的可行性。方法：以清香核桃为试材，将青皮核桃手工采摘后进行乙烯利催熟堆沤去皮，同时以自然堆沤去皮为对照(CK)，脱除青皮后置于温度为-7~-5 ℃、湿度为85%~95%的恒温冷冻库中进行冻藏，并分析冷冻—解冻复鲜后鲜核桃核仁的感官品质、营养品质及油脂品质等。结果：-7~-5 ℃冻藏条件下，乙烯利催熟去青皮处理在一定程度上促进了脱青皮鲜核冻藏前期种仁、种皮的褐变速度，冻藏10个月后，经乙烯利催熟后脱去青皮的鲜核桃，其种壳色泽、种皮色泽和种仁风味得分分别为73.48，74.56，77.26，核仁含水量、总脂肪含量、酸价、碘值、过氧化值和皂化值分别为22.07%、49.74%、0.62 mg/g、145.31 g/100 g、3.62 meq/kg和169.53 mg/g，与人工去青皮鲜核桃相比均无显著性差异，能够保持种仁较好的感官和营养品质。结论：乙烯利催熟可用于脱青皮鲜核桃冷冻贮藏保鲜的前处理工序。     

无花果叶提取物对不同品种青皮核桃保鲜效果的影响

以温185、新丰和新2青皮核桃为实验材料,探究无花果叶提取物对青皮核桃的保鲜效果,将不同品种青皮核桃在4℃下贮藏60 d,探究无花果叶提取物对贮藏期青皮核桃的颜色、失重率、硬度以及核桃仁的酸价、可溶性蛋白等评价指标的影响。结果表明：无花果叶提取物显著提高了青皮核桃的保鲜效果,以青皮核桃果皮颜色和形状可知,新丰核桃贮藏到60 d时果皮绿色保留较好,新2核桃仅贮藏到15 d和温185核桃可贮藏到45 d的果皮颜色保留较好;贮藏到60 d时,新丰核桃青皮的a*值为-1.21,而新丰-CK的a*值为23.87,青皮核桃新丰、温185和新2相比对照组的失重率依次降低了85.28%、80.39%和79.41%,可见无花果叶提取物处理延缓了青皮核桃水分蒸发的速度,保持了青皮核桃的水分含量,其中,新丰核桃仁丙二醛含量最低,其含量为5.84μmoL/g,比新丰-CK降低了53.91%,无花果叶提取物处理显著延缓了核桃仁丙二醛的积累,新丰核桃仁可溶性蛋白含量最高为11.38 mg/g,且比新丰-CK高了55.01%,可见无花果叶取液处理保留了青皮核桃鲜食品质,延缓核桃仁脂类的过氧化,提高了青皮核桃的保鲜效...     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.