直接荧光过滤/平板计数法检测辐照食品

研究建立一种适用于我国香辛料及脱水蔬菜辐照鉴别初筛方法,对11种调味料及5种脱水蔬菜样品在4、5、10 kGy剂量下进行辐照,同时以未辐照样品作为对照。试验结果表明:辐照后4组样品之间Dc值差异显著,4、5、10、0 kGy下辐照处理样品的Dc均值分别为3.1~5.1、3.6~5.7、5.6~7.5和1.3~3.0。随辐照剂量增加,DEFT值基本不变,APC值逐渐降低;当阈值设定为3.0时,可检测出5.0 kGy及5.0 kGy以上辐照处理样品,假阳性率为3.1%。     

辐照对鲜切胡萝卜品质特性的影响研究

目的比较辐照剂量及贮藏时间对鲜切胡萝卜品质特性影响情况。方法测定接种后样品的D10值、不同辐照剂量及贮藏条件下样品的理化品质及感官品质,采用ANOVA法及Duncan’s法分析各样品间品质特性的差异情况。结果鲜切胡萝卜中接种的大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、李斯特氏菌的D10值分别为0.132 k Gy、0.334k Gy、0.248 k Gy。1.5~2.0 k Gy可以保证鲜切胡萝卜的安全性,辐照同样可以避免其他病原菌在贮藏过程中的滋生。辐照剂量低于2.0 k Gy时对样品的hunter值、可溶性固形物含量(SSC)、细胞膜通透性(CMP)和感官特性没有显著影响(P0.05)。结论辐照剂量为1.5~2.0 k Gy可以保证鲜切胡萝卜的品质特性。     

辐照对烧鸡贮藏期品质的影响

以真空包装的烧鸡为材料,研究电子束辐照处理对烧鸡品质的影响,辐照剂量为0、2、4、6、10 k Gy。经辐照后,在37℃恒温培养箱贮藏0~25 d,研究不同辐照剂量下,烧鸡随不同贮藏时间(0、5、10、15、20、25 d)感官指标与品质的变化。结果表明:(1)贮藏期间,辐照烧鸡的菌落总数、硫代巴比妥酸值反应值(TBARS)、p H值随辐照剂量的增加而降低;硬度、咀嚼性随剂量的增加而增加,且辐照组各项指标优于对照组。(2)在贮藏25 d时,2、4 k Gy辐照处理组菌落总数超出国家卫生标准8 000 cfu/g,而6、10 k Gy处理组仍在国家允许范围内,且辐照剂量越高,其杀菌效果越好。(3)结合辐照对烧鸡菌落总数及感官评分的影响,辐照剂量以6 k Gy为宜、在37℃恒温培养条件下烧鸡的保质期由对照组的不到10 d延长到25 d。由此可见,辐照能改善烧鸡的贮藏品质,杀菌效果显著,可为辐照保鲜烧鸡提供理论依据。     

辐照对干辣椒杀菌效果及辣椒素和辣椒红素的影响

研究60Co-γ辐照对市售干辣椒杀菌效果及辣椒素和辣椒红素含量的影响。分别采用0,2,4,6,8,10 k Gy 6个剂量辐照处理干辣椒样品,测定辐照前后样品中微生物的存活数、辣椒素含量以及辣椒红素的吸光度。结果表明:γ辐照对干辣椒具有明显的杀菌效果;对红辣椒粉和野山椒粉中菌落总数的D10值分别为2.04,1.85 k Gy,霉菌的D10值分别为2.84,1.96 k Gy;对红辣椒碎和野山椒碎中辣椒素的总含量没有明显的影响(P0.05),对红辣椒粉和整椒以及野山椒椒粉和整椒中辣椒素的总含量有明显的影响(P0.05);对干辣椒中辣椒红素有明显的影响(P0.05),辣椒红素的含量与辐照剂量之间有一定的相关性。10 k Gy以内剂量γ辐照能有效控制干辣椒中污染微生物的含量,保证产品的卫生质量。     

Nisin结合辐照处理对冷藏鲈鱼品质的影响

本文以新鲜鲈鱼为原料,研究了Nisin结合辐照对冷藏鲈鱼品质的影响,为鲈鱼的生物保鲜提供思路。将鲈鱼分别用0.3‰Nisin、辐照及0.3‰Nisin结合辐照处理后置于4℃条件下冷藏。通过测定菌落总数(TVC)、硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、p H、汁液流失率、表面疏水性和白度等指标,研究Nisin结合辐照处理对冷藏鲈鱼的保鲜效果。结果表明:0.3‰Nisin结合4 k Gy的辐照处理能明显延缓鲈鱼在冷藏期间TVC、TVB-N值和表面疏水性的增长,延迟冷藏后期p H增加的时间,延长货架期。TBA值在经0.3‰Nisin处理后较低;汁液流失率和白度值分别在辐照剂量为2 k Gy和4 k Gy时最低。根据TVC、TVB-N值、表面疏水性及p H指标预测在4℃冷藏条件下经0.3‰Nisin结合4 k Gy辐照处理的鲈鱼相对于空白对照组延长4~5 d的冷藏货架期。     

电子束辐照对梅鱼鱼糜肌原纤维蛋白结构及凝胶特性的影响

以梅鱼鱼糜为原料,研究不同电子束辐照剂量(0～9 k Gy)对鱼糜肌原纤维蛋白结构及其凝胶特性的影响,确定提高鱼糜凝胶品质的最适剂量。结果表明:低剂量(≤5 k Gy)组总巯基和活性巯基含量下降不明显,但7 k Gy和9 k Gy组下降明显;随辐照剂量的增加,Ca2+-ATPase活性明显下降,而表面疏水性先增大后减小,5 k Gy组表面疏水性值达到最大。SDS-PAGE和DSC分析显示,随辐照剂量的增加,尤其在7 k Gy和9 k Gy组,肌球蛋白重链、肌球蛋白和肌动蛋白的热稳定性下降明显;鱼糜凝胶特性结果表明,经5 k Gy电子束处理,梅鱼鱼糜的凝胶强度、白度值和持水性均高于对照及其它剂量组。综上所述,5 k Gy辐照剂量可有效改善梅鱼鱼糜的凝胶特性,且相比于高剂量(≥7 k Gy)组,低剂量辐照对梅鱼鱼糜肌原纤维蛋白结构的影响不显著。电子束辐照处理可以成为改善梅鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的一种有效手段,合适剂量为5 k Gy。     

两种辐照方式对灵芝孢子粉灭菌效果及品质影响的比较

作者以破壁灵芝孢子粉为材料,研究了电子束和γ射线两种射线的不同辐照剂量对灵芝孢子粉微生物和品质的影响。结果表明:两种射线辐照对产品微生物和多糖质量分数变化基本一致。电子束和γ射线辐照灵芝孢子粉菌落总数的D_(10)值分别为2.167 k Gy和2.172 k Gy,霉菌与酵母菌的D_(10)值分别为2.646 k Gy和2.452 k Gy;当辐照低于8 k Gy时,电子束和γ射线辐照对灵芝孢子粉的多糖质量分数均无明显影响,而高于8 k Gy时,其多糖质量分数有显著变化。因此,低于8 k Gy的辐照剂量可视为破壁灵芝孢子粉安全辐照剂量。     

60 Coγ射线处理对山核桃贮藏品质及稳定性的影响

以去除水分的新鲜山核桃坚果为原料,经~(60)Coγ射线分别在0、0.8、2.0、5.0、8.0 k Gy剂量下辐照处理,然后置于温度(2±0.5)℃、湿度(RH)70%~80%的环境中密闭贮藏。期间对山核桃果肉主要营养成分(粗脂肪、粗蛋白质、油中脂肪酸、维生素E),氧化稳定性(酸值、过氧化值、O~-_2·生成速率、氧化诱导温度、氧化诱导时间)的动态变化进行跟踪监测。结果表明:5.0、8.0 k Gy辐照处理显著加剧了山核桃贮藏期间酸值、过氧化值、O~-_2·生成速率的升高,降低了粗脂肪、不饱和脂肪酸和维生素E含量,降低了氧化诱导温度和氧化诱导时间;与对照组及其他辐照组相比,2.0 k Gy剂量组较好地在贮藏期间保持了不饱和脂肪酸及维生素E含量,对山核桃氧化稳定性影响较小,有助于保持山核桃营养和延长山核桃贮藏期。     

电子束辐照剂量率对真空包装冷鲜牛肉品质的影响

研究了电子束辐照剂量率对真空包装冷鲜牛肉品质的影响,为电子束辐照在冷鲜肉保鲜中的应用提供理论依据。将真空包装的冷鲜牛肉在2 k Gy的辐照剂量下分别经不同剂量率(0、700、1500、2500、3500 Gy/s)处理,然后再置于2℃冰箱内贮存15 d。贮藏期内分别对微生物指标(菌落总数(TBC))和理化指标(挥发性盐基氮含量(TBA-N)、硫代巴比妥酸值(TBARS)、过氧化值(POV)、巯基(SH)、二硫键(SS)、色泽(L*和a*))进行测定,对比不同剂量率处理对辐照效果的影响。结果表明,在2 k Gy的辐照剂量下,在一定剂量率范围内随着剂量率的不断增大,冷鲜牛肉的TBC、TVB-N、TBARS、POV、SS和L*值均显著降低,而SH和a*值增加(p0.05)。综合分析各指标说明电子束辐照剂量率对冷鲜牛肉品质有显著的影响;同时可得出,在2 k Gy的辐照剂量下,剂量率为2500Gy/s处理组,贮藏15 d后,细菌总数5.161 log(CFU/g),TVB-N值为16.6 mg/100g,POV值为1.126 meq/kg,TBARS值为0.218 mg/100g,SH和SS分别为0.395和0.379 mmol/g pro,L*和a*值分别为40.34和19.57,综合辐照效果最佳。     

~(60)Co-γ辐照对食品中4种苏丹红染料和2种兽药残留的降解研究

采用60Co-γ辐照分别对含有3-甲基-喹噁啉-2-羧酸(MQCA)、氯霉素和苏丹红Ⅰ~Ⅳ的动物源食品进行处理,设置辐照剂量为0~10 k Gy,考察了其在不同辐照剂量下的降解情况。结果表明,当辐照剂量为9 k Gy时,鸡肉中MQCA和蛋液中苏丹红Ⅰ~Ⅳ的降解效果非常显著,降解率分别为99.0%和83.5%~95.7%;而蛋粉中的苏丹红Ⅰ~Ⅳ的降解效果相对较差,降解率仅为9.3%~22.3%;鳗鱼冻干粉中氯霉素的降解效果比较显著,降解率为75.3%。随着辐照剂量的增大,其降解率逐渐增大。研究表明辐照处理可对食品中某些化合物产生有效降解。     

Comparison of three methods for detection of herbal food supplement irradiation

A survey for irradiation of 106 herbal food supplements was carried out in Denmark in 2003. The results from three methods, two screening methods and a specific method, were compared: Direct epifluorescent filter technique/aerobic plate count (DEFT/APC), photostimulated luminescence (PSL) and thermoluminescence (TL) standardised by Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN). Forty samples screened positive with the DEFT/APC method. However, the TL method could only confirm irradiation of 15 samples, 11 samples wholly irradiated and 4 samples with a minor irradiated ingredient. Thus, the DEFT/APC method gave a large number of false positive results, although the number of false negative results probably was very low. Only 7 of the 15 confirmed irradiated samples screened positive with the PSL screening method, the samples with low photon counts escaping detection. For 10% of the samples also the TL method was lacking in sensitivity, as not enough minerals could be isolated to get a signal over the minimum detection level. For such clean herbal food supplements no suitable method exists at all among the CEN standardised methods for irradiation detection.     

Evaluation of a microbiological method for detection of irradiation of spices

The suitability of a microbiological method, a combination of the direct epifluorescent filter technique (DEFT) and the total aerobic plate count (APC), for the detection of irradiation of spices was evaluated. The evaluation was carried out using different kinds of spices including peppers, paprika, cardamom, cinnamon, ginger; herbs such as thyme, marjoram, basil, and oregano; and garlic powder. Ground spices were tested as well as cut and whole spice samples. Samples were analysed before and after gamma-irradiation mainly with doses of 5 and 10 kGy. Two different methods (centrifugation, filtration) for sample pretreatment were compared. Differences between the DEFT count and the APC with doses of 5 and 10 kGy varied between 3.9 and 6.8 and between 5.7 and 7.5 log units, respectively. The duration of storage after irradiation had no effect on the microbiological results. When applied to fumigated samples, the method might cause confusion in the absence of chemical analyses. The results of the analyses of samples treated by an unknown process indicated that the method could, in fact, detect irradiated samples, although it could not differentiate between irradiated and heat-treated samples.     

A microbiological screening method for the indication of irradiation of frozen poultry meat

A microbiological screening method for the detection of irradiation of frozen poultry meat was developed on the basis of the combined use of total cell count by the direct epifluorescent filter technique (DEFT) and viable cell count by the aerobic plate count method (APC). Samples of ground, deboned poultry leg were irradiated or not with dose levels of 3, 5 and 7 kGy using an electron beam accelerator. All samples were frozen before the irradiation treatment. The average values of the differences between DEFT and APC counts in control samples and those irradiated with doses of 3, 5 and 7 kGy were 1.14 log units for control samples, and 3.16, 3.68 and 3.79 log units for the irradiated samples. A difference of at least 2 log units can therefore be considered as a limit value indicating probable irradiation treatment necessitating further investigations.

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Anwendung eines mikrobiologischen Unterscheidungsverfahrens zum Nachweis der Bestrahlung von gefrorenem Hühnerfleisch

Zusammenfassung Es wurde ein mikrobiologisches Verfahren zum Nachweis der Bestrahlung von tiefgefrorenem Hühnerfleisch auf der Basis kombinierten Einsatzes direkter Epifluoreszenzfiltertechnik (DEFT) und Kolonieauszählung (APC) entwickelt. Die Proben - knochenfreie, zerkleinerte Hühnerschenkel - waren entweder unbestrahlt oder mit einem Elektronenbeschleuninger mit Dosen von 3, 5 bzw. 7 kGy bestrahlt worden. Alle Proben waren vor der Bestrahlung eingefroren worden. Die Mittelwerte der Differenzen zwischen den DEFT- und den APC-Ergebnissen betrugen bei den unbestrahlten Proben 1,14 logarithmische Einheiten und bei den mit 3, 5 bzw. 7 kGy bestrahlten Proben 3,16, 3,68 bzw. 3,79 logarithmische Einheiten. Die Differenz von wenigstens zwei logarithmischen Einheiten kann als Grenze für die Möglichkeit eines Nachweises eventueller Bestrahlung betrachtet werden und macht weitere Untersuchungen erforderlich.

     

Methods for detection of irradiation of spices

Three types of methods for the identification of irradiation of spices were tested as potential control methods. The methods were microbiological, combining a direct epifluorescent filter technique (DEFT) with a total aerobic plate count (APC), a chemiluminescence method and chemical gas-chromatographic (GC) and GC mass-spectrometric (MS) methods for analysis of volatile oils of spices isolated by steam distillation. Twelve samples of spices, mainly peppers, were analysed before and after gamma-irradiation with doses of 10 and 50 kGy. The chemiluminescence measurements were performed before the irradiation and 10 and 100 days after the irradiation. The best methods for control purposes were the microbiological (DEFT + APC) methods combined with chemiluminescence measurements. No differences were detected between the irradiated and non-irradiated samples with the chemical methods.     

Survival of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Salmonella typhimurium after electron beam and gamma irradiation of refrigerated beef

The radurization effects of gamma ray and electron beam irradiation at 1.5 and 3.0 kGy on beef steaks inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium and Pseudomonas fluorescens were investigated during 8 days of storage at 5 degrees C. Total bacterial counts and numbers of Salmonella Typhimurium and P. fluorescens were analyzed at 2-day intervals. Total bacterial counts of samples irradiated by both gamma rays and electron beam were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by 3.8 to 5.3 log CFU/g. Salmonella Typhimurium was not detectable during the experimental period. P. fluorescens counts of beef samples irradiated by gamma rays at both 1.5 and 3.0 kGy were not detected; however, P. fluorescens in samples irradiated by electron beam at 1.5 and 3.0 kGy was recovered after 2 days, and bacterial counts reached 7.8 and 6.9 log CFU/g, respectively. Both gamma ray and electron beam irradiation reduced total bacterial counts initially, possibly extending shelf life. Irradiation was very effective in destroying Salmonella Typhimurium; however, P. fluorescens was not completely eliminated by electron beam irradiation. Consequently, gamma ray irradiation was more effective than electron beam irradiation in the destruction of P. fluorescens.     

Effect of gamma radiation on refrigerated mechanically deboned chicken meat quality

Samples of mechanically deboned chicken meat (MDCM) were irradiated in the frozen form with doses of 0.0, 3.0 and 4.0 kGy, stored at 2±1?°C and evaluated for their sensory characteristics, color, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and total psychrotrophic bacterial count for up to 12 days. The sensory analysis showed that volatile compounds associated with the odor irradiation produces, were dissipated from the samples of irradiated MDCM during storage and that the oxidation odor perceived in the samples irradiated with doses of 3.0 and 4.0 kGy was more pronounced (P<0.05) than in the non-irradiated samples, as from the 8th and 12th day of refrigeration, respectively, in agreement with the TBARS values. Irradiated MDCM showed higher values (P<0.05) for a(?) (redness) than the non-irradiated samples as from the 4th day under refrigeration. Considering the sensory analyses, color, psychrotrophic bacterial counts and TBARS analyses as a whole, the MDCM samples irradiated with doses of 0.0, 3.0 and 4.0 kGy were acceptable under refrigerated storage for 4, 10 and 6 days, respectively.     

Use of γ-irradiation to reduce Clostridium perfringens on ready-to-eat bovine tripe

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of gamma irradiation at a target dose of 9kGy and storage at 5 and 15°C on the safety of ready-to-eat (RTE) tripe with respect to Clostridium perfringens count (CC) and aerobic plate count (APC), and to determine the effect of boiling (1h) and irradiation (9kGy) on Cl. perfringens ATCC 13124 spore structure. Irradiation significantly reduced APC stored at 5 and 15°C for 7 days. However, 0kGy control samples increased in their APC to >7log(10) cfu/g throughout 7 days of storage. Irradiation eliminated the inoculated Cl. perfringens ATCC 13124 spores on RTE tripe throughout storage at 5 and 15°C. Transmission electron microscopy of Cl. perfringens ATCC 13124 spores showed that boiling caused a reduction in spore material, irradiation caused elongation of the Cl. perfringens ATCC 13124 spores, and boiling in combination with gamma irradiation caused loss of spore material. Therefore, irradiation at 9kGy, together with storage at 5°C, can assure the microbiological safety of RTE bovine tripe, with respect to Cl. perfringens spores for at least 7 days at 5 and 15°C.     

Influence of gamma irradiation on growth and survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and quality of cig kofte, a traditional raw meat product

Cig kofte is a traditional Turkish food containing raw ground meat. Samples inoculated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 were irradiated at 0.5–6 kGy with a ⁶⁰Co source and stored at 4 and 25 °C. Total aerobic mesophilic count decreased with increasing irradiation doses, D₁₀ value was 0.83 kGy. Escherichia coli O157:H7 count decreased from 5.1 log₁₀ CFU g^?1 to an undetectable level (<1 log₁₀ CFU g^?1) after 1‐day storage at 4 °C following irradiation at 2 kGy, D₁₀‐value was 0.29 kGy. Irradiation doses up to 2 kGy did not affect sensory quality after 1 day. There was colour loss in samples irradiated at 2 kGy or above and stored for longer periods. Storage of the irradiated products at abused temperature must be avoided for safety assurance. Irradiation at 2 kGy has a great potential for extending the shelf‐life of cig kofte and assuring safety by decreasing the number of E. coli O157:H7 and other bacteria, but further studies with suitable package designs are needed to decrease quality degradation during extended storage.     

X射线辐照对冷鲜猪肉品质和货架期的影响

为研究X射线辐照对冷鲜猪肉品质的影响。该实验用0.1~1.0 kGy梯度的辐照剂量对纯培养细菌、冷鲜猪肉进行处理,评估不同辐照剂量和贮藏时间下微生物、理化指标和感官特性的变化。结果表明：微生物菌落数随辐照剂量的增加而减少。纯培养大肠杆菌和单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌的D10值分别为0.177 kGy和0.180 kGy。0.6 kGy X射线辐照处理时,纯培养细菌菌落数显著（p<0.05）减少3.0 log值以上;人工接种细菌菌落数显著（p<0.05）减少2.0 log值以上。1.0 kGy辐照处理冷鲜猪肉,固有微生物菌落数显著（p<0.05）减少2.0 log值以上;货架期从原来的4 d延长到9 d;贮藏前期感官评分无显著（p>0.05）差异,后期感官评分下降缓慢;与对照相比TVB-N和pH值的上升速率在贮藏期内显著降低（p<0.05）;辐照后冷鲜猪肉TBA值有所增加,但在贮藏中对照组TBA值上升速率大于辐照组。综合考虑,1.0 kGy X射线辐照处理冷鲜猪肉,在保证冷鲜猪肉符合国家食品安全标准规定的同时将货架期延长了 4~5 d,为冷鲜猪肉的辐照保鲜技术提供科学依据。     

电子束辐照对赭曲霉毒素A的降解效果及玉米品质的影响

以赭曲霉毒素A纯品和玉米为研究对象,研究了电子束辐照对赭曲霉毒素A的降解效果及对玉米品质的影响。结果表明,赭曲霉毒素A的降解率随着辐照剂量的增加而提高,在3kGy的辐照剂量下,初始浓度为310.0 μg/L的赭曲霉毒素A降解率为49.55%,当辐照剂量增大到5 kGy时,降解率达到93.19%,此后降解率随辐照剂量增加的趋势变缓。电子束辐照对玉米的常规营养成分、氨基酸含量及其组成几乎没有影响,但5 kGy剂量的电子束辐照对玉米脂肪酸组成及脂肪酸值有显著影响。因此,3～5kGy可以作为电子束辐照降解玉米中赭曲霉毒素A的参考剂量。