酶法制备丙二醇单酯的研究

为制备丙二醇单酯,以叔丁醇为溶剂,对脂肪酶催化橄榄油与1,2-丙二醇进行酯交换反应合成丙二醇单酯进行研究。考察脂肪酶种类和酶反应条件对酯交换反应的影响。结果表明,在叔丁醇体系中来自Rhizomucor miehei的固定化脂肪酶Lipozyme RM IM适用于催化橄榄油与丙二醇的醇解反应合成1,2-丙二醇单酯。最佳的反应条件:橄榄油和1,2-丙二醇的摩尔比为1∶4,叔丁醇体系中底物混合物的浓度为30%,反应温度为50℃,脂肪酶的添加量为底物质量的3%,酯交换反应12h。该条件下,产物中1,2-丙二醇单酯的含量达到72.4%。     

木糖醇月桂酸单酯的酶法制备工艺研究

研究了以木糖醇和月桂酸为原料,在固定化脂肪酶Novozym 435的催化下合成木糖醇月桂酸单酯。考察了酸醇摩尔比、脂肪酶添加量、溶剂添加量、分子筛添加量、反应时间、反应温度对反应的影响。结果表明:最佳反应条件为反应溶剂为叔丁醇、酸醇摩尔比1∶2、溶剂添加量20 m L/mmol(以月桂酸物质的量计)、脂肪酶添加量10 g/L、分子筛添加量80 g/L、反应温度85℃、反应时间4 h,在此条件下月桂酸转化率为91.8%。通过红外光谱和质谱进行结构鉴定,产物为木糖醇月桂酸单酯。     

有机体系中酶法催化合成甘油二酯工艺研究

以大豆油和单硬脂酸甘油酯为原料,在有机溶剂体系中,采用固定脂肪酶催化转酯化合成甘油二酯。考察了不同有机溶剂、酶的种类、反应温度、反应时间、酶添加量以及底物摩尔比对甘油二酯得率影响。在单因素实验的基础上,通过响应面试验设计,确定最佳合成工艺条件为:固定脂肪酶Lipozyme RM IM作为催化酶,反应介质叔丁醇,反应温度52℃,时间6.70 h,脂肪酶添加量5.69%,底物摩尔比1.11∶1,此条件下,产物中甘油二酯的含量达到45.36%。通过二级分子蒸馏分离,甘油二酯含量达到92.31%。     

生产甘油二酯反应体系中脂肪酶活性提高及再生技术研究

以甘油一酯转化生产甘油二酯为反应体系,以Novozym 435脂肪酶为研究对象,对脂肪酶进行预处理以提高其活性和使用寿命;并对失活脂肪酶进行活性恢复和重复使用.将固定化脂肪酶Novozym 435在25℃下用叔丁醇浸泡600 min,除去叔丁醇用大豆油浸泡90 min,再用叔丁醇浸泡10 min除去大豆油,然后用于甘油一酯制备甘油二酯反应,甘油二酯含量提高6.31%,重复使用次数由原来的9次增加到13次,提高了44%.将失活的Novozym 435用叔丁醇浸泡70 min,除去叔丁醇,然后在40℃下用大豆油浸泡12 h,最后用叔丁醇除去大豆油,可使失活脂肪酶能够重新使用,依照此法,失活脂肪酶能连续使用10次以上.     

富马酸丙二醇甲酯酶法合成工艺的研究

以富马酸单甲酯和1,2-丙二醇为底物,采用脂肪酶催化合成富马酸丙二醇甲酯。探讨不同有机溶剂、底物摩尔比、反应温度、酶添加量、底物浓度、反应时间对产物中富马酸丙二醇甲酯相对含量的影响。结果表明,其最佳合成工艺:以叔丁醇为反应溶剂,底物摩尔比(富马酸单甲酯/1,2-丙二醇)1∶2,底物浓度1.0mol/L,酶添加量1.2%,反应温度60℃,反应时间20h。该条件下,产物中富马酸丙二醇甲酯的相对含量为63.89%。     

酶法合成富含DHA、EPA甘油三酯的研究

以甘油和PUFA乙酯为底物,通过酶催化酯交换反应合成富含DHA、EPA的甘油三酯。首先以叔丁醇为溶剂合成甘油酯混合物,优化后的条件为:选择Novozyme 435脂肪酶为催化剂,反应温度50℃,甘油与PUFA乙酯摩尔比1:3,底物在叔丁醇中的质量浓度为200 g/L,酶加量为底物质量的2%,在此条件下反应12 h后PUFA乙酯的转化率可达到51.5%。将在此条件下得到的反应混合物除去叔丁醇,在真空条件下继续反应24 h,PUFA乙酯转化率可达到87.8%。得到的产品混合物甘油酯组成为:甘油三酯67.1%,甘油二酯18.2%,甘油单酯2.1%。     

非水相酶法合成葡萄糖月桂酸单酯

为制备葡萄糖月桂酸单酯,引入了苯基硼酸以增加葡剂中的溶解度并改善反应的专一性.通过考察各参数(溶剂类型、酸醇摩尔比、酶添加量、分子筛添加量及温度等)对转化率的影响,确定了最佳工艺条件:葡萄糖浓度50 mmol/L,葡萄糖和苯基硼酸摩尔比为1∶2,反应溶剂为叔丁醇,酸醇摩尔比为3∶1,脂肪酶添加量为20 g/L,分子筛添加量为100 g/L,反应温度为50℃,反应时间24 h,反应体积为10 mL,葡萄糖月桂酸单酯转化率为90.1%.     

酶法制备花生油甘油二酯研究

以花生油为原料,采用脂肪酶不完全水解甘油三酯制备甘油二酯,研究脂肪酶添加量、反应温度、反应时间及水添加量对制备甘油二酯影响。通过正交试验得出脂肪酶不完全水解制备甘油二酯最佳条件为:酶添加量20 U/g(占油重)、水添加量15%(占油重)、反应时间2.5 h、反应温度40℃,在此条件下制备甘油二酯,其含量可达57.84%。     

酶法酯交换催化合成中/长链结构甘三酯原料药工艺研究

该文以中碳链甘三酯和大豆油为原料,对酶法酯交换催化合成中/长链结构甘三酯的工艺进行研究。系统研究了脂肪酶的种类、脂肪酶添加量、反应温度和反应时间四个因素对酯交换反应程度的影响,结果表明,选用脂肪酶TL IM,脂肪酶添加量5%(以油重计),反应温度65℃,反应时间30 min时酯交换反应即达到平衡状态,中/长链结构甘三酯的含量为73.73%,符合结构甘油三酯进口药品注册标准的含量要求。正交极差分析结果显示,选定脂肪酶的添加量是影响酯交换反应程度最重要的因素,反应温度次之,反应时间最小。     

响应面法优化固定化脂肪酶催化棉籽油转化生物柴油的研究

利用响应面法对固定化脂肪酶催化棉籽油合成生物柴油的条件进行优化。以脂肪酸甲酯转化率为指标,考察了固定化脂肪酶用量（占棉籽油质量）、甲醇与棉籽油摩尔比、叔丁醇与棉籽油体积比、反应温度和反应时间对转化率的影响,确定最佳反应条件为：反应时间19.128 h,反应温度37.801℃,固定化脂肪酶用量12.070%,甲醇与棉籽油摩尔比4.949,叔丁醇与棉籽油体积比0.323。验证实验结果表明,转化率达到92.9%,与响应面法预测值94.3%的吻合程度较高。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.