添加Bi和P对Sn-0.7Cu无铅钎料合金性能的影响

研究了添加Bi和P对Sn-0.7Cu无铅钎料合金熔点、显微组织、在Cu上的润湿性、导电率、硬度以及蠕变抗力等性能的影响。实验结果显示,随Bi含量增加,Sn-0.7Cu合金的熔点、导电率略有降低,润湿性、抗蠕变性能和维氏硬度均提高;此外,在添加Bi的基础上加P元素,能进一步降低Sn-0.7Cu-Bi合金的熔点,提高合金的导电率和润湿能力,但合金硬度略有下降;Sn-0.7Cu-1Bi-0.05P钎料合金的抗蠕变性优于Sn-0.7Cu-1Bi,Sn-0.7Cu-3Bi-0.05P钎料合金的抗蠕变性则劣于Sn-0.7Cu-3Bi。金相显微组织观察表明,单独加Bi能细化Sn-0.7Cu合金中的Cu6Sn5金属间化合物相;P的加入使Sn-0.7Cu-1Bi合金中的β-Sn枝晶尺寸变小,且Cu6Sn5相呈规则网络状分布于枝晶间隙;而在Sn-0.7Cu-3Bi合金中加P则粗化了Cu6Sn5相,并使IMC呈无规则分布。     

Sn-Bi-Sb无铅焊料研究

开发了一种新型无铅焊料-Sn-Bi-Sb软焊料.Bi和Sb含量均影响Sn-Bi-Sb无铅焊料的力学性能,其中Bi是影响合金力学性能的主控元素.Sn-1.38Bi-0.49Sb焊料是获得最优综合力学性能的最佳成分焊料,其拉伸强度为55.4MPa,延伸率为35.9%,扩展率为80.6%,熔化温度为225～229℃,相对成本为1.478.实验结果表明,Sn-1.38Bi-0.49Sb无铅焊料不仅具有良好的物理和力学性能,而且成本较低.     

Sn8Zn3Bi-xCu/Cu焊接接头界面反应及力学性能研究

以Sn8Zn3Bi为研究对象,采用微合金化方法研究了不同含量的Cu元素对其显微组织、钎料合金与Cu基板钎焊后的界面金属间化合物(IMC)层尺寸及焊接接头剪切强度的影响。结果表明,Sn8Zn3Bi-xCu/Cu(x=0.3,0.5,0.8,1.0,1.5)焊接界面IMC主要为层状Cu5Zn8相。随着Cu含量的增加,界面IMC层的厚度逐渐减小,接头的剪切强度逐渐提高,Sn8Zn3Bi-1.5Cu/Cu接头剪切强度较Sn8Zn3Bi/Cu显著提高。经120℃时效处理后,Sn8Zn3BixCu/Cu(x=0,0.3,0.5,0.8,1.0,1.5)焊接接头剪切强度都明显下降,接头断裂方式由韧性断裂转为局部脆性断裂,但添加了Cu元素的钎料界面IMC生长速度较Sn8Zn3Bi钎料慢,因此Cu元素的添加抑制了界面IMC层的生长。     

添加微量元素的Sn-Ag-Sb-Zn系无铅焊料性能研究

在Sn-Ag-Sb-Zn焊料合金中添加微量元素P、Bi、In和Ga,进行了力学性能和物理性能试验.结果表明:试验合金的密度比Sn-37Pb合金降低9.26%-10.55%;剪切强度比Sn-37Pb合金增加6%-51.3%;但熔点有所提高,结晶温度在6.32-7.88℃之间.微量元素的加入对合金的润湿性能有所改善;并能明显提高接头剪切强度.新开发的焊料合金的综合性能已经超过了Sn-37Pb焊料.     

无铅焊料的盐雾腐蚀性能研究

无铅焊料已经进入实用化研究阶段，Sn-3Ag-0．5Cu及sn-8Zn-3Bi等几种典型合金在-些电子产品中已经得到实际应用。然而对于上述无铅焊料的腐蚀性却报道较少。选取Sn-3Ag-0．5Cu、Sn-8Zn-3Bi及Sn-8Zn-3Bi—Nd合金进行盐雾腐蚀实验，对腐蚀表面进行宏观及微观分析，并与传统的sn—Pb焊料对比，考察焊料合金的耐腐蚀性能。结果表明：Sn-3Ag-0．5Cu具有比传统Sn—Pb焊料更优越的耐腐蚀性能；Sn-8Zn。3Bi合金由于组织中存在更为粗大的初生Zn相易于优先腐蚀而导致抗盐雾腐蚀性能不良，因此在腐蚀开始阶段腐蚀速率相对Sn-8Zn-3Bi—Nd合金更快，但后者初生相数量更多，因此在更长时间腐蚀后腐蚀量更大。     

纳米Cr颗粒对Sn-Zn-Bi-In/Cu钎焊焊点性能的影响

通过向Sn-Zn-Bi-In钎料中添加不同含量的纳米Cr颗粒制成新型复合钎料Sn-5Zn-10Bi-10In-xCr(x=0％,0.1％,0.3％,0.5％,质量分数),探讨纳米C r颗粒对时效前后钎焊焊点的组织形貌、元素分布、物相组成和力学性能的影响.结果表明:纳米Cr颗粒的添加能够抑制焊点金属间化合物(IMCs)的生长,随着纳米Cr颗粒含量的增加,IMCs扩散层厚度逐渐降低;界面处IMCs扩散层靠近母材Cu一侧为Cu5 Zn8相,靠近钎料区一侧为Cu6 Sn5相;随时效时间的增加,钎料侧部分Cu5 Zn8化合物长大分解,Cu3 Sn相形成;纳米Cr颗粒抑制了时效过程中IMCs扩散层的进一步长大;随着纳米Cr颗粒含量的增加,焊接焊点的剪切强度和显微硬度均先增加后下降,Sn-5Zn-10Bi-10In-0.3Cr/Cu焊点的剪切强度和硬度最高;时效后焊件的剪切强度比时效前均有所下降,但纳米Cr颗粒的添加使焊点保持了良好的剪切强度,时效后焊点钎料区显微硬度比时效前有所上升,但也始终保持在30HV0.1以下.     

P元素对Sn-0.7Cu焊料合金性能的影响

为了研究P元素含量对合金微观组织、熔程、润湿性和抗氧化性能的影响,将纯锡和中间合金Sn-10Cu及Sn-3.5P按质量比在270 ℃熔化,保温20 min后搅拌均匀,浇铸冷却后制备成Sn-0.7Cu-xP(x=0~0.1)焊料合金.通过光学显微镜观察焊料合金的显微组织,分别利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和差示扫描量热分析仪(DSC)对焊料合金进行了物相分析和熔点测定,采用润湿平衡法测定焊料的润湿性,用静态刮渣法测定焊料的抗氧化性.研究表明：焊料合金晶粒随着P元素含量的升高而增加;焊料合金的熔程随着P元素含量的升高先增加后降低;焊料的润湿时间随着P元素含量的增加先减小后增大,润湿力随着P元素含量的增加而减小,在P含量为0.001%时润湿性较好;P元素含量为0.01%时,Sn-0.7Cu的抗氧化性能较好.     

SnAgCu-xBi/Cu焊点界面反应及微观组织演化

本工作在Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu焊料中添加不同含量的Bi(0.1%,0.5%,1.0%(质量分数)),以此来研究Bi含量对Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu/Cu焊点的界面反应及金属间化合物微观组织演化的影响。结果发现:回流反应之后,焊点界面形成扇贝状的Cu_6Sn_5,对焊点进行时效处理后发现,在Cu_6Sn_5层与Cu基板之间又出现了一层Cu_3Sn,并且Cu_6Sn_5层的上表面及焊料中出现了颗粒状的Ag_3Sn,Ag_3Sn颗粒的数量随着时效时间的延长而增多;5d的时效处理之后,在Cu基板的上表面和Cu_3Sn层中发现了柯肯达尔孔洞,同时在大多数焊点界面的Cu_6Sn_5层的上表面和Cu_6Sn_5层中出现了裂纹,推测裂纹是由于热膨胀系数差导致的残余应力而形成的。时效过程中,焊点界面金属间化合物(IMC)层的厚度不断增加,并且IMC的平均厚度与时效时间的平方根呈线性关系。对比未添加Bi元素的Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu/Cu焊点发现,添加微量的Bi元素对IMC层生长有抑制作用,当Bi含量为1.0%时,抑制作用最为明显,而Bi含量为0.5%时,抑制作用最弱。Cu_6Sn_5晶粒的平均直径随着时效时间的延长而增加,且Cu_6Sn_5晶粒的平均直径与时效时间的立方根呈线性关系。     

Bi对Sn-0.7Cu无铅焊料微观组织和性能的影响

研究了Bi对Sn-0.7Cu焊料合金的微观组织、物理性能、润湿性能以及力学性能的影响.结果表明,在Sn-0.7Cu焊料合金中添加适量Bi后,合金的微观组织和性能有较明显的变化,Bi的加入能够降低焊料合金的熔点,提高润湿性能,同时对合金的力学性能也有很大影响,Bi能显著提高合金的抗拉强度,但合金的塑性会有所降低.     

SnAgCuBi无铅钎料对不同体积比SiCP/6063Al复合材料真空软钎焊接头组织和性能的影响

在不同保温时间下,分别采用 Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu 和 Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu-3.0Bi 无铅软钎料,对表面镀镍的两种不同体积分数的 SiCP/6063Al 复合材料进行真空软钎焊。通过剪切强度测试、显微组织分析、能谱分析等手段研究了钎焊接头的组织和性能。结果表明：Bi 元素的加入改善了 Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu 钎料的铺展润湿性,降低了熔点,提高了焊缝的抗剪强度;在270℃保温35 min 时,Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu-3.0Bi 钎料钎焊接头抗剪强度达到最高值38.23 MPa;钎焊过程中只是两侧镀镍层间的焊接,钎料并未透过镍层与母材发生扩散反应。     

A study of Sn-Bi-Ag-(In) lead-free solders

Sn-Bi-Ag-(In) solder alloys have been extensively studied in the study. The experimental results reveals that the liquidus temperatures of Sn-(1–5) Bi-(2–3.5)Ag-(0–10)In solders are between 201.7 and 225.3°C, which were higher than that of the most popular eutectic Pb-Sn solder (183°C). Additions of (5–10) wt% In into Sn-Bi-Ag solders can effectively decrease the melting point of the solder alloy. However, the gap between T _s and T _L temperatures increases with the additions of Bi and In into Sn-Bi-Ag-(In) solders. Although there is no flux applied during soldering, most Sn-Bi-Ag-(In) solder alloys can well bond the Au/Ni metallized copper substrate. 94Sn-3Bi-3Ag solder demonstrates the lowest wetting angle of 45° among all test samples. Thermal expansion coefficients of both 94Sn-3Bi-3Ag and 90Sn-2Bi-3Ag-5In solders are slightly less than that of 63Sn-37Pb. Both 90Sn-2Bi-3Ag-5In/substrate and 94Sn-3Bi-3Ag/substrate interfaces demonstrate similar reaction kinetics in the experiment. The stability of the interface is greatly impaired during 90°C aging. Some locations of the electroless Ni layer break down, and new phases are formed nearby the interface during aging treatment. Initially, the growth of Ni-rich (Ni,Cu)₃Sn₄ phase dominates the interfacial reaction. However, the growth of Cu-rich (Cu,Ni)₆Sn₅ phase will dominate the reaction layer for specimens aged at 90°C for long time periods.     

纳米结构强化的新型Sn-Ag基无铅复合钎料

通过外加法向Sn-3.5Ag钎料中加入质量分数为1%,2%和3%的纳米级多面齐聚倍半硅氧烷(polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes,POSS)颗粒制备无铅复合钎料.系统研究POSS颗粒的显微组织,钎料的熔化特性、润湿性能和力学性能.结果表明:POSS颗粒的加入并没有改变Sn-Ag基复合钎料熔化温度.复合钎料的铺展面积均有所增加,润湿角有所下降,表现了良好的润湿性.POSS颗粒的加入显著提高钎料钎焊接头的剪切强度.     

Effect of Y<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> particles on microstructure formation and shear properties of Sn-58Bi solder

In the present study, varying weight percentages of Y₂O₃ particles (3–5 μm) from 0 to 3% were incorporated into eutectic Sn-Bi solder matrix to form composite solders. It is found that the reinforcement particles were well dispersed in the solder matrix. They depressed the growth of intermetallic compound (IMC) layers and reduced the size of IMC grains. Since the Y₂O₃ particles serve as additional nucleation sites for the formation of primary Bi-rich phase, the size of both Bi-rich phase and the IMCs were decreased gradually with the Y₂O₃ content increasing. Shear tests were also conducted on as—soldered joints. The growth of solid-state intermetallic compounds layer was examined by thermal aging of the solder/Cu couple for a temperature range from 60 to 120°C and time periods from 50 to 500 h. Compared with Sn-58Bi solder, finer eutectic microstructures were obtained with Y₂O₃ addition after long time aging. The apparent activation energies calculated for the growth of the intermetallic compound layers were 72 ± 5 kJ/mol of Sn-58Bi, 74 ± 4 kJ/mol of Sn-58Bi-0.5wt%Y₂O₃, 81 ± 5 kJ/mol of Sn-58Bi-1wt% Y₂O₃ and 81 ± 7 kJ/mol of Sn-58Bi-3wt.% Y₂O₃, respectively.     

多次重熔过程中La2O3对Sn-58Bi钎料组织及性能的影响

为提高Sn-58Bi钎料的钎焊性,采用机械混合法制备了不同La2O3含量的Sn-58Bi低温无铅复合钎料.借助SEM、EDS和DSC等分析手段研究了La2O3对Sn-58Bi钎料显微组织、熔化特性以及力学性能的影响,并考察了多次重熔过程中Sn-58Bi-x La2O3/Cu界面IMC层组织演变.研究结果表明:La2O3的加入可以抑制大块富Bi相的偏析生成,但对钎料熔点的影响不大;在多次重熔过程中,同一种钎料的界面IMC层晶粒粒径随重熔次数的增加而增大,但La2O3的加入能有效阻碍界面IMC层晶粒粗化;加入不同含量La2O3后,复合钎料的硬度和模量都有一定程度的提高,其抵抗局部变形、开裂的能力提高,从而提高无铅钎料焊点在实际封装过程中的可靠性.     

Investigation on the intermetallic compound layer growth of Sn–0.5Ag–0.7Cu–xGa/Cu solder joints during isothermal aging

This work was focused on the influence of Ga on the thermal properties, microstructural evolution and interfacial morphology with aging treatment at 150 °C of low-silver Sn–0.5Ag–0.7Cu (SAC) lead-free solder. The melting temperature of the SAC–Ga solder was decreased owing to the low melting point element Ga and the formations of intermetallic compound (IMC) and growth at the interfaces of SAC/Cu and SAC–0.5Ga/Cu were studied for different aging time ranging from 0 to 720 h. The results indicated that for both solders, the thickness of the IMC increased with aging time prolonging. However, compared with the interface of SAC/Cu, the thickness of the interface of SAC–Ga/Cu was obviously suppressed and the growing speed was slowed down, which may be attributed to the decreased activity of copper atoms by Ga addition, so that the SAC–Ga solder showed relatively planar-like IMC instead of scallop-like at the interface.     

Ni元素对Sn-9Zn-3Bi无铅钎料显微组织和性能的影响

利用真空箱式电阻炉制备了Sn-9Zn-3Bi-xNi无铅钎料合金,并对其显微组织和主要性能(熔点、熔程、抗氧化性、润湿性、剪切强度)及钎焊接头断口形貌进行了分析。结果表明,少量Ni的加入可以细化Sn-9Zn-3Bi合金的显微组织,而对其熔点影响较小。当Ni添加量为0.1%和0.5%时,钎料的熔程变化不大,Ni添加量为1%时,钎料的熔程增大比较明显。随着Ni添加量增多,无铅钎料的抗氧化性能和润湿性能提高。Ni添加量在0.1%和0.5%时,钎焊接头的剪切强度变化不大,但韧性增加;Ni添加量在1%时,钎焊接头的剪切强度略有增大,但韧性降低。     

Sn-9Zn-xP无铅焊料合金性能研究

以Sn-9Zn合金为研究对象,考察了P的添加对其性能的影响,并对其机制作了初步探讨。通过二次离子质谱(SIMS)分析发现,P的添加显著降低Sn-9Zn合金中的含氧量,从而提高了合金在Cu上的润湿性。P的改善润湿性的效果不仅有利于其工艺性能,也提高了Sn-9Zn/Cu焊点界面的结合强度,只使其塑性略有下降。同时,微量P的添加不改变Sn-9Zn合金与Cu形成的焊点的界面结构。另外,蠕变强度测试结果表明,P的添加能显著提高合金的抗蠕变性能。     

On the advantages of using a hypoeutectic Sn-Zn as lead-free solder material

Hypoeutectic Sn-Zn may be a better choice than the eutectic Sn-9Zn as a lead-free solder. We checked the non-equilibrium melting behaviors of a series of Sn-Zn alloys (2.5-9 wt.% Zn) by differential thermal analysis, and found that at a heating rate of 5 °C/min, Sn-6.5Zn behaves the same way as the eutectic Sn-9Zn in melting. Dipping and spreading tests were carried out to characterize the wettability of Sn-Zn alloys on Cu. Both tests indicated that Sn-6.5Zn has significantly better wettability to Cu than Sn-9Zn does. The reaction layers formed during the spreading tests were examined. For all samples with 2.5-9 wt.% Zn, two reaction layers are formed at the interface, a thick and flat Cu₅Zn₈ layer adjacent to Cu and a thin and irregular Cu-Zn-Sn layer adjacent to the alloy. The total thickness of the reaction layers between the alloy and Cu was found to remarkably decrease with decrease of the Zn concentration.     

Effect of Ni Content on Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behavior of Al/Sn－9Zn－xNi/Cu Joints

The effects of Ni content on the microstructure and the wetting behavior of Sn-9Zn-xNi solders on Al and Cu substrates, as well as the mechanical properties and electrochemical corrosion behavior of Al/Sn-9Zn-xNi/Cu solder joints, were investigated. The microstructure of Sn-9Zn-xNi revealed that tiny Zn and coarsened Ni 5 Zn 21 phases dispersed in the β-Sn matrix. The wettability of Sn-9Zn-xNi solders on Al substrate was much better than that on Cu substrate. With increasing Ni content, the wettability on Cu substrate was slightly improved but became worse on Al substrate. In the Al/Sn-9Zn-xNi/Cu joints, an Al4.2Cu3.2Zn0.7 intermetallic compound (IMC) layer formed at the Sn-9Zn-xNi/Cu interfaces, while an Al-Zn-Sn solid solution layer formed at the Sn-9Zn-xNi/Al interface. The mixed compounds of Ni3Sn4 and Al3Ni dispersed in the solder matrix and coarsened with increasing Ni content, thus leading to a reduction in shear strength of the Al/Sn-9Zn-xNi/Cu joints. Al particles were segregated at both interfaces in the solder joints. The corrosion potentials of Sn-9Zn-xNi solders continuously increased with increasing Ni content. The Al/Sn-9Zn-0.25Ni/Cu joint was found to have the best electrochemical corrosion resistance in 5% NaCl solution.