煤粉射流火焰的典型形态及其转捩规律

利用Hencken型燃烧器研究了一次风速度、给粉浓度和二次风氧浓度等参数变化对煤粉射流火焰形态的影响规律,得到了煤粉射流火焰形态转捩图谱.实验表明,煤粉射流火焰形态主要分为煤粉群燃火焰(亮黄色,均相燃烧主导)和单颗粒稀释火焰(暗红色,异相稀释的煤颗粒燃烧主导).挥发分含量和煤粉浓度的增大均可促使稀释火焰向群燃火焰的转捩;在二次风氧浓度较高(15.3%,)时,提高一次风速度对火焰形态的影响有限,但同时降低氧浓度到10%,,则可实现群燃火焰向稀释火焰的转捩.     

基于OH-PLIF测量技术的煤粉射流火焰着火燃烧特性

在光学诊断型煤粉燃烧器系统上研究煤粉着火燃烧特性,利用ICMOS相机捕捉射流火焰总光强信号、自发辐射信号以及PLIF荧光信号,根据获得信号的品质,判断各种测试手段的优缺点.计算射流火焰总光强和PLIF荧光信号的着火延迟时间,分析PLIF测量手段的可靠性,结合OH-PLIF技术的瞬态图像,以及着火延迟时间的变化规律,分析射流火焰挥发分着火及燃烧特性.研究结果表明,颗粒群着火是挥发分先析出着火燃烧,然后加热焦炭颗粒燃烧的过程.     

一次氧化剂O_2体积分数对富氧燃烧煤粉着火距离影响的数值模拟

对40kW同轴射流富氧煤粉燃烧试验系统进行数值模拟,研究了在总体O2体积分数和氧化剂过量系数一定的条件下,不同一次氧化剂O2体积分数对同轴射流富氧燃烧煤粉着火距离的影响,分析了低一次氧化剂O2体积分数下富氧燃烧煤粉着火及火焰稳定性.结果表明:在总体O2体积分数为40%和氧化剂过量系数为1.15的条件下,当一次氧化剂O2体积分数为20.9%时,着火距离较小,为附着火焰;当一次氧化剂O2体积分数减小至14.6%、10.0%和5.5%时,着火距离明显增大,着火延迟,为分离火焰;适当提高二次氧化剂预热温度有利于低一次氧化剂O2体积分数下富氧燃烧的煤粉着火及火焰稳定.     

一次氧化剂O2体积分数对富氧燃烧煤粉着火距离影响的数值模拟

对40 kW同轴射流富氧煤粉燃烧试验系统进行数值模拟,研究了在总体O2体积分数和氧化剂过量系数一定的条件下,不同一次氧化剂O2体积分数对同轴射流富氧燃烧煤粉着火距离的影响,分析了低一次氧化剂O2体积分数下富氧燃烧煤粉着火及火焰稳定性.结果表明:在总体O2体积分数为40％和氧化剂过量系数为1.15的条件下,当一次氧化剂O2体积分数为20.9％时,着火距离较小,为附着火焰;当一次氧化剂O2体积分数减小至14.6％、10.0％和5.5％时,着火距离明显增大,着火延迟,为分离火焰;适当提高二次氧化剂预热温度有利于低一次氧化剂O2体积分数下富氧燃烧的煤粉着火及火焰稳定.     

浓淡煤粉直流射流燃烧实验装置的优化设计

为了优化250 kW浓淡煤粉直流射流燃烧实验装置设计的关键参数,本文利用Fluent软件对浓淡煤粉射流的着火过程进行数值模拟研究,完善了中试规模的浓淡煤粉燃烧实验平台。结果表明,随着浓淡煤粉射流与高温烟气射流的相交角度的变化,中心轴向速度均是从射流起点开始急剧增加,达到峰值速度后开始逐渐衰减;相交角度为20°时,中心轴向速度的峰值最大,汇合流的能量损失最小;相交角度大于20°后,连续火焰延迟距离减小的幅度不明显。研究认为实际相交角度选为20°时,各股射流的湍流流动和传热行为与实际切圆锅炉相符,汇合流沿着炉膛中轴线向下传播,浓淡煤粉射流着火后形态未变化。     

一次风速度对煤颗粒群着火特性影响的实验研究

利用Hencken型平面携带流反应器,研究了一次风速度对两种高挥发分褐煤和一种贫煤射流着火特性的影响.实验结果表明,低雷诺数(Re=878)条件下,贫煤煤粉气流先后发生外层单颗粒着火燃烧和内层颗粒群着火燃烧,煤粉颗粒着火和燃烧轨迹十分规则.但在高雷诺数(Re=4,392)条件下,贫煤煤粉气流更难形成群燃火焰,呈现出暗红色火焰.随着一次风速度的增加,尽管煤粉颗粒的停留时间减小,但湍流强度的增加使颗粒加热速率以及挥发分析出的强化作用占主导,使得煤粉气流的着火距离减小.此外,群燃火焰在挥发分聚集到一定程度后产生,是颗粒群燃烧的特有现象,而煤种挥发分含量的增加和有效聚集有利于群燃火焰的出现.     

附壁射流煤粉燃烧器试验研究

附壁射流煤粉燃烧器是根据燃烧空气动力学原理,利用壁面对射流的非接触式导流特性和射流组合特性而研制出的一种新型燃烧装置。本文科述了该燃烧器稳定煤粉火焰和不易结焦的原理及特性。试验室试验表明,它可在冷风条件下脱油稳燃V~(?)=10%的无烟煤,并有防焦功能,现在进行推广应用。     

CH_4/CO_2非预混射流火焰燃烧特性实验研究

为了掌握含杂质生物沼气在工业燃烧装置中非预混射流火焰燃烧特性,对CH_4/CO_2非预混射流火焰在300 K和600 K伴流空气中的火焰形态、火焰高度以及推举高度进行了实验研究,并与CH_4/N_2非预混射流火焰燃烧特性进行对比.实验结果表明:在相同工况下,CH_4/CO_2火焰高度较低,但其推举高度高于CH_4/N_2火焰;两种火焰推举高度随伴流温度升高而降低.采用预混火焰模型对火焰推举高度进行了理论分析,得到了两种非预混火焰无量纲火焰推举高度与无量纲燃料流速的关联式.基于预混火焰模型的理论分析表明,预混气层流火焰速度及燃料和氧化剂密度比对非预混火焰的推举高度的影响较为显著.     

基于快速压缩机的预燃室式射流点火试验

为分析预燃室式射流点火的燃烧过程,通过全燃烧场可视的快速压缩机(RCM),采用同步压力传感和高速摄影方法,对单孔内置式预燃室进行了变工况试验,并在相同条件下与传统火花点火对比,结果表明:预燃室式射流点火能够大幅促进点火,并加速燃烧.与传统火花点火相比,预燃室式射流点火的滞燃期缩短比例可达40%,以上,且随负荷增加而提高;明显燃烧期比典型火焰传播燃烧可缩短60%,至70%,.火花点火引起的火焰传播速度与负荷无明显关系,而射流火焰发展速度随负荷增加而提高,各负荷下均为火焰传播速度的15倍以上,最高速度超过50,m/s,垂直于射流喷射方向的火焰发展也快于火焰传播.射流火焰在主燃室内由近喷口处的细长火舌和远端由火舌发展而成的类柱状火焰组成.预燃室对其内部的初始火焰发展具有明显促进作用,其内部的平均火焰发展速度高于传统火花点火火焰传播速度的2倍.     

高压甲烷射流对层流火焰作用的试验

高压气体燃料射流与引燃的层流火焰间的相互作用决定了天然气直喷发动机的着火稳定性．在定容燃烧弹中,用点火针点燃预混甲烷形成层流火焰,并在不同火焰半径时刻进行高压甲烷射流．采用高速纹影法测试了甲烷不同喷射延时τ对预混层流火焰的影响．结果表明：甲烷喷射延时τ决定了预混层流火焰等效半径R的发展,随着τ增大,预混层流火焰等效半径R增大;射流对层流火焰发展的影响与其作用于层流火焰时火焰等效半径有关,存在一个临界火焰等效半径R₀,当R0时,射流吹熄火焰;R=R₀时,甲烷射流吹熄预混层流火焰后仍可被引燃,火焰传播速度加快;R>R₀时,甲烷射流更容易引燃成湍流燃烧火焰,同时预混火焰未受射流干扰区域仍旧保持层流火焰,此时层流火焰、湍流燃烧火焰并存,火焰传播速度加快．     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Controls on the Karaha–Telaga Bodas geothermal reservoir,Indonesia

Karaha–Telaga Bodas is a partially vapor-dominated, fracture-controlled geothermal system located adjacent to Galunggung Volcano in western Java, Indonesia. The geothermal system consists of: (1) a caprock, ranging from several hundred to 1600 m in thickness, and characterized by a steep, conductive temperature gradient and low permeability; (2) an underlying vapor-dominated zone that extends below sea level; and (3) a deep liquid-dominated zone with measured temperatures up to 353 °C. Heat is provided by a tabular granodiorite stock encountered at about 3 km depth. A structural analysis of the geothermal system shows that the effective base of the reservoir is controlled either by the boundary between brittle and ductile deformational regimes or by the closure and collapse of fractures within volcanic rocks located above the brittle/ductile transition. The base of the caprock is determined by the distribution of initially low-permeability lithologies above the reservoir; the extent of pervasive clay alteration that has significantly reduced primary rock permeabilities; the distribution of secondary minerals deposited by descending waters; and, locally, by a downward change from a strike-slip to an extensional stress regime. Fluid-producing zones are controlled by both matrix and fracture permeabilities. High matrix permeabilities are associated with lacustrine, pyroclastic, and epiclastic deposits. Productive fractures are those showing the greatest tendency to slip and dilate under the present-day stress conditions. Although the reservoir appears to be in pressure communication across its length, fluid, and gas chemistries vary laterally, suggesting the presence of isolated convection cells.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.