Downstream Swimming Behaviour of Catadromous and Potamodromous Fish Over Spillways

Flow characteristics associated with spillways are important to restore ecological connectivity because spillways can either constrain or offer safe routes for downstream passage of fish. We studied the hydrodynamics of flow and downstream movement behaviour of the catadromous European eel (Anguilla anguilla) and the potamodromous Iberian barbel (Luciobarbus bocagei) in spillways with upstream face inclinations of θ = 90° (standard) 45° and 30° (modified). The standard spillway was tested for two water depths (H = 32 and 42 cm). Modified spillways facilitated downstream passage and reduced delay times of passage of the European eel. Upstream of the 90° spillway, distinct recirculation areas were observed, and associated turbulence strongly hampered downstream passage of fish. Both species were found to avoid turbulence, but barbel displayed stronger avoidance for areas of rapid changes in flow velocity when comparing to eels. Overall, eels were faster in passing the spillway and had a higher downstream passage success (80%) than barbel (32%). Eels were predominantly thigmotactic in contrast to barbel, which showed limited contact with structures. The results suggest that modified spillways may enhance passage survival. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical study of the effect of a V-shaped weir on turbulence characteristics and velocity in V-weir fishways

Fishways are used to allow fish to migrate around water infrastructure, whether movements are in the upstream or downstream direction. Hydrodynamic conditions within various fishways, including turbulence levels, are important for successful fish passage. A numerical hydrodynamic study was conducted for V-weir fishways, which assist species migrating upstream. The variables investigated included, fishway slopes of 4%, 7%, and 10%, relative spacing between weirs of 1.3, 2.6, and 4 (D/L, ratio of distance between weirs to pool width), and weir angles of 22.5°, 40°, and 60°. Turbulence characteristics, including turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), Reynolds shear stress (RSS), turbulent intensity (TI), turbulent dissipation (TD), as well as maximum water velocity, were examined by CFD (computational fluid dynamics) simulation using a re-normalized group or RNG turbulence model. The CFD was calibrated with flow measurements made in a physical model of the V-weir fishway in laboratory control experiments. Based on inferences from fish passage literature, the results showed that, in the range of parameters studied, a weir angle of 22.5^°, a slope of 10% and relative spacing between weirs of 1.3 and 2.6 were assessed as offering the best potential performance for several species and sizes of fish, while the latter has lower cost as it requires fewer weirs. The V-weir fishway may be adaptable for smaller fish.     

Evaluation of Boundary Dam spillway using an Autonomous Sensor Fish Device

Fish passage conditions over spillways are important for the operations of hydroelectric dams because spillways are usually considered as a common alternative passage route to divert fish from the turbines. The objectives of this study were to determine the relative potential of fish injury during spillway passage both before and after the installation of baffle blocks at Boundary Dam, and to provide validation data for a model being used to predict total dissolved gas levels. Sensor Fish were deployed through a release system mounted on the face of the dam in the forebay. Three treatments, based on the lateral position on the spillway, were evaluated for both the baseline and post-modification evaluations: Left Middle, Right Middle, and Right. No significant acceleration events were detected in the forebay, gate, or transition regions for any release location; events were only observed on the chute and in the tailrace. Baseline acceleration events observed in the chute region were all classified as strikes, whereas post-modification events included strike and shear on the chute. While the addition of baffle blocks increased the number of severe events observed on the spillway chute, overall fewer events were observed in the tailrace post-modification. Analysis of lateral positioning of passage indicated that the Right Middle treatment was potentially less injurious to fish based on relative frequency of severe events at each location. The construction of baffle blocks on the spillway visibly changed the flow regime. Prior to installation the flow jet was relatively thin, impacting the tailrace as a coherent stream that plunged deeply, possibly contributing to total dissolved gas production. Following baffle block construction, the discharge jet was more fragmented, potentially disrupting the plunge depth and decreasing the time that bubbles would be at depth in the plunge pool. The results in this study support the expected performance of the modified spillway chute: the addition of the baffle blocks generally lessened the depth and impact of entry. This study provides information that can be used to help design and operate spillways for improving fish passage conditions.     

基于SPH方法的阶梯式溢洪道消能特性研究

为了研究阶梯式溢洪道的消能特性,本文通过二维建模的方式,利用光滑质点水动力学方法(SPH)对31阶阶梯式溢洪道的水流进行数值模拟,将模拟值与试验值进行了对比,并针对2种台阶数目和4种单宽流量共计8种工况,对不同工况的阶梯式溢洪道沿程水深、水流流速以及消能率进行了分析。结果表明,31阶阶梯式溢洪道水流的水面深度、流速和压强模拟值与试验值吻合较好;36阶和60阶阶梯式溢洪道沿程水深和水流流速与单宽流量呈正相关趋势,随着单宽流量的增加而增大,且在水流稳定之后,水面深度和流速都会维持在某一个值附近;而阶梯式溢洪道消能率沿程逐渐增大并在最后一级台阶处达到最大值。同时,当溢洪道体型一定,消能率随着单宽流量的减小呈上升趋势,当单宽流量减小至0.1283m2/s,36阶和60阶阶梯式溢洪道的消能率分别达到了83.67%和82.86%。     

Hydraulic assessment of environmental flow regimes to facilitate fish passage through natural riffles: Shoalhaven river below Tallowa Dam,New South Wales,Australia

Proposed environmental flow regime changes downstream of a major water supply dam have been assessed in terms of effects on depth, velocity and fish passage across natural, gravel‐bed riffles and rapids. This study focussed on passage requirements for Australian bass, Macquaria novemaculeata (Perciformes, Percichthyidae), a catadromous fish of considerable ecological and recreational fishing importance. Some 23 major riffles and rapids occur between the dam and the tidal limit over a river length of 25 km. Reconnaissance investigations of riffle slope, length, width, depth and morphologic characteristics indicated that wide‐shallow, steep‐turbulent and bifurcating riffle morphologies were most likely to cause problems for upstream bass passage under low flow conditions. Two approaches were used to investigate riffle depths and velocities over a range of flows. A rapid assessment approach directly measured thalweg depths and velocities under two controlled flow release rates in riffles identified as being potentially problematic to upstream bass passage. Detailed topographic surveys and two dimensional hydraulic modelling with River2D was undertaken for two riffles identified as ‘worst case’ examples of wide‐shallow and steep‐turbulent morphologies. Results from both approaches were consistent and complementary. Both approaches identified riffles where minimum depths and maximum velocities were likely to be problematic for upstream passage by Australian bass at a flow rate of 130 MLd^?1 (the current regulated flow release) but were mitigated at flow rates above 300 MLd^?1. Assessment of environmental flow regime transparency and translucency threshold options with regard to a 300 MLd^?1 target flow indicated that options where the transparency threshold was set at the 80th flow duration percentile (flows equalled or exceeded for 80% of time), and varied according to the monthly pattern of natural flows, improved hydraulic conditions for upstream bass migration. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Flow design of guiding device for downstream fish migration

Downstream migrating smolt must be guided around hydropower plants to avoid fish mortality due to the turbines. In Piteå River, which is already regulated, open spillways serve this purpose but few fish find this route. Hence, action must be taken to enhance downstream fish migration. One way to attract the fish to the spillways is to direct the surface flow towards them by means of a guiding device. The hydrodynamic design of one such device is outlined using numerical calculations of the flow upstream the spillways and by the assumption that the fish moves near the surface of the water. A number of geometries are evaluated by starting from a straight impermeable barrier that extends 2 m down from the water surface and stretches over a part of the river. A major result is that it is possible to redirect the surface water towards the spillways at very low spilling rates which means high energy efficiency. Another finding was that the device should stretch over a large part of the river. For optimal functionality, the spilling should match the guiding device geometry. High spilling implies that the guiding has a low impact while for low spilling the geometry is crucial for successful downstream migration. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

RE-AERATION LAW OF WATER FLOW OVER SPILLWAYS

1. INTUODUCTION Due to the strong turbulence of the flow over the spillway, air is entrained into water body making the oxygen content increased. It is important for river, especially for city-river to maintain favorable water quality and ecological envir…     

花凉亭水库溢洪道泄流冲刷破坏特性分析与治理方案

通过对溢洪道及下游泄流流态的观察与分析,揭示了右岸凸出的山嘴造成主流折冲并减小河道过水面积,同时下游水垫厚度不够和河道陡纵坡及横向大高差形成的水流能量聚集、消能不充分是花凉亭水库溢洪道下游在2016年和2020年洪水过程中发生冲刷破坏的主要原因。提出了以加固防护、平顺流态和二次消能为主要方式消减溢洪道下游冲刷与破坏的治理措施,为类似水库溢洪道下游整治和除险加固设计提供参考。     

并线桥墩局部冲刷试验研究

针对并线桥墩在多沙河流上的局部冲刷问题,采用1:100正态模型水槽对桥梁平面正交在不同形状、上下游不同桥梁间距的桥墩布置进行了系列试验研究,对上下游桥墩在不同水流强度、不同桥梁间距条件下的局部冲刷过程进行系统观测和分析。结果表明,桥墩并线时,桥墩周围水流流态较为复杂,受上游墩阻水绕流影响,下游墩周围水流紊动强度减小,流速减弱。当上下游桥墩距离较近时,上下游桥墩局部冲刷坑深度均小于相应单独桥墩,下游桥墩冲深小于上游桥墩冲深,这种差异随桥梁间距的增大而逐步减弱。随着水流强度及桥墩尺度的增大,下游桥墩不受上游桥墩影响的距离相应增大,当流速为2 m/s、墩径为2~8 m时,其影响距离约为350~660 m。     

Turbulent flow field comparison and related suitability for fish passage of a standard and a simplified low‐gradient vertical slot fishway

Fishways are hydraulic structures that allow passage of fish across obstructions in rivers. Vertical slot fishways—VSFs—are considered the most efficient and least selective type of technical fishway solutions, especially due to their ability to remain effective even when significant upstream and/or downstream water level fluctuations occur. The scope of the present study is to perform numerical simulations in order to investigate and compare the hydraulic turbulent flow field in a standard and a simplified version of the most common VSF design. Implications in relation to fish swimming behaviour and fish passage performance are discussed. Different water depths (as well as discharges) were investigated, using a bed slope of 5%, as a reference for low‐gradient VSFs with a very limited selectivity that can be used in multispecies rivers in grayling‐barbel regions. Results show that maximum values of velocity, turbulent kinetic energy, and Reynolds stresses are higher in the standard design. However, corresponding to slot geometry and orientation, the direction of the main jet in the simplified design is more inclined towards the left side of the pool. This causes the eddy to split into 2 smaller ones; the minimum eddy dimension is reduced from 0.4–0.5 to 0.2–0.3 m. These dimensions are detrimental for fish passage efficiency, being more comparable with fish length (0.15–0.40 m), thus affecting migrating fish stability and orientation. Furthermore, the standard design provides a more straightforward upstream path and wider areas of low flow velocities and turbulence, useful for fish resting. Therefore, it is recommended that the standard design should be preferred over its simplified version, even if its construction costs are around 10–15% higher than the simplified one.     

Effects of bed slope on the flow field of vertical slot fishways

Vertical slot fishways (VSFs) are the most efficient and least selective typology of technical fish passage, due to their ability to remain effective even when significant upstream and/or downstream water level fluctuations occur. Fishway construction costs can be reduced by increasing its bed slope, but this affects the flow field inside the pools, with higher head drops between the basins, as well as turbulence levels and flow velocities, which may affect fish passage. In light of this, a VSF was investigated by 3D numerical simulations to identify the possible effects of the bed slope (using values from 1.67% to 10%) on the flow field and subsequent implications for fish passage. A particular focus was devoted to cyprinind species, but the results can be extended to other species of similar swimming abilities and, therefore, be applicable to multispecies rivers. Flow velocity and turbulence values such as turbulent kinetic energy and Reynolds stresses were analysed from a fish passage perspective in relation to threshold values derived from previous studies. Pool areas where turbulence values are compatible with fish ability and behaviour were quantified. Maps of the location of fish‐friendly zones in the VSF pools were produced and can constitute a reference for practical applications in fishway design. The flow field generated with bed slopes lower than 6.67% is more compatible with fish swimming capabilities, because it exhibits a predominantly 2D behaviour and more suitable hydraulic conditions, whereas at higher slopes, turbulence levels in the pools increase.     

淤地坝坝面过水试验研究

作者提出应用土工膜衬护,直接在淤地坝坝面设置溢洪道的坝面过水技术方案,并以宋家沟试验淤地坝为依托工程,进行了现场大型试验.试验研究了平底式与阶梯式两种过水方案.试验结果表明：同等条件下,平底式方案末端最高流速达10.7m/s,而阶梯式方案则为3.1m/s,说明阶梯式方案具有较好的消能作用;在上述流速下,两种方案的结构整体稳定,说明土工膜的铺设结构形式与固定方法是合适的;从耐磨抗冲刷性能看,土工膜抗碎石的耐磨性尚待进一步研究;从施工难度、土工膜用量和成本等方面比较,平底方案具有较大的优越性.     

实用堰后接梯形断面泄槽水面线计算方法探讨

梯形断面是泄槽最常用的断面形式之一,泄槽水面线计算对溢洪道设计具有重要意义。实用堰后接梯形断面泄槽起始水深及水面线计算须求解非常复杂的非线性方程,传统试算法计算过程繁琐,需要多次计算才能得到满足精度要求的结果。为解决实用堰后接梯形断面泄槽水面线计算的难题,构造坡降差方程,介绍了弦截法计算泄槽水面线的具体步骤,并对起始水深方程进行恒等变形,得出了起始水深的直接计算公式。实例表明,采用的计算方法可行,计算结果可靠,可为类似工程设计提供参考。     

Flow over embankment gabion weirs in free flow conditions

In this study, a series of laboratory tests were performed to investigate the effects of side ramp slope, crest length, and porous media properties on the flow regimes, water-surface profiles, discharge coefficients, and energy dissipation in embankment gabion weirs with upstream and downstream slopes. 24 physical models of solid and gabion weirs with three different upstream/downstream slopes (90°, 45° and 26.5°) were created. To investigate the complexity of flow over the porous-fluid interface and through the porous material, three-dimensional (3D) numerical simulations were developed. In numerical simulation, the standard k-ε turbulence model was utilized. A structured mesh domain was used to simulate the physical model. Water surface profiles above the porous weirs were used for comparison between the numerical simulations and measured data. These comparisons helped determine variables in the numerical simulations. Numerical simulation enables visualization of streamlines around and through the gabion weirs. In addition, mean stream wise velocity profiles above and within the porous structures were obtained. Numerical simulations showed that a reduction in the slope of the upstream face leads to an increased curvature of streamlines and the velocity distribution exhibits a non-uniform wavy shape due to the geometrical properties of the weirs. As the velocity profiles move downstream, the velocity distribution within the porous structures were more affected by the presence of the pores. The experimental results show that decreasing upstream slopes, from 90° to 26.5°, leads to decreased discharge coefficients. However, in all cases, gabion weirs lead to greater discharge coefficients than those of similar solid weirs. For milder side slopes, discharge ratios (flow passing through all faces of the gabion weirs over the inlet discharge) decreased nonlinearly. Moreover, with increasing the inlet discharge, relative energy dissipation was reduced up to 45% in gabion weirs.     

Flow characterization of an attraction channel as entrance to fishways

The flow field inside and downstream of an open channel placed near the surface of a free flow (such as the tail water of a turbine) is characterized in detail. The channel cross‐section is U‐shaped and in the downstream end is placed a ramp on the bottom which accelerates the flow passing through the channel. This flow is intended to catch the attention of fish and improve their entrance to fishways, which has also been successfully demonstrated in field tests. The flow through the channel is subcritical and the ramp thus blocks some water from passing through. To find the optimum vertical position of the channel, a down‐scaled model channel is placed in a water flume and flow fields in vertical planes directed along the flow are visualized using particle image velocimetry. Results show that increasing the depth over the ramp has little effect on the maximum velocity while it makes the accelerated water more perceptible downstream the channel. This will most likely improve the channel's ability to attract fish. It is also shown that a recirculation zone is formed in the channel for the small depths tested. Finally, it is shown that a modest tilt of the channel will not affect the flow field in any significant way. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Monitoring upstream fish passage through a Mississippi River lock and dam reveals species differences in lock chamber usage and supports a fish passage model which describes velocity‐dependent passage through spillway gates

Nearly 200 fish were released below Lock and Dam 2 (LD2) in the Upper Mississippi River and tracked to determine both whether and how they passed through this structure, and if passage could be explained using a computational fish passage model (FPM) which combines hydraulics with fish swimming performance. Fish were either captured and released downstream of LD2 in Pool 3 or captured in Pool 2 (upstream of LD2) and displaced below LD2. Tagged fish were tracked using 13 archival receivers located across LD2. Approximately 90% of all fish approached LD2 many times with the displaced species likely attempting to home. Of 112 common carp, 26% passed through LD2 with 15% (most) going through the lock and 6% through the spillway gates. Similar values were seen for bigmouth buffalo. In contrast, although 42% of 31 channel catfish passed through the lock, only 3% went through the gates. Finally, of 22 walleye, only 14% passed through the lock and none through the gates. Ninety percent of all documented passages through the spillway gates occurred when the gates were out of the water and water velocities through these gates were at their lowest levels, an attribute described and predicted by the FPM at LD2. This study strongly suggests that fish passage through spillway gates of LDs is determined by water velocity and can be predicted with a FPM, whereas passage through locks is determined by species‐specific behavioural preferences. Both attributes could be exploited to reduce passage of invasive carp at certain locations.     

Laboratory Investigation of Stilling Basin Slope Effect on Bed Scour at Downstream of Stepped Spillway: Physical Modeling of Javeh RCC Dam

Stepped spillway and stilling basin are one of the most important energy dissipation structures. Eventhough, most of energy dissipated by these structures, but in skimming flow, the upstream flow motion is nonaerated and the residual energy capable to destroyed structures during floods. In this study, effect of stilling basin slope on bed scour, downstream of Javeh dam was investigating. Experiments performed in hydraulic structures laboratory of the University of Kerman with six different discharges (5, 7, 13, 17, 25 and 30 l/s.m) and five various stilling basin slope (0.02, 0.01, 0, ?0.01 and???0.02). The parameters such as maximum scour depth (d_s), flow velocity (in three point), water depth on upstream and downstream of stepped spillway and stilling basin, the distance of the maximum scour depth to sill (L_s) and the gheometery of scour hole measured. Result shown that when stilling basin slopes was 0.02, the average of maximum relative scour depth, 47% Increased and in ?0.02, 52.2% Decreased. In addition, the distance of maximum scour depth until stilling basin increased by increasing and decreased by decreasing the stilling basin slope.

     

THREE-DIMENSIONAL TURBULENCE NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF A STEPPED SPILLWAY OVERFLOW

1 .　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｈｅａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｓｔｅｐｐｅｄｓｐｉｌｌｗａｙｈａｓｈａｄａｌｏｎｇｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ .Ｔｈｅ ｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌｍｏｄｅｌｔｅｓｔｓｔｕｄｙｏｆｔｈｅｓｔｅｐｐｅｄｓｐｉｌｌｗａｙｈａｓｂｅｅｎ ｐｅｒｆｏｒｍ     

溢洪道阶梯陡槽段水面掺气位置试验与计算探讨

外凸型阶梯式消能工是应用于溢洪道陡槽段上的一种新型的辅助消能工。目前溢洪道陡槽段外凸型阶梯式消能工已在水利工程中得到了应用,但对此类型阶梯式消能工水力特性的研究成果仍较少。本文在5种坡度比和不同阶梯体型(包括阶梯高度、阶梯间距等参数)的阶梯陡槽溢洪道水力模型试验研究的基础上,对溢洪道阶梯陡槽段水力特性进行研究探讨,分析了陡槽段坡度比、阶梯跌坎体型参数等对溢洪道陡槽段泄流流态的影响,并将阶梯陡槽段泄流分为光滑水流区和掺气水流区两部分,提出了外凸型阶梯陡槽段水面掺气断面位置和水深的计算公式。本文研究成果可为溢洪道阶梯陡槽段沿程水面线和消能计算提供参考。     

台阶式溢洪道滑行流相对水力特性规律研究

台阶式溢洪道消能效果显著、能大大减小下游消力池的尺寸、节省工程量和投资,但其水流规律复杂。本文对比研究了台阶式溢洪道和同体型的光滑溢洪道,并引入台阶式溢洪道相对流速、相对弗劳德数、相对消能率等3个相对水力参数。通过模型试验,分析了台阶式溢洪道流速、弗劳德数、消能率等常规水力参数及3个相对水力参数沿程变化规律、相对临界水深及溢洪道坡度对常规及相对水力参数的影响。分析结果表明:台阶式溢洪道常规水力参数沿程呈复杂的曲线变化规律,相对临界水深及坡度对常规水力参数的影响亦较为复杂,不便应用;台阶式溢洪道相对水力参数沿程表现出良好的线性相关关系,相关系数平均值为0.9887～0.9944;相对水力参数均随相对临界水深的增大而减小,随溢洪道坡度的增大而增大。通过对台阶式溢洪道相对水力参数沿程线性规律的定量分析,并结合光滑溢洪道成熟的水力计算理论,可为台阶式溢洪道复杂水力特性计算提供新方法。