A Study on flexural properties of wildcane grass fiber-reinforced polyester composites

The main objective of this study is to introduce a new natural fiber as reinforcement in polymers for making composites. Wildcane grass stalk fibers were extracted from its stem using retting and chemical (NaOH) extraction processes. These fibers were treated with KMnO₄ solution to improve adhesion with matrix. The resulting fibers were intentionally reinforced in a polyester matrix unidirectionally, and the flexural properties of the composite were determined. The fibers extracted by retting process have a tensile strength of 159 MPa, modulus of 11.84 GPa, and an effective density of 0.844 g/cm³. The composites were formulated up to a maximum fiber volume fraction of 0.39, resulting in a flexural strength of 99.17 MPa and flexural modulus of 3.96 GPa for wildcane grass fibers extracted by retting. The flexural strength and the modulus of chemically extracted wildcane grass fiber composites have increased by approximately, 7 and 17%, respectively compared to those of composites made from fibers extracted by retting process. The flexural strength and the modulus of KMnO₄-treated fiber composites have increased by 12 and 76% over those of composites made from fibers extracted by retting process and decreased by 3 and 48% over those of composites made from fibers extracted by chemical process, respectively. The results of this study indicate that wildcane grass fibers have potential as reinforcing fillers in plastics in order to produce inexpensive materials with high toughness.     

玻璃纤维增强聚氯乙烯(GFRPVC)复合材料的研究

本文考察了玻璃纤维增强聚氯乙烯(GFRPVC)中玻璃纤维的表面处理及加入量对力学性能的影响.并用SEM对GFRPVC的界面及其对GFRPVC力学性能的影响进行研究.结果表明:当玻纤为30wt%时,GFRPVC板的拉伸强度为110MPa,弯曲强度为190MPa,为刚性聚氯乙烯(RPVC)的两倍;拉伸模量为8.8GPa,弯曲模量为8.9GPa,是RPVC的三倍;悬臂梁缺口冲击强度达140J/m,接近RPVC的四倍;达到了一般工程塑料的性能水平.热膨胀系数下降到2.23(×10-5)℃-1,HDT增加到84℃.     

原位聚合法制备连续玻璃纤维增强PCBT复合材料及其性能

采用环状对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(CBT)原位聚合制备了连续玻璃纤维(GF)增强聚环状对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PCBT)复合材料。考察了聚合反应中催化剂用量对PCBT结晶度以及GF/PCBT复合材料力学性能的影响。当催化剂用量为0.5%(质量分数)时, PCBT的结晶度为53%, GF/PCBT的力学性能达到最佳, 拉伸强度为522 MPa, 拉伸模量为27 GPa, 弯曲强度为481 MPa, 弯曲模量为24.8 GPa, 层间剪切强度(ILSS)为43 MPa。SEM观察表明, 发现催化剂用量为0.5%时, 树脂与纤维的结合性较好。进一步研究了淬火和退火后处理对复合材料力学性能的影响。发现复合材料退火处理后具有较好的力学性能, 其中拉伸强度为545 MPa, 弯曲强度为495 MPa。     

Tensile properties of elephant grass fiber reinforced polyester composites

Elephant grass stalk fibers were extracted using retting and chemical (NaOH) extraction processes. These fibers were treated with KMnO₄ solution to improve adhesion with matrix. The resulting fibers were incorporated in a polyester matrix and the tensile properties of fiber and composite were determined. The fibers extracted by retting process have a tensile strength of 185 MPa, modulus of 7.4 GPa and an effective density of 817.53 kg/m³. The tensile strength and modulus of chemically extracted elephant grass fibers have increased by 58 and 41%, respectively. After the treatment the tensile strength and modulus of the fiber extracted by retting have decreased by 19, 12% and those of chemically extracted fiber have decreased by 19 and 16%, respectively. The composites were formulated up to a maximum of 31% volume of fiber resulting in a tensile strength of 80.55 MPa and tensile modulus of 1.52 GPa for elephant grass fibers extracted by retting. The tensile strength and the modulus of chemically extracted elephant grass fiber composites have increased by approximately 1.45 times to those of elephant grass fiber composite extracted by retting. The tensile strength of treated fiber composites has decreased and the tensile modulus has shown a mixed trend for the fibers extracted by both the processes. Quantitative results from this study will be useful for further and more accurate design of elephant grass fiber reinforced composite materials.     

Mechanical properties of natural fibre reinforced polyester composites: Jowar,sisal and bamboo

In this paper, the experiments of tensile and flexural tests were carried out on composites made by reinforcing jowar as a new natural fibre into polyester resin matrix. The samples were prepared up to a maximum volume fraction of approximately 0.40 from the fibres extracted by retting and manual process, and compared with established composites like sisal and bamboo developed under similar laboratory conditions. Jowar fibre has a tensile strength of 302 MPa, modulus of 6.99 GPa and an effective density of 922 kg/m³. It was observed that the tensile strength of jowar fibre composite is almost equal to that of bamboo composite, 1.89 times to that of sisal composite and the tensile modulus is 11% and 45% greater than those of bamboo and sisal composites, respectively at 0.40 volume fraction of fibre. The flexural strength of jowar composite is 4%, 35% and the flexural modulus is 1.12 times, 2.16 times greater than those of bamboo and sisal composites, respectively. The results of this study indicate that using jowar fibres as reinforcement in polyester matrix could successfully develop a composite material in terms of high strength and rigidity for light weight applications compared to conventional sisal and bamboo composites.     

Mechanical properties of randomly oriented short Sansevieria cylindrica fibre/polyester composites

The tensile, flexural and impact properties of randomly oriented short Sansevieria cylindrica fibre/polyester (SCFP) composites are described for the first time in this work. Composites were fabricated using raw S. cylindrica fibres (SCFs) with varying fibre lengths and weight percents of fibre. When the length of the SCFs was increased, the tensile, flexural and impact properties of the composite were increased up to a 30-mm fibre length, and then a curtailment in properties occurred for higher fibre length composites. SCFP composites showed a regular trend of an increase in properties with fibre weight percent until 40% and afterwards a decrease in properties for composites with greater fibre weight percent. Tensile tests revealed that the tensile strength was about 76 MPa, the Young’s modulus was 1.1 GPa and the elongation at break was between 7% and 8.3%. The flexural strength and modulus were estimated to be around 84 MPa and 3 GPa, respectively. Impact tests exhibited a strength of approximately 9.5 J/cm². The analysis of the tensile, flexural and impact properties of short SCFP composites displayed a critical fibre length and optimum fibre weight percent of 30 mm and 40%, respectively. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies were carried out to evaluate the fibre/matrix interactions. The experimental tensile strengths were compared with the theoretical predictions and found to be in good agreement with Hirsch’s model. An X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the composites exposed the presence of cellulose IV with a crystallinity index of 60% and crystallite size of 68 nm.     

耐高温异构聚酰亚胺树脂及其复合材料

采用改性的单体反应物聚合法(MPMR)合成了一系列低黏度、耐高温异构聚酰亚胺树脂, 研究了树脂预聚物分子质量对树脂的高温流变行为、固化后热氧化稳定性的影响, 并对树脂的分子结构及其复合材料的加工工艺性能、力学性能进行了表征。结果表明: 树脂预浸液常温储存期大于两个月, 亚胺化后PI-2纯树脂最低黏度为154 Pa·s, 固化后树脂质量损失5%的温度大于560 ℃; 石英纤维/PI-2树脂基复合材料在室温和500 ℃的弯曲强度分别为917、197 MPa, 弯曲模量分别为29、22 GPa, 拉伸强度分别为760、341 MPa, 拉伸模量分别为32、31 GPa, 压缩强度分别为570、95 MPa, 层间剪切强度分别为62、10 MPa。      

单向连续竹青纤维填充量对不饱和聚酯树脂力学性能及微观形貌的影响

以单向连续竹青纤维（OBF）和不饱和聚酯树脂（UP）制备了单向OBF/UP复合材料,研究了OBF含量对OBF/UP复合材料纵向静态力学性能及动态力学性能的影响,并采用SEM观察了复合材料拉伸断面处界面结合情况。结果表明:随着OBF含量的增加,OBF/UP复合材料静态力学性能呈先增加后减小趋势,当OBF含量为50wt%时,复合材料拉伸、弯曲性能最优,拉伸强度、拉伸模量、弯曲强度、弯曲模量分别达到285.52 MPa、16.06 GPa、359.80 MPa、27.32 GPa;OBF/UP复合材料存储模量随OBF含量增加呈先增加后减小趋势,当OBF含量为50wt%时,OBF/UP复合材料存储模量最大,且随着OBF含量的增加,OBF/UP复合材料玻璃化转变温度向低温方向移动,损耗峰变宽;断面处微观形貌表明,OBF含量为50wt%时,复合材料界面结合强度较好。制备的OBF/UP复合材料力学性能优良,有潜力取代玻璃纤维增强树脂复合材料在风电叶片材料、公路防护栏材料、船舶材料等领域的应用。      

农林废物生物炭/高密度聚乙烯复合材料的制备与性能

利用稻壳、杨木在600℃下制备稻壳炭、杨木炭,以稻壳、稻壳炭、杨木、杨木炭为填料填充高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)制备复合材料,并对其性能进行测试分析。结果表明,跟稻壳、杨木相比,稻壳炭、杨木炭具有较高的含碳量、较大的比表面积、发达的孔隙结构及较低的极性;稻壳炭/HDPE复合材料的弯曲强度、弯曲模量、拉伸强度、拉伸模量分别为34.95 MPa、1.76 GPa、26.25 MPa、1.83 GPa,均高于稻壳/HDPE复合材料,杨木炭/HDPE复合材料的弯曲强度、弯曲模量、拉伸强度、拉伸模量分别为40.14 MPa、2.43 GPa、30.64 MPa、2.17 GPa,均高于杨木/HDPE复合材料;此外,稻壳炭/HDPE复合材料、杨木炭/HDPE复合材料的抗蠕变强度、抗应力松弛能力均高于稻壳/HDPE复合材料、杨木/HDPE复合材料。以上实验结果可为农林废物的高值化利用提供新的思路。      

Evaluating the effects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on the mechanical properties of chopped strand mat/polyester composites

In this research, the influence of adding multi-walled carbon nanotubes at various contents on the mechanical properties of chopped strand mat/polyester composites was investigated. Initially, the effect of the sonication time on the dispersion of carbon nanotube at the highest weight ratio (0.5 wt.%) was inspected. To achieve this goal, a new technique based on scanning electron microscopy, which utilizes the burn-off test, was introduced to visualize the dispersion state of carbon nanotubes. Subsequently, the effect of addition of multi-walled carbon nanotube on the tensile and flexural properties of the fiber reinforced composites was studied. The results of mechanical tests showed that adding only 0.05 wt.% carbon nanotube enhanced the flexural strength of the hybrid composite by 45% while the tensile strength was not changed significantly. Improvements in the tensile and flexural moduli were also observed. Moreover, theoretical relations between the tensile, flexural and compressive moduli based on the classical beam theory were employed to determine the effect of carbon nanotube on the compressive modulus of composites. The theoretical result showed 31% enhancement in the compressive modulus.     

聚乙烯醇交联改性对天然纤维增强聚丙烯复合材料性能的影响

采用聚乙烯醇(PVA)交联对洋麻(KF)增强聚丙烯(PP)、棕榈(PF)增强聚丙烯(PP)复合材料进行改性,通过模压成型工艺制备KF/PP和PF/PP复合材料。研究不同交联方法对复合材料的结构和性能的影响,采用SEM、DMA等技术研究了改性对复合材料的界面结合及力学性能影响。结果表明:PVA协同偶联剂交联改性对天然纤维/PP复合材料的综合改性效果最好,当用5%PVA+3%偶联剂对KF/PP改性时,KF/PP复合材料的弯曲强度提升25.2%,弯曲模量提升35.49%,剪切强度提升28%,分别达到了50.90 MPa、5.76 GPa、5.4MPa。当用5%PVA+2%偶联剂对PF/PP改性时,PF/PP复合材料的弯曲强度提升31.46%,弯曲模量提升27.07%,剪切强度提升21.75%,分别达到44.33MPa、2.32GPa、5.18MPa。改性后KF/PP、PF/PP复合材料的含水率分别下降了46.89%、10.63%,吸水率分别下降了8.57%、6.12%。KF/PP改性后储能模量提高20.93%,PF/PP改性后Tg值由90.1℃上升到113.8℃。SEM表明:PVA协同偶联剂交联改性有效改善了纤维与PP间的粘结,纤维与PP间的界面结合得到改善。     

Influence of processing methods and fiber length on physical properties of kenaf fiber reinforced soy based biocomposites

Biocomposites from kenaf fiber and soy based bioplastic were fabricated by extrusion, followed by injection or compression molding. The impact of fiber length and the processing method on the thermal and mechanical properties of the composites were characterized with dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and mechanical properties measurements. The morphology was studied with optical and electron microscopy. Compression molded specimens have a similar modulus to injection molded specimens at room temperature, but exhibit a higher heat deflection temperature (HDT) and notched Izod impact strength. The improved HDT and impact strength are derived from an increase in modulus at high temperature and fiber bridging effects, respectively. The modulus, impact strength and HDT of kenaf fiber reinforced soy based biocomposites increase with increases in fiber length, fiber content and fiber orientation. Through microscopy observations, it was found that the fractured fiber length on the impact fracture surface increased with increasing fiber length and fiber content. This indicates that the role of fiber bridging effects is predominant on impact strength of the biocomposites.     

PEK-C膜层间增韧碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料的力学性能

为探究热塑性酚酞基聚醚酮（Polyaryletherketone with Cardo,PEK-C）树脂薄膜及膜厚对层间增韧碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料力学性能的影响,利用浸渍提拉法制备了三种不同厚度（分别约为1 μm、10 μm、30 μm）的PEK-C膜,通过热压成型制备了层间增韧碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料层合板,对其进行了Ⅰ型层间断裂韧性、冲击后压缩强度、层间剪切及弯曲性能测试,并利用SEM观察微观形貌及AFM扫描微观相图。结果表明:不同PEK-C膜厚增韧碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料的Ⅰ型层间断裂韧性、冲击后压缩强度及层间剪切强度有不同程度提高,Ⅰ型层间断裂韧性及层间剪切强度以膜厚为10 μm最佳,分别增大了157.17%和17.57%,冲击后压缩强度以膜厚为30 μm最佳,达到了186.67 MPa,这是由于PEK-C与环氧树脂在热压固化过程中形成了双相结构,改善了材料韧性;但弯曲性能持续下降,强度及模量由未增韧的1 551 MPa、106 GPa分别降至30 μm时的965 MPa、79 GPa,这是由于PEK-C树脂扩散进入环氧树脂中,降低了纤维体积分数及材料刚度。      

Mechanical and degradation characteristics of natural silk fiber reinforced gelatin composites

Silk reinforced gelatin based composites were prepared by compression molding. The fiber content in the composite was 20 wt.%. Tensile strength (TS), tensile modulus (TM), bending strength (BS), bending modulus (BM), impact strength (IS) and hardness of the composites were found 44.5 MPa, 0.65 GPa, 63 MPa, 3.7 GPa, 5.1 kJ/m² and 96 shore A respectively. The environmental effect on composite was observed by simulating weathering test and the composite lost 15.2% TS at the end of 30 h of the weathering testing period. The biodegradation test shows that the composite degrades very quickly and losses 52.1% weight at the end of 24 h. Morphological analysis was carried out to observe fracture behaviour and fiber pullout of the samples.     

Some mechanical properties of untreated jute fabric-reinforced polyester composites

This research work is concerned with the evaluation of the mechanical properties—modulus, Poisson's ratio and strength—of woven jute fabric-reinforced composites. The specimens are prepared using hand lay-up techniques as per the ASTM standard. This is the first report by any single group of researchers in which tensile strength, compressive strength, flexural strength, impact strength, inplane shear strength, interlaminar shear strength and hardness are given. This work being an experimental study on untreated (`as received' jute fabric) woven jute fabric-reinforced polyester composites, demonstrates the potential of this renewable source of natural fibre for use in a number of consumable goods.     

碳纤维-尼龙6混编织物复合材料的制备及性能

为了探究合适的碳纤维表面处理方法,改善碳纤维-尼龙6织物复合材料界面结合效果,提高复合材料的力学性能,通过混编的方式制备碳纤维-尼龙6预制件,将预制件浸泡在不同浓度的醇溶尼龙无水乙醇溶液中,最后将预制件通过热压成型,制备碳纤维织物-尼龙6复合材料。采用万能拉伸试验机、SEM、TGA、DSC、XRD分析碳纤维-尼龙6复合材料的力学性能、微观形貌、耐热性能、结晶度及晶型变化。结果表明:将预制件在浓度为1wt%的尼龙溶液处理后,并采用1℃/min的降温速率制备的碳纤维-尼龙6织物复合材料力学性能最佳,抗拉强度、弹性模量、弯曲强度、弯曲模量、冲击强度分别为449.32 MPa、5.32 GPa、657.67 MPa、44.08 GPa、138.42 kJ/m2。纤维拔出后,单根碳纤维表面附着部分尼龙基体,碳纤维与尼龙基体形成了良好的界面层。碳纤维-尼龙6织物复合材料的起始分解温度较尼龙6纤维提高了13℃,耐热性有所增强,尼龙6树脂主要以α晶型存在,结晶较为完善。      

碳纳米管/碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料研究

制备了碳纳米管(CNTs)/碳纤维(CF)/环氧树脂(EP)三元复合材料。研究了CNTs含量对复合材料层间剪切强度、弯曲强度和弯曲模量的影响,并采用场发射扫描电镜分析了CNTs在基体树脂中的分散情况。结果表明:复合材料性能的变化源自于CNTs在基体树脂中的分散状态。当CNTs含量为0.2%(wt,下同)时,复合材料剪切强度和弯曲强度达到最大值,分别为99.2MPa和1811.4MPa,但其弯曲模量下降了8.7GPa。当CNTs添加量达到1%时,其弯曲模量达到135.9GPa,较未加入CNTs时提高了11.1%,层间剪切强度和弯曲强度分别降低了5.5MPa和359.5MPa。     

γ射线辐照对高模量碳纤维及碳纤维/氰酸酯复合材料性能的影响

通过模拟空间γ射线辐照环境,采用⁶⁰Co-γ射线对高模量碳纤维及其增强的改性氰酸酯复合材料进行辐照,采用SEM和XRD对辐照前后的碳纤维及碳纤维/氰酸酯复合材料进行了分析和表征,研究了复合材料的质量损失率、拉伸性能及层间剪切强度随γ射线辐照剂量的变化规律。结果表明,γ射线辐照能增加碳纤维表面粗糙度;质量损失率随γ射线辐照剂量增大先增加后趋于平缓,但均小于1%;碳纤维/氰酸酯复合材料拉伸性能与层间剪切强度均随γ射线辐照剂量增大先提高后降低,在吸收剂量为5×10⁵ rad时出现最大值,拉伸强度为1 803 MPa,拉伸模量为243 GPa,层间剪切强度为72 MPa。     

聚酰亚胺表面处理玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料力学性能

采用浇铸成型工艺制备含0.5wt%、长度分别为1 mm、3 mm、5 mm的短切玻璃纤维/环氧树脂（GF/EP）复合材料,研究含活性酚羟基和不含酚羟基的两种聚酰亚胺（PI）处理GF表面对纤维束拉伸强度及GF/EP复合材料力学性能的影响,并进一步研究PI处理GF对复合材料热性能的影响。研究结果表明,经过PI处理的GF,集束性和拉伸强度得到提高。含活性酚羟基聚酰亚胺（PI1）处理的GF拉伸强度由原丝束的517 MPa提高到1 032 MPa,不含酚羟基聚酰亚胺（PI2）处理的GF提高到986 MPa。当PI1处理的GF长度为3 mm时,GF/EP复合材料的力学性能最好,拉伸强度比未处理的提高23.62%,拉伸模量提高34.03%,弯曲强度提高28.74%,断裂韧性提高13.04%;PI2处理的GF,GF/EP复合材料拉伸强度提高15.87%,拉伸模量提高23.70%,弯曲强度提高14.11%,断裂韧性提高4.05%。此外,PI处理GF对GF/EP复合材料热性能也有一定程度的提高。     

HA改性短切碳纤维/PMMA生物复合材料力学性能的研究

采用原位合成与溶液共混的方法,制备了纳米羟基磷灰石(HA)-短切碳纤维（C_f）/聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)生物复合材料, 研究了HA对HA-C_f/PMMA复合材料的力学性能和微观结构的影响. 采用万能材料试验机测试了HA-C_f/PMMA复合材料的力学性能,用X射线衍射仪（XRD）、透射电镜（TEM）、场发射扫描电子显微镜（FESEM）和红外吸收光谱仪(FT-IR)分析测试手段对材料的组成结构及断面的微观形貌等进行了测试和表征. 结果表明,采用卵磷脂改性后的HA纳米片与PMMA基体的界面结合性能得到了有效改善,显著提高了复合材料的力学性能;随着HA含量的增加,HA-C_f/PMMA复合材料的弯曲强度、拉伸强度、压缩强度、弯曲模量和拉伸模量均呈先增大后减小的趋势. 当HA含量在8wt%时,复合材料的力学性能最佳.