双向直流变换器控制方法

双向直流变换器配合蓄电池或超级电容等化学储能元件应用在具有直流母线支撑的系统中时,其主要控制目标为结合储能元件的荷电状态实现负载的稳定工作。当负载功率大于主供电功率时,控制储能元件释放能量以满足负载功率需求;当负载功率小于主供电功率时,控制储能元件吸收能量以避免母线电压上升。归纳和总结了现有的双向控制方法,详细分析了储能系统中变换器两端均为直流源的应用场合时双向直流变换器的双向切换原理,重点研究了采用带有方向信息的电感电流平均值作为电流内环、直流母线电压作为电压外环的双向控制方法。针对该控制方法中存在的母线电压波动和电池频繁充放电的问题,阐述了相应的优化措施。     

数字控制级联式双向DC／DC变换器的研究

对由Buck/Boost双向变换器与双向半桥直流变换器构成的级联式双向DC/DC变换器的原理进行了分析,并研究了一种适用于Boost变换器的无源软开关电路。在数字控制的硬件平台之上,提出一端稳压和一端稳流的控制策略,可实现能量双向流动的自由转换。最后给出了实验波形,从而对理论分析进行了验证。     

基于模糊控制的电动车双向DC-DC变换器研究

为了延长车辆续航里程,提高蓄电池的使用寿命,使用超级电容作为辅助的能量源,控制超级电容的双向DC-DC变换器对直流母线进行能量的回馈和补充,提高了电动车电源系统效率。根据蓄电池和超级电容的剩余电量及负载瞬态功率需求,提出了一种模糊控制器改善双能量电动车DC-DC变换器性能的方法。模糊控制器根据车辆运行的不同工况,自动地决策出一个合理的输出电流,进而控制双向半桥Buck/Boost式变换器的电流环。实验结果说明了控制系统具有良好的动态性、可行性、有效性。     

无直流电感升压型永磁直驱风力发电系统

针对当前永磁直驱风力发电系统中存在的发电机电流波形差、输出电压低和变换器成本高等问题,提出一种将发电机和变换器一体化设计的新方案。通过引入以永磁发电机电枢电感为升压电感的功率因数校正(PFC)技术,采用平均电流控制法,实现了发电机电流波形与功率因数以及直流母线升压等控制。介绍了新方案的拓扑结构和控制算法,并给出了系统工作的参数条件。搭建了基于dSPACE的快速控制原型实验平台,通过仿真和实验验证了新方案的正确性,为后续的工程化应用奠定了基础。     

Fixed-boundary-layer Sliding-mode and Variable Switching Frequency Control for a Bidirectional DC–DC Converter in Hybrid Energy Storage System

In this paper, a soft switching DC–DC converter is presented for a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) in an electric vehicle (EV), using fixed boundary layer sliding mode control (FBLSMC) and variable switching frequency modulation. This strategy is aimed at improvement of the transient performance, energy transfer efficiency and system robustness for the HESS which is composed of a battery, an ultracapacitor (UC) and a bidirectional DC–DC converter. The state-space model of such DC–DC converter is firstly established involving all operating modes and system uncertainties. The FBLSMC scheme is proposed for the satisfactory voltage/current tracking despite system uncertainties. It can guarantee the system robustness and avoid the chattering existing in conventional sliding mode control (CSMC). In order to ensure the soft switching under transient load variations, a variable switching frequency modulation method is introduced into the controller. Finally, experimental results confirm that (1) within the full-load range the efficiency of the DC–DC converter with variable switching frequency is ～96% in contrast to 90% efficiency at hard switching, and (2) the energy delivered by the UC follows the reference closely for EVs.     

双向DC/DC变换器中耦合电感的应用研究

为了保证双向DC/DC变换器在降压模式的高效率、低损耗、节约能源等条件下,满足大功率负载的要求,将耦合电感应用到变换器中。对不同工作状态下电感电流的状态方程进行了分析,给出了耦合电感的最大电感电流脉动和最大磁通密度的数学表达式。采用耦合电感后电感储能能力变大、磁芯体积降低,使变换器能够满足"大电流-大功率"负载的要求。最后进行仿真验证,仿真结果验证了理论分析的正确性和可行性。     

The parallel operation control of a modular AC to DC converter via serial communication bus

This paper presents the parallel operation control of a modular AC to DC converter via a serial communication bus. In the proposed system, multiple AC to DC converters are parallel‐connected at the output end for load current sharing. Each module of the AC to DC converter is controlled by its individual microcontroller. The microcontroller of each module is employed for the voltage control loop and communicates with the microcontrollers of the other converter modules. The RS485 serial communication is used to transmit information among the controllers, which checks the number of the converter module for calculating the input inductor current command of each converter module. Moreover, the clock signal is used for synchronization to prevent data collision on the serial communication bus. The proposed parallel operation control provides fast response when the converter module connects or disconnects according to the required power. The performance evaluation of the proposed system is conducted by simulation and experimental verification on two parallel isolated CUK converters. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

低压直流微电网新型主动限流器及控制策略

低压直流微电网中直流母线发生短路故障后,现有的被动式保护措施难以有效保护电力电子装置,并且当计及直流线路电感与变流器直流母线侧电容时,常规主动限流器会出现限流电感电流振荡的特性。详细分析了该电流振荡特性产生的机理,探究了系统参数变化对限流电感电流振荡峰值的影响。并提出了一种新型主动限流器拓扑结构及控制策略,该拓扑结构通过增加能量耗散支路,在限流器直流母线侧电容电压产生负压时导通,以此耗散能量,解决了电感电流振荡的问题。通过仿真与实验,验证了所提新型主动限流器对电感电流振荡特性抑制的有效性,且在不同工况下具有良好的鲁棒性。     

采用耦合电感的ZVZCS PWM三电平直流变换器

提出了一种零电压零电流软开关（Zero Voltage Zero Current Switching,简称ZVZCS）PWM三电平直流变换器。它的主开关管电压应力是输入电压的1／2。耦合电感取代了常规滤波电感,它所感应出的电压由功率变压器反射回初级,使得变换器在零状态时的循环电流减小直至零,以实现内管的零电流关断。通过改变耦合线圈的匝比,可任意设置用于电流刚零的电压幅值的大小,以调节电流回零的时间。详细介绍了电路的工作原理、各状态的等效电路及其约束方程：给出了主要的电压、电流波形。仿真和400W实验结果验证了该电路的正确性。     

一种新型的零电压开关双向 DC-DC变换电源

介绍了用于中小功率的双向DC-DC变流装置,它能将直流电压从24 V提升到240 V,也可以将240V直流电压变换成24 V.在变流器的两个桥式电路中间使用一个隔离变压器,在不增加电路器件的情况下,实现电能的双向传递,变流器通常工作在降压方式,主直流电源来自交流或燃料电池,主电源向负载提供电能的同时向蓄电池充电,在主直流电源故障的情况下,蓄电池替代主直流电源,向负载供电.使用适当的控制策略,实现元件的零电压开关.在对电源系统的工作原理进行理论分析的基础上,对其进行了仿真和实验验证,证明系统具有转换效率高、性能稳定和电路简单等特点.     

A high-efficient fast-transient boost converter with adaptive on-time controlled and zero-current–detection techniques

A high-efficient fast-transient boost converter with adaptive on-time controlled and zero-current–detection techniques is presented in this paper. The adaptive on-time controlled technique can rapidly reach desired output voltage in two to three switching cycles. The proposed boost converter uses a zero-current–detector to detect and prevent the negative inductor current issue that can decrease the light-load power consumption and increase the light-load efficiency. Therefore, this new configuration accelerates transient response and improves light-load efficiency of the boost converter. The proposed boost converter has been fabricated with Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) 0.18-μm Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) 1P6M technology, and the chip area is only 1.148 × 1.187 mm (including personal assistant devices [PADs]). The input voltage range is from 0.5 to 1 V, and the output voltage is 1.8 V. The measured transient response time is about 2 and 3 μs, when the load current is changed from 5 to 300 mA and from 300 to 5 mA, respectively. The converter's operating frequency is 1 MHz, the maximum output current is 300 mA, and the peak power efficiency is 91.6% under 200-mA load current. The experimental results confirm that the light-load efficiency of the converter can be increased 11%.     

太阳能电动车混合储能系统的能量管理策略研究

论文提出了一种适用于太阳能电动车的混合动力储能系统方案,给出了该系统的能量管理控制算法,其核心是分配、协调和优化太阳能、蓄电池和超级电容的能量。该系统包含太阳能电池板、boost变换器、蓄电池、超级电容、双向DC／DC变换器和直流无刷电动机。文中提出了一种新的双向DC／DC变换器的控制方法,能够充分利用超级电容的快速充...     

多相交错并联自均流高增益DC/DC变换器及其控制策略

针对多相交错并联高增益DC/DC变换器在传统固定相移(2π/M)控制方式下,变换器会随着相数M的增加其只能在有限占空比范围(M-1)/M≤D<1内实现各相电流均流的问题,依据在多相变换器拓扑内电容电荷平衡原理以及各相电流均流条件,提出了一种可变移相的自动均流控制策略。所提控制策略只需任意两相相邻相位差φ满足2π(1-D)≤φ≤2πD条件,即可使得任意M(M≥2)相交错并联高增益DC/DC变换器在占空比[0.5,1)范围内均能实现各相电流自动均流。此外,对多相变换器中的电容电压纹波、电感电流纹波、电压增益、各相电流以及开关器件的应力进行了详细分析。最后,以四相高增益DC/DC变换器为例进行了模态分析,并搭建了一台低压输入/高压输出、功率300W的实验样机,实验结果验证了所提控制策略的有效性和正确性。     

Characteristic Analysis of a Micro DC‐DC Converter for Portable Electronic Devices and an Improvement of Transient Response Characteristic

This paper describes the characteristic analysis of a micro DC‐DC converter which integrates inductor, controller and switching devices, and the improvement of the transient response characteristic. The steady‐state operation and the efficiency characteristics of the micro DC‐DC converter are presented as experimental data. The static characteristics are theoretically analyzed with consideration of the DC current characteristics of the inductor. The load transient response characteristics of the micro DC‐DC converter are also analyzed experimentally and theoretically. In addition, the factors responsible for the overshoot and undershoot of the output voltage when the load changes are discussed. Finally, a clamp circuit for reducing the overshoot and undershoot of the output voltage when the load changes is proposed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 175(3): 56–64, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21081     

A new non‐isolated free ripple input current bidirectional DC‐DC converter with capability of zero voltage switching

In this paper, a new nonisolated free ripple input current bidirectional dc‐dc converter with capability of zero voltage switching (ZVS) is proposed. The free ripple input current condition at low voltage side is achieved by using third winding of a coupled inductor and a capacitor for the whole range of duty cycles. In the proposed structure, the voltage conversion ratio can be more increased by adding the turn ratio of the second winding of the coupled inductor for the whole range of duty cycles. By adjusting the value of an auxiliary inductor in the topology of the converter, according to the power, the ZVS operation of the implemented 2 switches can be achieved throughout the whole power range. The mentioned features of proposed converter are validated theoretically for both boost and buck operations. In this paper, the proposed converter is analyzed for all operating modes. Moreover, all equations of the voltages and currents of all components, voltage conversion ratio, the required conditions for ZVS operation of switches, and also required conditions for canceling input current ripple at low voltage side are obtained. Finally, the performance of the proposed converter is reconfirmed through experimental and EMTDC/PSCAD simulation results.     

设计内部本质安全型Boost变换器电感的设计

分析了Boost变换器工作于连续导电模式（CCM）和不连续导电模式（DCM）时的峰值电感电流.指出在给定开关频率、输入和输出电压时,变换器工作在CCM下的最大峰值电感电流就是该变换器在整个负载范围内工作时的最大电感电流,并将其与最小点燃电流相比较作为变换器在该工作模式下内部电感本质安全的判断依据.文中给出了实例,仿真结果验证了理论分析的正确性.     

内部本质安全型Boost变换器电感的设计

分析了Boost变换器工作于连续导电模式(CCM)和不连续导电模式(DCM)时的峰值电感电流。指出在给定开关频率、输入和输出电压时,变换器工作在CCM下的最大峰值电感电流就是该变换器在整个负载范围内工作时的最大电感电流,并将其与最小点燃电流相比较作为变换器在该工作模式下内部电感本质安全的判断依据。文中给出了实例,仿真结果验证了理论分析的正确性。     

一种两级式隔离型双向DC/DC变换器的分析与设计

提出了一种两级式隔离型双向DC/DC变换器,该变换器包含一个闭环的前级DC/DC变换器和一个开环的后级LLC谐振变换器。当能量从低压直流母线传输到高压直流母线时,变换器等效为Boost变换器+全桥倍压LLC谐振变换器;当能量反方向流动时,变换器等效为半桥LLC谐振变换器+Buck变换器。通过分析变换器工作原理与设计要点,提出了以效率为目标的中间直流母线电压优化方法,并研制了1台12 V/336 V、1 kW的样机,其优化后的中间直流母线电压额定值为50 V。样机实验结果验证了所提变换器的良好工作性能。     

模块化双向AC/DC变换器并联系统无缝切换控制

研究模块化双向AC/DC变换器并联运行系统,分析指出现有单模块双向运行控制方法引起各并联模块的功率流向不一致的问题;研究系统功率流与直流母线电压变化趋势的内在联系,提出一种模块化AC/DC变换器的双向运行控制方法,分别采用正向和负向电压调节器以保证各并联模块的功率流向一致;整流和逆变状态以不同的直流母线电压运行、自然区分两种功率流向。提出的控制方法可以实现各并联模块整流与逆变之间的无缝切换。详细分析系统稳定性,并指出多模块并联对系统动态特性有所改善;给出关键参数的设计准则。搭建实验验证系统,进行稳态和动态实验。实验结果证明了所提出控制方法的可行性和有效性。     

一种混合动力车双向变换器的分析与设计

双向变换器是混合电动车(HEV)的发电机与驱动系统互联的核心部件。详细分析了HEV双向变换器的运行模式,推导了隔离变压器漏感电流的最大值及其影响因数,给出了输出电压、输出功率和输出电压纹波的解析表达式。开关频率、漏感和移相对最大谐振电流、输出功率和输出纹波电压的影响,乃至对系统的影响都十分复杂,设计时需要折中考虑这些参数。在实验室原理样机上对上述分析和设计进行了验证。