超长线列红外焦平面杜瓦冷链设计

针对采用直线脉管制冷的超长线列红外焦平面器件杜瓦封装的需求, 提出了一种弹性冷链的设计方案。介绍了超长线列焦平面器件及直线脉管制冷机的特点以及对冷链的力学、热学要求, 针对超长线列焦平面杜瓦冷链的设计思路、设计方法进行了研究, 针对某型号脉管制冷机及典型超长线列探测器的尺寸、工作温度等要求, 采用局部弹性冷链方案, 通过有限元仿真工具对冷链进行优化设计, 使其能够满足设计指标要求。根据设计结果制作了冷链及测试杜瓦, 对冷链温差、器件拼接基板温度均匀性及低温形变进行了测试, 并通过振动试验对力学可靠性进行了验证。试验结果证明局部弹性冷链设计方案的正确性和可行性。     

超长线列红外探测器杜瓦组件辐射热评估方法研究

超长线列红外探测器杜瓦组件大多采用桥式结构力学支撑,利用多点柔性冷链实现冷平台温度均匀。杜瓦组件结构复杂,利用传统辐射热公式计算相对困难。本文针对两种结构的8000元超长线列杜瓦组件,先用ANSYS有限元模拟出两种杜瓦的温度场并提取出辐射热;然后设计实验测试杜瓦内12个典型位置温度,验证了温度场准确性。同时基于材料的热导率和温度梯度计算热流,从而间接计算出辐射热。研究结果表明,有限元仿真辐射热与实验计算辐射热误差在2%左右。     

多谱段集成长线列红外探测器研究进展

简述了多谱段集成长线列红外探测器应用情况,描述了国外多谱段集成长线列红外探测器技术性能及发展情况,介绍了国内GF-5号卫星用多谱段TDI集成长线列红外探测器研制情况,总结出多谱段集成长线列红外探测器研究技术难点。     

可对信号再处理的拼接红外探测器封装电学设计

随着线列型红外探测器技术的发展,对超大视场扫描的需求是线列型红外测器应用的重要方向,超大视场扫描通常需要由多片线列型红外探测器拼接完成,而拼接设计的核心主要是封装结构设计。如何将探测器信号完整的引出到封装体外,就是封装结构设计中电学设计需要做的工作。文章介绍了一种线列型红外探测器拼接结构的封装电学设计,首先介绍该拼接结构的拼接方式,然后介绍为满足该种结构的电学结构设计方案,尤其是对信号二次处理部分的电学结构设计方案,最后介绍针对该种电学结构方案进行的电学布线设计方案。     

超长线列红外探测器拼接结构

随着红外遥感技术的发展,航天各类应用对红外探测器阵列规模的需求已经超出了目前单模块探测器研制极限,需要通过光学或者机械拼接方法解决该问题。结合国内外先进的机械拼接技术,针对8模块超长线列拼接红外探测器研制,本文提出了拼接结构的4个设计要点和对探测器成像的影响,结合设计要点详细介绍拼接结构具体设计过程以及设计结果,最后给出拼接结构的测试方法以及一种非接触的平面度测试方法和测试结果。     

超长线列碲镉汞红外探测器拼接方式对比分析

红外探测器以全天候观测的优势在天文观测、红外遥感等领域得到了广泛应用。随着航天应用对大视场、高分辨率探测的需求,线列红外探测器规模要求越来越大。由于探测器材料、硅读出电路加工工艺及固有热适配等因素限制,单片线列探测器规模远远不能满足应用需求,通过机械拼接方式制备超长线阵探测器成为一种可行手段。本文对航天工程对超长线列红外探测器拼接方式进行了对比分析,给出了各种常见拼接方式的特点及其适用性。     

超长线列红外探测器组件拼接选片方法研究

为真实地反映探测器的性能参数,特别是非均匀性,针对红外焦平面长线列探测器的拼接选片,分析了像元倾角及立体角校正方法,分别给出了各自的数学模型,设计出拼接选片算法,适用于不同规格线列拼接探测器的拼接选片。     

长线列红外探测器真空密封结构设计

针对长线列碲镉汞红外焦平面探测器封装的特点,文章设计分析相对应的探测器真空密封结构。在用于封装3000元及5000元碲镉汞焦平面红外组件研制中,详细阐明了其真空密封结构的设计和工艺实现。符合航天空间应用的高可靠性真空结构,是长线列探测器组件正常工作并完成地面相关试验验证的关键。     

超长线列双波段红外焦平面探测器杜瓦封装技术研究

针对拼接型短/中波的超长线列焦平面探测器与直线脉管集成耦合的要求,分析了超长线列焦平面杜瓦封装的难点。通过对超长冷平台的温度均匀性、超长冷平台支撑结构、大体积组件杜瓦低热负载、超长线列杜瓦真空寿命等封装技术进行研究,提出了多点S型冷链结合导热层的三维热输出方法,设计了桥式两基板的超长冷平台支撑结构,解决了超长冷平台高温度均匀性、集成探测器后低应力及焦深控制、超长线列探测器杜瓦组件的环境适应性、低热负载和长真空寿命等关键技术,成功研制超长线列双波段焦平面探测器制冷组件,并通过一系列空间环境适应性试验验证,试验前后组件性能未发生明显变化,满足工程化应用的要求。     

红外长线列探测器位置错位校正方法

红外长线列探测器在扫描成像系统中正得到越来越多的广泛应用,相应的遥感图像预处理工作的重要性也日渐突出,红外长线列探测器位置校正是遥感图像预处理的重要组成部分,对其方法的研究有着重要的实用价值.针对多元红外长线列探测器模块内像元错位和模块闻位置错位,提出并用FPGA实现了一种红外长线列探测器位置错位实时校正方法.实验结果表明该方法效果良好,可以有效的消除图像错位畸变,提高图像质量.     

Synchronous Visual/Infrared Stealth Using an Intrinsically Flexible Self-Healing Phase Change Film

Phase change materials (PCMs) have been particularly concerned as infrared stealth functional materials due to their superior thermal management capability. However, traditional PCMs usually behave rigid solid or flowing liquid states with fixed transition temperature, greatly limiting their application especially in multi-band stealth and multiple scenes. Herein, an intrinsically flexible self-healing phase change film used for synchronous visual/infrared stealth for the first time is designed and constructed. The phase change film possesses a solid–solid phase transition behavior with adjustable transition temperature (from 38.8 to 51.1 °C) and enthalpy (from 79.7 to 116.7 J g⁻¹), long-term cycling stability (500 cycles), and outstanding flexible and self-healing performance. Remarkably, the phase change film can be customized with different colors and various configurations to exhibit attractive visual stealth functions in multiple scenes. Additionally, owing to phase transition property, this phase change film can possess a thermal management capability and behave infrared stealth performance for objectives at various temperatures. Combining the above unique functions, the intrinsically flexible self-healing phase change film developed in this work may show great potential for applications in the synchronous visual/infrared stealth across a wide range of scenarios and temperatures.     

Flexible Photonic Radiative Cooling Films: Fundamentals,Fabrication and Applications

Photonic structures designed at sub-wavelength scales have emerged as a promising avenue for various energy applications, including cooling devices, water harvesting, photovoltaics, and personal thermal management, which have significantly transformed the global energy landscape. Particularly, flexible photonic radiative cooling films, which facilitate heat dissipation from surfaces by emitting it into outer space via infrared radiation, have achieved great progress in recent years. In this review, the different approaches used to design photonic structures for manipulating solar reflectance and optimizing thermal emittance are summarized. On this basis, this review discusses advancements in flexible radiative cooling films that have been meticulously adhere to these design principles, alongside their cooling effects over recent years. Furthermore, a comprehensive overview of the progress is presented in the photonic integration with new functionality and the fabrication techniques of photonic structures. Lastly, this review highlights the remarkable potential of radiative coolers in various fields. In prospect, the widespread adoption of flexible photonic radiative cooling films holds immense promise for diverse applications.     

低温光学用杜瓦柔性外壳结构热力特性研究

为了满足低温光学系统低背景、低功耗和红外探测器制冷组件高环境适应性的要求,提出了探测器制冷组件杜瓦主体（窗口、窗口帽和引线盘） 200 K低温保持,与制冷机膨胀机或脉管散热面柔性绝热连接的设计思想。针对低温光学用杜瓦柔性外壳工程应用中的特点,文中以某低温光学用长波12.5 μm 2 000元红外探测器杜瓦组件以例,提出了波纹管作为绝热连接的柔性外壳,重点阐述杜瓦柔性波纹管隔热、力学和相关漏热的设计,并开展不同热负载条件下波纹管热特性验证,可实现最小温度梯度为37.22 K,绝热热阻为1142 K/W,误差在37%。为综合评价低温光学用柔性外壳结构杜瓦组件的性能,对某低温光学用长波12.5 μm 2 000元探测器柔性外壳杜瓦组件开展热真空和鉴定级的力学试验考核验证,试验结果表明实现了200 K低温窗口,探测器60 K工作,杜瓦漏热为544 mW,低温工况工作时相对于常温工况制冷机的功耗下降了53%,并通过了4 g的随机力学考核,验证了低温光学用杜瓦柔性波纹管外壳模型合理可行,对于后续低温光学用杜瓦柔性外壳结构工程应用提供了重要参考。     

新型热红外伪装体系

针对热红外成像侦察技术对军事目标形成的严重威胁，介绍了三种新机理型热红外伪装体系：1）三色涂料体系，三色涂料以一定形式叠加在军事目标上，利用涂层和孔洞的明暗实现目标与背景在红外及可见光区的融合。2）相变材料体系，将相变材料以微胶囊的形式分散在基体中，利用其发生相变时伴随的吸热效应，对目标产生的热量和目标温度加以控制。3）簇饰物伪装体系，选用低发射率的聚合物薄层材料做成叶簇状物附在常规伪装网上，在移动目标的周围产生空气流，从而达到散热和抑制目标红外辐射的目的。     

面阵热红外相机镜头畸变校正靶标研究

针对可见光相机校正靶标不适用于热红外相机的问题,研究了红外辐射理论与热红外相机探测原理,提出发射率和太阳辐射吸收率两个靶标选材依据参数,对多种材料进行热红外成像试验,得到适合制作热红外靶标的黑色氧化铝板和镀镍铝板两类材料。所选材料制作的靶标材质轻便,热红外成像边界清晰、DN值差异明显,满足校正程序对靶标交点提取准确性的要求。研究成果为热红外面阵相机镜头畸变校正的靶标制作提供重要参考,对面阵热红外航空遥感成像技术起到一定的推进作用。     

Thermal evaluation of GaN-based HEMTs with various layer sizes and structural parameters using finite-element thermal simulation

By using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared data, we established and verified a two-dimensional finite-element model conforming to the size of the practical device to study high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs). Because the resolution of the infrared measurement was 7 μm, we verified the correctness of the model by comparing the 7-μm average peak temperature with the measured infrared data at various platform temperatures. The simulated average peak temperature agrees well with the infrared data. To further investigate the thermal performance of GaN-based HEMTs with various layer sizes and structural parameters, we simulated devices with various values of gate length, gate spacing, GaN layer thickness, substrate breadth, and substrate thickness. The conclusions presented result from some factors that must be taken into account to manage thermal issues in devices.     

新型便携式多模态无损检测热激励源的设计

随着红外热成像技术在无损检测领域广泛应用,作为其应用研究基础之一的热激励技术受到广泛关注。针对传统大功率热激励设备工作模式单一、体积过大、不便于携带的缺点,对传统热激励源进行设计改造,设计开发了一种新型便携式多模态无损检测热激励源,能够实现锁相模式、锁相多频模式和脉冲模式三种激励模式,并且模式参数可调。该热激励源采用24 V锂电池供电方式,输出功率达到1000 W,具有操作灵活、便于携带、多模态等特点,满足红外热成像无损检测需求。     

An Adaptive and Wearable Thermal Camouflage Device

Thermal cloaking and camouflage have attracted increasing attention with the progress of infrared surveillance technologies. Previous studies have been mainly focused on emissivity manipulation or using sophisticated thermal metamaterials. However, emissivity control is only applicable for objects that are warmer than the environment and lower emissivity is usually accompanied with high reflectance of the surrounding thermal signals if they have nonuniform temperature. Metamaterial‐based thermal camouflage holds great promise but their applications on human subjects are yet to be realized. Direct temperature control represents a more desirable strategy to realize dynamically adjustable camouflage within a wide ambient temperature range, but a wearable, portable, and adjustable thermo‐regulation system that is suitable for human subjects has not been developed. This work demonstrates a wearable and adaptive infrared camouflage device responding to the background temperature change based on the thermoelectric cooling and heating effect. The flexible thermoelectric device can realize the infrared camouflage effect to effectively shield the metabolic heat from skin within a wide range of background temperature: 7 °C below and 15 °C above the ambient temperature, showing promise for a broad range of potential applications, such as security, counter‐surveillance, and adaptive heat shielding and thermal control.     

Thermo-Adaptive Block Copolymer Structural Color Electronics

Flexible electronics that enable the visualization of thermal energy have significant potential for various applications, such as thermal diagnosis, sensing and imaging, and displays. Thermo-adaptive flexible electronic devices based on thin 1D block copolymer (BCP) photonic crystal (PC) films with self-assembled periodic nanostructures are presented. By employing a thermo-responsive polymer/non-volatile hygroscopic ionic liquid (IL) blend on a BCP film, full visible structural colors (SCs) are developed because of the temperature-dependent expansion and contraction of one BCP domain via IL injection and release, respectively, as a function of temperature. Reversible SC control of the bi-layered BCP/IL polymer blend film from room temperature to 80 °C facilitates the development of various thermo-adaptive SC flexible electronic devices including pixel arrays of reflective-mode displays and capacitive sensing display. A flexible diagnostic thermal patch is demonstrated with the bi-layered BCP/IL polymer blend enabling the visualization of local heat sources from the human body to microelectronic circuits.     

Self‐Healing,Flexible, and Tailorable Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Self‐Powered Sensors based on Thermal Effect of Infrared Radiation

Self‐healing triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) with flexibility, robustness, and conformability are highly desirable for promising flexible and wearable devices, which can serve as a durable, stable, and renewable power supply, as well as a self‐powered sensor. Herein, an entirely self‐healing, flexible, and tailorable TENG is designed as a wearable sensor to monitor human motion, with infrared radiation from skin to promote self‐healing after being broken based on thermal effect of infrared radiation. Human skin is a natural infrared radiation emitter, providing favorable conditions for the device to function efficiently. The reversible imine bonds and quadruple hydrogen bonding (UPy) moieties are introduced into polymer networks to construct self‐healable electrification layer. UPy‐functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes are further incorporated into healable polymer to obtain conductive nanocomposite. Driven by the dynamic bonds, the designed and synthesized materials show excellent intrinsic self‐healing and shape‐tailorable features. Moreover, there is a robust interface bonding in the TENG devices due to the similar healable networks between electrification layer and electrode. The output electric performances of the self‐healable TENG devices can almost restore their original state when the damage of the devices occurs. This work presents a novel strategy for flexible devices, contributing to future sustainable energy and wearable electronics.