桃果实电特性的频率变化

以‘秦光2号’油桃为测试对象,研究果实电参数的频率特性。测定不同频率下桃果实14个电参数值,用SPSS软件分析并拟合果实的随频率变化的函数方程(相关性都达显著水平)。结果表明：除了品质因子(Q)随频率变化无规律,其余13个电参数都随频率呈有规律的变化(是电激励频率的函数),其中复阻抗(Z)、串联等效电阻(Rs)、并联等效电阻(Rp)、电抗(X)随电激励频率变化呈三次函数下降变化;串联等效电容(Cs)、并联等效电容(Cp)随频率变化规律相似,阻抗相角(θ)随频率呈U型变化,损耗系数(D)随频率呈W型变化;导纳(Y)、电纳(B)、串联等效电感(Ls)、并联等效电感(Lp)、电导(G),随电激励频率呈指数上升变化。     

基于介电特性的猕猴桃和桃果实品种识别研究

以秦美猕猴桃、海沃德猕猴桃、秦光2号油桃和秦王桃为研究对象,探讨利用果实电学特性进行种类品种识别实验的可行性,测定果实采收当日在电激频率0.1kHz～5MHz范围内24个频率下的7个电参数(复阻抗Z、并联等效电感Lp、损耗系数D、阻抗相角θ、串联等效电阻Rs、电导G、并联等效电容Cp)变化。结果表明:猕猴桃和桃果实的lgZ和lgLp与lgf均有很好的线性关系,R2大于0.95。在100Hz～1.58kHz的电激励频率范围内,可用D值来区分猕猴桃和桃果实。在100Hz～6.31kHz的频率范围内,可用θ值和Rs值区分猕猴桃和桃果实。在100Hz～100kHz的频率范围内,可用G值来区分猕猴桃和桃果实。在15.8～100kHz频率范围内,可用Z来区分海沃德猕猴桃、秦美猕猴桃、秦王桃、秦光2号油桃果实。在100Hz～158kHz频率范围内,可用Cp来区分猕猴桃和桃两个种类及不同品种果实。     

1-MCP对不同成熟度猕猴桃电特性的影响

以适期采收(成熟度Ⅰ,可溶性固形物6.2%)和晚采收(成熟度Ⅱ,可溶性固形物8.8%)的‘海沃德’猕猴桃为试材,研究0.5μL/L 1-MCP处理对在室温(20℃)贮藏条件下果实电特性的影响。结果表明,在1MHz频率下,成熟度Ⅰ的果实复阻抗明显高于成熟度Ⅱ的果实,而且从贮藏7d开始,两成熟度果实复阻抗(Z)值差异达显著水平(P<0.05)。在10kHz频率下,成熟度Ⅰ果实并联等效电容(Cp)值明显高于成熟度Ⅱ的果实,而且从贮藏7d开始,两成熟度果实Cp值差异达显著水平(P<0.05)。在0.1kHz和1MHz电激励频率条件下,随着贮藏时间的延长,1-MCP有抑制果实复阻抗下降的趋势;在10kHz频率条件下,1-MCP处理果Cp值明显高于对照果;但并联等效电感(Lp)和阻抗相角(θ)对成熟度和1-MCP处理的响应不灵敏,不能作为区分成熟度或1-MCP处理的敏感电参数。     

基于介电频谱的灵武长枣品质参数的预测模型

为寻找预测灵武长枣品质的最优模型,以长枣的介电损耗因子?"和介电常数?’频谱进行内部品质参数(可溶性固形物、可滴定酸含量和含水率)的建模研究。通过遗传算法(genetic algorithm,GA)和相关系数(correlation coefficients,CC)法提取了介电谱的有效信息;采用偏最小二乘(partial least squares,PLS)、主成分回归(principal components regression,PCR)和支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)法建立了品质参数的预测模型;以决定系数(R~2)、校正标准偏差和预测标准偏差等模型评价方法确定了品质参数的最优预测模型。结果表明:基于介电损耗因子?"建立的可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量和含水率的最佳预测模型分别为GA-PCR、GA-PLS和GA-PLS,且R~2均达到0.9以上;基于介电常数?’建立的可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量和含水率的最佳预测模型分别为CC-PLS、GA-SVM和GA-PLS,R~2达到0.8以上,且验证效果较好。本研究为利用介电频谱快速预测长枣品质提供了可靠的方法。     

茉莉酸甲酯熏蒸提高树莓果实采后贮藏品质

树莓果实为材料,研究了茉莉酸甲酯(methyl jasmonate,MJ)熏蒸对树莓果实采后贮藏期间硬度(firmness)、可溶性固形物(total soluble solid,TSS)、可滴定酸(titratable acid)和抗坏血酸(ascorbic acid)含量和总酚含量的影响。结果表明,茉莉酸甲酯熏蒸可以有效的维持树莓贮藏期间的硬度,减缓树莓果实中可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和抗坏血酸含量的下降,提高树莓果实贮藏期间总酚含量的上升,较好的保持了树莓果实的品质。贮藏结束后,茉莉酸甲酯处理组果实的硬度、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和抗坏血酸含量和总酚含量分别比对照组高9.6%、22.3%、21.2%、23.1%和3.3%,这说明茉莉酸甲酯熏蒸可以提高树莓果实的采后贮藏品质。     

损伤对猕猴桃果实电特性的影响

以猕猴桃品种“海沃德”果实为材料,采后果实经50cm高处自由落体碰伤处理,利用日置智能LCR测试仪测定了果实的6个电参数(复阻抗Z、并联等效电容Cp、并联等效电感Lp、损耗系数D、电导G、阻抗相角θ)在6个电场频率(100、158、251、398、631kHz和1MHz)条件下的变化,以及随着贮藏时间的延长各电参数的变化。结果表明：在(25±1)℃条件下,随着电激频率的增加,无论损伤果还是对照果,Z、Lp均呈逐渐减小的变化趋势,Cp、G呈逐渐增加的变化趋势,D呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势,θ呈现先下降后上升的变化趋势。损伤果采后Z在6个电激频率条件下都显著低于对照果,所以Z可作为区分其损伤与否的敏感电参数。在100kHz和251kHz两个电激频率条件下,损伤果采后D值显著高于对照果,所以在这两个特征频率条件下D可作为区分“海沃德”猕猴桃果实损伤与否的敏感电参数。     

ASA处理对冷藏后货架期油桃果实品质、水杨酸和抗氧化活性的影响

以"华光"油桃为试材,经1 mmol/L乙酰水杨酸浸泡处理后,研究了其对冷藏3周后货架期油桃果实品质、水杨酸和抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明:乙酰水杨酸处理可显著降低油桃果实冷藏后货架期的冷害指数,有效抑制货架期果实呼吸速率升高及硬度和可滴定酸含量下降,但对果实的可溶性固形物含量无显著影响;乙酰水杨酸处理可显著延缓油桃果实冷藏后货架期游离态水杨酸含量的损失,有效抑制货架期果实过氧化氢累积,保持果实较强的DPPH清除能力,从而提高了货架期油桃果实贮藏品质。     

红富士果实内部品质的电学法无损检测

为了建立不同新鲜度红富士苹果品质的无损检测方法,分别于失重率0％、5％、10％、15％下逐果测定9个频率点下的14个电参数值(共126个值)及品质指标.结果得出,随测定频率的增加,红富士苹果果实的串联等效电容Cs,介电常数ε '呈波动性上升趋势,复阻抗Z呈直线型下降趋势;同一频率下,随失重率的增大,串联等效电容Cs,介电常数ε’均逐渐上升;复阻抗Z逐渐下降.可滴定酸,固酸比,Vc与其中24种电学参数达到极显著相关水平,通过多元逐步回归分析建立以下回归方程:Y1=0.082+ 0.005Z2-105 116.3Ls3 (P＜0.000 1,R2=0.893),Y2=221.9+ 6.838×1011Cp3+ 29 132.96Y3-1.493 Z3(P＜0.000 1,R2=0.891),Y3=1.783+ 1.171×10-5Rp6(P＜0.000 1,R2=0.749),即果实可滴定酸含量(Y1)、固酸比(Y2)、Vc含量(Y3)可通过无损测定1～3个电学参数来计算.经对测试样本验证,对3个品质指标的计算相对误差依次为9.93％,5.98％,9.22％.     

机械损伤对荔枝电特性的影响

为了探索以电特性区分微观损伤荔枝的可能性,设计了荔枝电学参数测试系统,测试了经挤压微观损伤处理荔枝和对照荔枝在10个测试频率下的复阻抗Z、并联等效电感Lp、并联等效电容Cp、并联等效电阻Rp、品质因子Q等5个电参数。结果表明:除品质因子外,其余电参数均随频率的增大而减小;在一定测试频率下,损伤荔枝与对照荔枝的电参数均差异显著;损伤荔枝与对照荔枝最佳区分的电参数频率是0.8 kHz。     

灞桥樱桃多品质数据分析

目的综合分析灞桥樱桃多种品质数据,以寻找影响灞桥樱桃品质的主要因素。方法采用近红外光谱仪无损测定灞桥樱桃样品可溶性固形物含量(soluble solid content, SSC)、可滴定酸含量、果实硬度,根据SSC和可滴定酸含量计算糖酸比,并采用电子天平、游标卡尺分别测定单果重和果实横径数据。分别对灞桥樱桃6种品质数据进行统计分析、直方图分析和相关分析,并采用主成分分析算法对灞桥樱桃品质数据进行综合分析。结果灞桥樱桃单果重、SSC和糖酸比的变异系数较大,可滴定酸含量、果实横径和果实硬度相对较小;灞桥樱桃的单果重、果实横径、果实硬度、SSC、可滴定酸含量、糖酸比的平均值±样本标准差(x±s)分别为(7.21±1.34) g、(25.44±1.69) mm、(3.70±0.06) kg/cm~2、(14.7±2.6) Brix、(0.41±0.03)%、(35.8±4.9),各品质数据基本符合正态分布规律;灞桥樱桃质地均匀性较好,且SSC和糖酸比之间具有较高的相关性;前4个主成分的累计贡献率为98%,可溶性固形物含量、果实硬度、糖酸比这3个品质参数对整体数据的影响较大;果实横径、单果重对数据的影响分别次之;可滴定酸含量对数据的影响较小。结论采用近红外光谱分析仪获取灞桥樱桃SSC、可滴定酸含量及果实硬度数据过程具有无损、快速、高效的特点,有利于消除樱桃果实之间的差异所导致的不确定性;结合单果重、果实横径数据可对灞桥樱桃品质数据进行综合分析,可为灞桥樱桃品质评价提供数据参考。     

常温贮藏时间对红地球葡萄介电特性的影响

以红地球葡萄为研究对象,利用平行极板法,在50 Hz～1 MHz频率内研究了常温贮藏时间对其电特性参数的影响。结果表明:在50 Hz～1 MHz的频率内,随加载频率的增加其复阻抗、并联等效电容值呈减小趋势,电导值呈增大趋势,而损耗因子和品质因数在加载频率为25 KHz时分别达到极小值和极大值。在同一加载频率下,随贮藏时间的延长,红地球葡萄的复阻抗值和品质因数减小,并联等效电容、损耗因子和电导值增大。综合分析可知,常温下贮藏时间对红地球葡萄的电特性参数影响较大,且其电特性参数与电场频率有显著相关性。     

氯吡苯脲处理和质量损失对猕猴桃品质和电学特性的影响

为探明氯吡苯脲（1-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)-3-phenylurea,CPPU）处理和贮藏过程中质量损失对不同品种 猕猴桃品质和电学特性的影响,以生长期使用20 mg/L CPPU处理幼果的‘秦美’、‘海沃德’猕猴桃为试材,在 室温下贮藏,比较不同质量损失和CPPU处理对‘秦美’、‘海沃德’果实品质指标和电学参数的影响。结果表 明：猕猴桃CPPU处理和贮藏过程中的质量损失都会导致果实品质显著下降,质量损失对‘秦美’猕猴桃品质下降 影响更大,CPPU处理对‘海沃德’猕猴桃品质下降影响更大。在选定的24 个频率中,CPPU处理和未处理的‘秦 美’、‘海沃德’的特征频率分别为3 980、2 510、251、631 kHz,对应的敏感电参数为并联等效电感（Lp）。可 基于果实VC含量与Lp的回归方程实现CPPU处理猕猴桃的无损检测,从而区分猕猴桃是否使用了CPPU。质量损失 率与电学特性无显著相关性,无法建立数学模型实现猕猴桃新鲜度的无损检测。     

Monitoring the sensorial quality and aroma through an electronic nose in peaches during cold storage

BACKGROUND: The poor eating quality of fresh peaches transported to far markets is one of the main problems that fresh‐fruit exporting countries have to face. This research is focused on the evaluation of the sensorial quality, with emphasis on aroma, of four peach cultivars kept in long‐term storage, through maturity parameters, sensorial attributes and electronic nose (e‐nose) assessments. Fruits were stored at 0 °C and 90% elative humidity, for 14, 28 and 42 days. Evaluations were carried out after the fruit was taken out of cold storage and after a variable period of ripening at 21 °C, until flesh firmness reached 1–2 kgf. RESULTS: On fruit recently harvested, the e‐nose was suitable for discriminating among cultivars, even if it corresponded to an early pre‐climacteric phase. As cold storage proceeded, liking degree, and specially aroma, declined for each cultivar tested. Cultivars showed different behavior patterns for liking degree and especially aroma during cold storage. Flavor showed significant correlation with sweetness (r = 0.92), juiciness (r = 0.92) and texture (r = 0.93), but not with aroma and acidity, being these last ones being independent from each other. CONCLUSION: Post‐harvest storage life of peaches is limited by loss of quality. ‘Tardibelle’ peaches showed the highest quality attribute scores after 42 days of cold storage. This evidences the availability of commercial peach cultivars which are able to withstand long‐term storage periods, allowing far markets to be reached with high quality standards. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同模拟流通温度对桃果实硬度和糖酸品质的影响

为了研究常温、冷链、断链3 种流通方式对桃果实品质的影响,在模拟3 种流通方式的温度环境下对桃果实进行贮藏,分析模拟流通过程中的桃果肉硬度、细胞壁果胶和糖酸含量及其组成的变化情况。结果表明,桃果实采后的贮运品质受流通温度的影响显著。模拟常温环境中流通的桃果实在4 d内即失去商品价值;恒定低温的流通条件（模拟冷链流通）可以保证桃果实在贮运期和货架期的良好品质;而模拟断链流通组的桃果实由于在贮藏过程中经历了包装、出入库等环节的温度升高,在进入货架期后果实品质快速下降,货架期第2天的果肉硬度（2.14 g/cm2）、蔗糖含量（46.48 mg/g）和苹果酸含量（3.13 mg/g）显著低于模拟冷链流通组（P＜0.05）。桃果实采后冷链流通过程应尽量避免贮运环节断链造成的温度变化,研究结果可为果蔬冷链流通系统的完善提供参考。     

Low‐temperature conditioning combined with methyl jasmonate treatment reduces chilling injury of peach fruit

BACKGROUND: Peaches are sensitive to low temperature and develop chilling injury (CI) symptoms during refrigerated storage. This CI reduces consumer acceptance of peaches and limits the potential postharvest market life of the fruit. To develop a suitable technique to reduce CI, the effect of a combination of low‐temperature conditioning (LTC) and methyl jasmonate (MJ) treatment on CI of peach fruit was investigated in this study. RESULTS: Freshly harvested firm‐mature peaches were treated with a combination of LTC at 10 or 20 °C and 1 µmol L^?1 MJ and then stored at 0 °C for 5 weeks. The fruits developed CI during storage, manifested as internal browning and flesh mealiness. The combined treatment significantly reduced these CI symptoms and maintained higher fruit quality. The activities of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase were significantly inhibited while those of superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase were induced by the combined treatment. In addition, the activities of phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase and polygalacturonase and the level of total phenolics were enhanced by the combined treatment. CONCLUSION: The combination of LTC and MJ treatment could be a useful technique to reduce CI and maintain quality in peach fruit during cold storage. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Monitoring of firmness evolution of peaches during storage by combining acoustic and impact methods

Firmness is a very important quality property in peach. The storage of peach affects its subsequent softening process and shelf life. The temperature and duration of storage mainly influence the firmness of stored fruit, and monitoring the evolution of fruits enables producers to manage its commercial life. The objective of the present study was to use non-destructive acoustic and impact tests to estimate firmness of peaches and to elucidate the influence of storage temperature and of time on the softening process of peach. Continuous and classification models based on variables obtained from non-destructive methods were developed. Parameters obtained from non-destructive methods were compared to destructive reference tests. The maximum force in ball compression correlated well with the maximum acceleration from impact test (r² = 0.75), and with a band magnitude parameter from acoustic test (r² = −0.71). Combining impact and acoustic parameters, the multiple correlation coefficient increases up to 0.91 (adjusted R² = 0.82) in the prediction of the maximum force in ball compression. Classification models based on both non-destructive parameters and sorting peaches into two classes of firmness, showed scores of well classified higher than 90%.