城市生活垃圾能源化技术的发展动态

简述了城市生活垃圾能源化的可行性,介绍了焚烧、垃圾衍生燃料、熔融、气化、液化等主要技术。     

城市垃圾衍生燃料(RDF)技术及其环境影响评价

文章分析了垃圾衍生燃料(RDF)技术对环境产生的影响,指出RDF技术减少了有害物质的排放,延长了废弃物的生命周期,实现了废弃物资源化和减量化,是城市固体废弃物处理的有效途径。     

A feasibility study of energy recovery of RDF from municipal solid waste

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is being used in energy-to-waste plants and as fuel substitutes in different industrial processes. Particularly Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) from MSW has been widely using in the current practice. This paper aims at conducting a feasibility study of energy recovery of RDF from MSW generated in Pyongyang per year. This study considers the combustibles as RDF resource (i.e. plastics, paper, textile, mixed organic waste, wood, and rubber) in an evaluation of energy recovery. This feasibility study is conducted in two ways: the evaluations of potential energy content and electricity from the RDF resource, which are carried out by methodologies based on heating values of RDF resource and efficiencies of energy recovery, respectively. The results show that the total energy content from RDF resource based on Lower Heating Value (LHV) is approximately 2,813,678.7 GJ/yr, while it is available to generate electricity in a range of 101,320,570?210,435,030 kWh/yr depending on different net efficiencies. This research findings provide a feasibility of RDF utilization for energy recovery to the local planners.     

城市垃圾的能源化技术及其在国内的发展

城市垃圾成为日益严重的环境问题、社会问题和经济问题，如何利用城市垃圾，使其变废为宜，为人类服务是目前人们关注的热点。主要介绍在法国采用的垃圾液化焚烧发电技术以及目前垃圾焚烧发电在国内的发展情况。     

法国的垃圾处理及典型垃圾焚烧工艺

针对目前国内垃圾处理的现状和发展趋势,介绍了发达国家垃圾处理现状,特别介绍了法国的情况,并以焚烧为例,分析了法国一家焚烧发电厂的工艺流程和特点,便于更好地理解焚烧技术,为国内垃圾处置技术与政策发展提供参考依据。     

CAPE-OPEN simulation of waste-to-energy technologies for urban cities

Uncontrolled waste disposal and unsustainable waste management not only damage the environment, but also affect human health. In most urban areas, municipal solid waste production is constantly increasing following the everlasting increase in energy consumption. Technologies aim to exploit wastes in order to recover energy, decrease the depletion rate of fossil fuels, and reduce waste disposal. In this paper, the annual amount of municipal solid waste disposed in the greater metropolitan area of Thessaloniki is taken into consideration, in order to size and model a combined heat and power facility for energy recovery. From the various waste-to-energy technologies available, a fluidised bed combustion boiler combined heat and power plant was selected and modelled through the use of COCO, a CAPE-OPEN simulation software, to estimate the amount of electrical and thermal energy that could be generated for different boiler pressures. Although average efficiency was similar in all cases, providing almost 15% of Thessaloniki’s energy needs, a great variation in the electricity to thermal energy ratio was observed.     

城市固体废弃物的燃烧特性实验研究

通过热分析技术,对城市固体废弃物中几种典型组分进行实验研究,得到了混事垃圾在热重分析仪中的燃烧特性,并对城市固体废弃物的规律开展了有益的探讨。     

RDF production plants: I Design and costs

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management calls for the integration of different recovery, recycling and disposal technologies. Among these possible options, MSW may be treated in order to obtain a fuel to be sold to third party users or directly utilized to generate electricity provided it is of sufficient quality to be employed instead of traditional fuels. In this two-part paper the problem of producing refuse derived fuel (RDF) having a high heating value (LHV>4000 kcal/kg) has been examined from a technical and economic viewpoint. In the first part article a technical assessment of production plants is carried out. Different production lines have been thus compared in terms of mass efficiency, heating value of produced RDF and treatment cost highlighting how the choice of process equipment affects the system performances. As a result the process plant configurations enabling to meet the required product specifications are identified. The influence of mixing a high calorific waste such as scrap tires with the stream of household waste, in the limits allowed by current regulation, has been also analyzed and found to be a prerequisite to meet the prescribed heating value target. Economic feasibility and financial risk of RDF production plants have been successively evaluated in the second part article over a capacity range of 25–200 t/h considering also integrated facilities including compost production and/or electricity generation. The analysis has been carried out with reference to the current Italian market scenario even if it has a general applicability and its relevance is wider geographically.     

城市生活垃圾焚烧技术发展现状

在分析比较城市生活垃圾各种处理技术的基础上，提出焚烧法能以最快的速度实现垃圾处理的无害化，减量化和资源化，比较适合我国城市生活垃圾的处理；通过分析国内外城市生活垃圾焚烧技术的发展历史与现状，比较城市生活垃圾的各种焚烧技术，对我国城市生活垃圾焚烧处理技术的发展方向及其发展过程中应解决的问题提出了建议。     

城市生活垃圾焚烧发电厂的垃圾前处理系统的设计

垃圾前处理系统,即在垃圾进入锅炉之前对垃圾进行处理的系统,是城市生活垃圾焚烧发电厂的重要的组成部分,也是工程设计中的重点和难点。结合在工程设计中的学习和实践,简要介绍了使用炉排炉的垃圾电厂中的垃圾前处理系统;针对使用CFB焚烧锅炉的电厂,对目前已经出现的几种形式的处理系统,进行了简单的阐述和比较分析,根据不同的情况给出推荐方案和建议：在需要全量破碎的情况下,推荐采用四列式布置,否则,推荐采用两列式布置,无论采用哪种布置形式,应设置人工分拣工序。     

Electro-stimulated biological production of hydrogen from municipal solid waste

Hydrogen production from municipal solid wastes was investigated by applying a weak current (0.06 A) to a slurry of municipal solid waste in an anaerobic reactor at 55 °C using 4 electrodes (carbon graphite for the cathode and platinum electroplated titanium for the anode). Current application to the organic waste stimulated the hydrogen producing bacteria especially bacteria related to the Thermotogales and Bacillus families. Measured hydrogen production rates were comprised between 16 and 41 mL/h. Comparison of bacterial and archaeal communities in methane-producing (control) and electro-stimulated reactors showed similar species but with different dynamics correlated to hydrogen or methane production. Energy efficiency of the overall bioelectrolysis process using municipal solid waste and an applied voltage of 3V was approximately 12.4%, which is relatively low compared to values reported in the literature for organic wastes and can be explained by the low organic carbon content and availability in the municipal solid waste. Results of this study highlight some important operational constraints with respect to electro-stimulated hydrogen production from organic wastes; related in particular to electrode lifetime expectancies. Results nevertheless illustrate the potential for hydrogen production from municipal solid waste as a possible route for energy recovery.     

城市生活垃圾_MSW_与煤混烧过程中气体污染物的排放

人者在0．2MW循环流化床上进行了城市生活垃圾与煤混烧实验。在线测量了NOx,NO,N2O,SO4,HCl和Cl2排放浓度,探讨了城市生活垃圾与煤掺煤比（R）和温度对气体污染物排放的影响。实验结果显示,在混烧过程中,随拉圾加入量的增加,NOx,NO,N2O和SO4排放量减少,Cl2排放浓度啬 。当掺烧比R不变,温度增加时,NOx,NO排放量增加,N2O排放减少,SO2,HCl和Cl2排放浓度基本不变,飞灰和底渣中二恶英含量减少。     

垃圾焚烧炉燃烧技术及设备的发展

本文回顾了垃圾焚烧炉燃烧技术及设备的发展历史,分析了各种燃烧设备的特点,进而对我国的垃圾焚烧技术和设备的发展提出了建议。     

基于源头提质制RDF中垃圾机械分选效率研究

城市生活垃圾的产量与日俱增,对现已产生的生活垃圾,最好的办法是回收其中的物质和能源,即垃圾资源化,实现垃圾资源化的首要问题就是垃圾的源头分类或提质。但是由于我国人口众多、居民的环境意识差、垃圾处于混合收集等原因,造成了我国源头分类难的问题。文章提出了垃圾按质分为干湿两类,然后再把干湿两类分别处理,其中干组分经过人工分选和机械分选后,进行破碎成型,制备RDF燃料;针对这种源头提质制备RDF环节中机械分选的效率进行研究,分析了滚筛、滚筒、风机等机械设备对分选效率的影响,最后得出最佳的机械分选参数,极大地优化了机械分选过程,起到了在制备RDF前处理过程中源头提质的作用。     

Pilot-scale high solids thermophilic anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste with an emphasis on nutrient requirements

A pilot study was conducted to assess the biodegradable organic fraction of municipal solid waste (BOF/MSW) as a substrate in a high-solids anaerobic digestion process. Results obtained indicate that a typical BOF/MSW in the United States is deficient in most macro and micro-nutrients required for robust and stable digestion. The BOF/MSW was supplemented with nutrient-rich organic wastes such as wastewater treatment plant sludges, dairy manure, and synthetic chemical solutions to correct nutritional deficiencies. The combined addition of wastewater treatment plant sludge and dairy manure to a typical BOF/MSW significantly elevated the gas production rate and enhanced the process stability. Microbial nutrient requirements are identified and nutrient concentrations for stable operation are quantified.     

矿化垃圾一种可再生的燃料矿藏

分析了10年陈矿化垃圾组分特性，讨论了矿化垃圾用作可再生燃料的经济性与潜力及可行性。研究发现矿化垃圾中的可燃成分以塑料为主，另有木竹和纤维。与新鲜垃圾相比水份低，制作燃料（垃圾衍生燃料）无需干燥步骤，过程卫生，无臭气，制成工艺可望更简单。矿化垃圾作为再生燃料利用不仅可以回收能源，而且为城市垃圾的处理提供了经济、长效机制。     

垃圾焚烧机械炉排产品的开发及应用

垃圾焚烧炉排是城市生活垃圾处理的核心设备,对焚烧效果起着决定作用。为实现西格斯技术路线的炉排产品大型化,通过分析和总结产品开发及应用的全过程,可以得知机械炉排系统的产品研究和设计环节最为关键,是提高产品性能、降低造价的关键环节。重视产品设计、研制、安装调试以及产品使用的问题及解决方案,能够为新产品的开发提供改进方向和有益经验,符合质量控制PDCA理念。垃圾焚烧机械炉排炉技术装备大型化完全能够实现国产化,达到国际水平。     

EVT垃圾焚烧系统燃烧设备

本文从垃圾料系统,焚烧炉排型式和燃烧调整等方面,介绍德国ＥＶＴ公司的垃圾焚烧系统燃烧设备,分析了燃烧设备的特点。     

城市生活垃圾燃烧试验研究及燃烧设备开发

国内城市生活垃圾可燃分少、含水率高、发热值低,着火困难、燃烧不稳,较难燃尽．经多年调研、分析研究,实炉试验,技术检测,总结出了适合国情的垃圾焚烧炉和预处理设备的设计框架．可为城市生活垃圾焚烧处理提供借鉴。     

金华城市生活垃圾焚烧发电可行性研究

通过对金华市区垃圾产量和处理现状调研表明,金华市城区城市生活垃圾的日产量在450t／d以上．并以15％的年增长速度增长。随着城市化进程的加快,原有的垃圾填埋场即将饱和,而新的垃圾填埋场选址困难,垃圾焚烧处理是一条比较可行的无害化、资源化的减客手段。以煤作为辅助燃料,提高入炉垃圾的热值,进行清洁焚烧发电是可行的。因此,采用流化床焚烧发电技术,结合浙江八达金华热电有限公司的原有设备和人员,垃圾焚烧后发电供热,实现变废为宝、资源综合利用的目标。