基于聚类分析的酒店建筑分类与用能评价

根据建筑能耗影响因素的特性来进行类别划分是客观、科学地评价建筑用能水平的前提。以酒店建筑为例,从多个建筑能耗影响因素中选取23个参数引入评价指标体系中,应用主成分分析方法对指标体系进行降维处理,并采用聚类分析法将酒店建筑样本群划分为三类,最后对各类建筑的用能水平进行综合分析和评价。按照新的分类方法,每一类酒店都代表了各自的特点,与传统按星级分类相比,该方法反映酒店总体特性的参数更趋近一致,按照此分类进行的能耗基准评价将更具代表性,能够更好地引导酒店建筑节能诊断和用能管理,也为其他类型建筑的类型细化和用能评价提供方法指导。     

住宅建筑采暖空调能耗模拟方法的研究

住宅建筑的采暖空调能耗受室内居住人员行为方式的影响,在调查研究基础上,确定了两种反映室内居住人员行为方式的计算模式。在两种不同计算模式下,利用建筑热环境模拟工具DeST对上海地区同一住宅建筑能耗进行模拟,并将模拟结果与调研结果进行比较,分析计算模式对上海地区住宅建筑采暖空调能耗大小的影响,从而获得能正确反映上海地区住宅建筑采暖空调能耗大小的模拟计算方法。此方法可用于上海地区住宅建筑采暖空调的能耗分析与评价,并正确指导住宅建筑的节能设计。     

基于灰色理论的节能住宅方案评价研究

随着城市化进程的加快和人民生活质量的改善,我国建筑耗能比例在逐年上升,建筑耗能已经成为我国经济发展的软肋。在住宅节能方面,施工过程中能按节能设计标准施工的建筑还不到50%,必须提高资源和能源的有效利用率,推动节能住宅的发展。文章在充分考虑影响住宅节能因素的基础上,选择节能住宅方案评价指标,利用层次分析法确定各评价指标的权重。建立了灰色关联度模型,并构造理想方案;在分析各拟选节能方案与理想方案关联度的基础上确定最优节能住宅方案,并结合实例进行了分析。     

我国城镇住宅节能空调器适用性研究

对节能空调器在我国主要城市城镇住宅中应用的寿命周期能耗状况进行了定量分析,并分析了住户空调运行模式的差异对空调器寿命周期能耗的影响。研究结果表明,对于夏季气候炎热、经济发达的地区和空调能耗较高的住户,采用节能空调器的节能效果显著;但对于北方地区的许多住户和其他气候区空调能耗较低的住户,采用节能空调器会使空调器寿命周期能耗增加,同时使材料资源消耗增加,因此应针对不同的气候条件、不同经济发展水平和不同建筑类型,制定不同的空调器能效标准。     

上海市高校建筑节能改造整体需求和潜力分析

随着目前高校规模不断扩大,其用能量也在持续攀升,节能需求迫切。以上海市高校为对象,选取上海3所典型高校,对其目前用能现状进行分析,从分类能耗及总能耗方面展示其能耗变化规律。并结合调研等渠道获取上海高校建筑及基本用能信息,综合考虑高校中不同建筑类型、建造年代、建筑面积占比等多项因素,采用多种统计计量方法分析预测上海市高校建筑的整体节能需求,并估算上海市高校建筑整体节能潜力,结果约为10%~18%。该结果能够为高校自身及政府相关部门制定高效节能目标及节能改造提供参考。     

住宅建筑能耗统计方法的研究

节能减排成为全球经济发展的推动力,建设项目的全生命周期的能耗巨大,特别是住宅建筑的能耗占了相当大的比重。住宅建筑能耗统计的研究,主要是通过对住宅能耗的调查,掌握住宅能耗中,哪些内容和因素对其的影响力,进而找到正确的评价方法,不仅可以作为住宅建筑决策和设计阶段能耗设计的参考,更能为建设项目的节能减排提供科学依据和理论指导。     

新建住宅建筑的节能评价

本文通过对住宅建筑主要能耗的分析，运用模糊综合评判与专家打分的方法，建立了住宅建筑节能评价的定量评价模型，并将之与费用因素相结合，得出最终的评价结论。该成果对今后新建住宅建筑的综合节能评价具有参考价值。     

美国推广建筑节能新举措

(1)以政策扶持,拉动建筑节能美国鼓励有条件的州制定本州的节能政策,并要求以多样化的扶持措施,推进建筑节能技术的发展和建筑节能政策的实施。据此,美国住房和城市发展部提供了高能源效率房屋抵押贷款;许多州均采取了鼓励公共事业单位提高能源利用效率、组织开展住宅能源利用评价(即给住宅打分,让住户了解该住宅能源利用效率的实际情况,并对住宅降低能耗、降低能源费用等提出具体建议)、编制产品耗能指南、确定节能产品的标识和进行节能门窗评级等措施。以加州为例,州政府通过制定颁布住宅能量效率评级系统标准,推行节能建筑抵押贷款,对用…     

福建省教育建筑用能特征与能耗定额研究

基于监测平台的实测数据样本,以教育建筑为例,对教学楼、学院、学生宿舍等各类型教育进行用能分布、用能特征、建筑能耗影响因素等方面分析,摸清建筑能耗的现状,掌握各类建筑用能规律。进一步,运用统计分析方法,制定各类教育建筑的能耗定额,科学地反映建筑实际用能水平和合理用能期望水平的能耗基准指标,建立教育建筑能耗评价,为推动公共建筑实行量化管理及节能改造提供参考依据。     

中国建筑能耗的分类

建筑能耗分类是认识建筑能耗构成,根据各类能耗特点推行节能政策与推广相应技术的基础。根据建筑功能、使用主体和供需机制,我国建筑能耗可以分为北方城镇供暖、公共建筑(不含北方城镇供暖)、城镇住宅(不含北方城镇供暖)和农村住宅用能四类。各类建筑能耗的现状与发展趋势不同,明确各类节能主体及其责任,对推进建筑能耗总量控制有重要的意义。     

基于能耗模拟的北方新农村典型居住建筑能耗影响因素分析

依据对北方地区农村居住建筑的调研结果,选取3个典型设计方案,建立典型新建农村住宅模型,使用建筑能耗模拟软件DeST-H对其在寒冷地区的能耗进行模拟,对能耗影响因素进行定量分析,讨论了每种建筑模型在不同围护结构条件下的负荷情况,并综合建筑节能效果、舒适性和经济性给出北方农村新建住宅建筑可行的节能措施。     

基于BIM平台的寒冷地区农村住宅热环境分析及节能研究

为研究我国寒冷地区农村住宅建筑的节能问题,在对影响农村住宅热环境因素分析的基础上,基于BIM平台进行建筑原型建模,并将该虚拟模型所包含的属性信息导入到相应的建筑能耗分析软件中,选取建筑物的最佳朝向,通过对寒冷地区不同围护结构形式的农村住宅进行能耗分析与对比,从而设计出最佳的节能保温住宅形式。该研究方法方便快捷,可操作性强,在对寒冷地区农村住宅的能耗分析和节能设计方面具有一定的应用价值。     

Contrastive analyses on annual energy consumption characteristics and the influence mechanism between new and old residential buildings in Shanghai, China, by the statistical methods

The purposes of this research are to contrast the energy use characteristics of old residential buildings and new residential buildings in Shanghai, China, to look into influence factors of residential energy consumption, and to further analyze the reasons which result in the differences of energy consumption quantities between high-energy use family group and low-energy use family group. 1610 families in Residential District A and 819 families in Residential District B were chosen to trace their monthly energy consumption data in the whole year of 2006. Buildings in District A were all constructed in the 1980s, while those in District B were built in the 2000s. 300 families in each district were further selected from all above investigated families to do questionnaires in the year of 2007, so as to understand building characteristics, the possession and utilization of space heating and cooling appliances, and energy-saving consciousness. Annual energy consumption of the two kinds of buildings is contrasted and energy consumption quantities of spacing cooling and heating are also calculated. Influencing factors of residential energy consumption are analyzed by Quantification Theory I. Quantification Theory III is used to classify all the families into different categories based on the differences in their energy consumption amounts, and to further find out the reasons leading to the different energy consumption between different groups. Conclusions are as follows: (1) the average annual energy consumption quantity is 23.27 GJ/household for new buildings and 14.40 GJ/household for old buildings. The ratio of space heating and cooling to total annual energy consumption is just 16% and 11.6% for new buildings and old buildings respectively; (2) energy consumption and its variance lie on the integration of many factors, such as the floor area, materials of window frames, the number of family members, operation months of space heaters in winter and air conditioners in summer, and energy-saving actions; (3) all the families in the two districts can be classified into two categories: Household Region M of much energy use, and Household Region N of little energy use. Adopting the aluminum window frames, large floor areas and the large number of family members (above 4 person) are the main reasons leading to more energy use in Household Region M, while the small number of family members (1-2 persons/household) and small floor areas are the main reasons resulting in the less energy use in Household Region N; the long period of space heating, using illumination as little as possible are also the reasons causing the differences in energy consumption quantities between the two categories, but their influences on the samples clustering are smaller than the main reasons above; (4) compared with the energy consumption in some developed countries, the ratio of space heating and cooling to total residential energy use is much smaller in Shanghai. Indoor thermal environment is very poor besides that. With the growth of economy and the improvement of living standard, people will have the higher requirement for good-quality indoor thermal environment, and hence space heaters and coolers will be used much more frequently, so the residential energy consumption in China will still continuously increase rapidly, if few energy-conservation strategies are adopted; (5) considering current little prevalence of energy-saving actions with low efficiency, more effective energy-saving actions should be fully adopted in China.     

住宅建筑气候适应性优化设计研究

以中国5个典型城市的气候条件为例，提出住宅建筑气候适应性优化设计流程。基于Grasshopper参数化性能分析平台，和Ladybug/Honeybee环境分析插件，以热环境舒适度模型、建筑能耗模型和建筑生命周期成本模型为目标函数进行优化分析。发现哈尔滨和北京气候条件下，住宅建筑应选择nZEB'（权衡最优）设计参数，而上海、昆明和深圳气候条件下，C-O（成本效益最优）解决方案比nZEB（节能最优）解决方案的综合效益更好。基于参数化性能模拟的多目标优化可以有效辅助住宅建筑的气候适应性设计研究。     

淮南市居住建筑能耗影响因素研究

通过问卷调查,对淮南市居住建筑能耗及其可能影响因素进行了调查。通过相关分析,筛选出了淮南市居住建筑能耗的主要影响因素,采用多元线性回归分析方法确定了淮南市居住建筑年能耗、单位建筑面积能耗影响因素回归分析模型。居住建筑年能耗、单位建筑面积能耗均与家庭年收入正相关,与建筑类型负相关。     

A decision tree method for building energy demand modeling

This paper reports the development of a building energy demand predictive model based on the decision tree method. This method is able to classify and predict categorical variables: its competitive advantage over other widely used modeling techniques, such as regression method and ANN method, lies in the ability to generate accurate predictive models with interpretable flowchart-like tree structures that enable users to quickly extract useful information. To demonstrate its applicability, the method is applied to estimate residential building energy performance indexes by modeling building energy use intensity (EUI) levels. The results demonstrate that the use of decision tree method can classify and predict building energy demand levels accurately (93% for training data and 92% for test data), identify and rank significant factors of building EUI automatically. The method can provide the combination of significant factors as well as the threshold values that will lead to high building energy performance. Moreover, the average EUI value of data records in each classified data subsets can be used for reference when performing prediction. One crucial benefit is improving building energy performance and reducing energy consumption. Another advantage of this methodology is that it can be utilized by users without requiring much computation knowledge.     

ECOTECT能耗模拟下既有住宅建筑围护结构节能改造的热环境分析研究

目前,既有住宅建筑节能改造主要有围护结构改造和供热计量改造两方面。围护结构节能改造主要包括:外墙节能改造、外窗节能改造、屋面节能改造等技术措施的研究;建筑物围护结构节能改造除了能够降低建筑能耗之外,对建筑物室内热环境也有很大影响。采用ECOTECT能耗模拟软件,对西安市某住宅建筑围护结构不同节能改造方案的热环境进行模拟,深入分析不同节能改造方案的能源消耗、不舒适度、围护结构得热、温度分布和热舒适度情况,以热舒适为前提、节能为目的选择最优的节能改造方案。为既有住宅建筑节能改造方案优选提供依据。     

我国北方地区居住建筑节能率再提高的瓶颈问题分析

对比我国北方地区不同时期的居住建筑节能标准与发达国家相关标准,发现我国建筑节能设计标准尚有待提高。以某多层住宅为例,按照我国建筑节能率的计算方法,计算出芬兰2008年与2010年节能设计标准可以达到的节能率水平;并对实现不同节能率的建筑围护结构保温方案进行了分析,找出我国北方地区居住建筑节能设计标准再提高的瓶颈问题,包括高性能围护结构保温产品匮乏、现有产品的成本过高以及新风耗热量比例过大。建议在引进和吸收国外先进产品与技术的同时,加强国内产品和施工工艺的研发,采用有组织通风换气的热回收,以及加大可再生能源在建筑供能系统中的应用比例等应对策略。探讨了我国建筑节能标准再提高的技术路线。     

A systematic procedure to study the influence of occupant behavior on building energy consumption

Efforts have been devoted to the identification of the impacts of occupant behavior on building energy consumption. Various factors influence building energy consumption at the same time, leading to the lack of precision when identifying the individual effects of occupant behavior. This paper reports the development of a new methodology for examining the influences of occupant behavior on building energy consumption; the method is based on a basic data mining technique (cluster analysis). To deal with data inconsistencies, min-max normalization is performed as a data preprocessing step before clustering. Grey relational grades, a measure of relevancy between two factors, are used as weighted coefficients of different attributes in cluster analysis. To demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method, the method was applied to a set of residential buildings’ measurement data. The results show that the method facilitates the evaluation of building energy-saving potential by improving the behavior of building occupants, and provides multifaceted insights into building energy end-use patterns associated with the occupant behavior. The results obtained could help prioritize efforts at modification of occupant behavior in order to reduce building energy consumption, and help improve modeling of occupant behavior in numerical simulation.