Optimization of submerged arc welding process parameters for overlay welding

In this work, we evaluated the influence of welding variables on weld beads applied by the submerged arc process (SAW) with conventional current, aiming future application in overlays against corrosion. Segments of steel API 5L Gr B pipe as substrate, a 1.13 mm-diameter electrode wire of nickel alloy, classification AWS ERNiCrMo-4 (Hastelloy C-276) as filler metal, and a flux neutral, basic and crowded were used. The variables voltage, wire feed speed and contact tip to work distance (CTWD) were analysed, with the remaining parameters constant by an experimental design with full factorial design in two-level and central points. Statistically significant and predictor mathematical models for response dilution and average current were obtained. However, for the response reinforcement/width, the model was characterized as statistically significant, but not predictive, and containing a lack of fit. The CTWD was the most significant variable reducing the dilution.     

Comparison of deposition rate and deposition efficiency between ER70S-6 and E71T-1C consumables

In the welding of low-carbon steel, various consumables may be employed such as tube wire and solid wire. This work compares the deposition rate and deposition efficiency as a function of welding current, distance between contact tip and workpiece (CTWD) and type of shielding gas, comparing ER70S-6 and E71T-1C. The deposition rates were measured using a succession of weld beads on steel plate. The frequencies of drop detachment were measured by means of data acquisition equipment, on the basis of the variations of arc voltage. Drop diameter was calculated theoretically based on the wire feed speed. Software was used for statistical analysis of the experimental results. The results showed that the deposition rate increases with increase in current and with the increase in CTWD. Similarly, the most important variable for controlling deposition efficiency was the nature of the consumable. ER70S-6 displayed a higher deposition efficiency than E71T-1C tube wire, as was expected, since the tube wire produces slag, which does not count towards the weight of the deposited bead.     

The influence of gas shielding composition and contact tip to work distance in short circuit metal transfer of ferritic stainless steel

The shielding gas used in the MIG/MAG process affects not only the weld properties but also determines the form of the weld bead. Depending on the type of metal transfer, the shielding gas interacts to a greater or lesser extent on the electrode wire and weld bead, and may alter the mechanical properties of the weld bead. Another parameter that has a significant influence is the contact tip work piece distance. The objective of this work is to study the influence of the CTWD using various shielding gas mixtures (pure argon, and argon mixed with oxygen and carbon dioxide) on the average short circuit transfer period, the average welding current and the quality of a weld bead I ferritic stainless steel. The results show that the CTWD has a significant effect on the welding current, regardless of the type of shielding gas. The shielding gas significantly changes the amount of slag formed and the amount of splatter, changing the appearance of the weld bead with the increase of oxygen or carbon dioxide in argon.     

FCAW process optimization using the multivariate mean square error

Optimization of welding processes is not a trivial task, mainly due to the great number of required and desirable characteristics that must be analysed. Moreover, the optimization of a welding process with multiple characteristics without considering the variance–covariance structure may lead to inadequate optimum. To help with this task, a method of multi-objective optimization based on the multivariate mean square error applied in the study of multiple correlated characteristics of a flux-cored arc welding process is presented. This method characterized by a combined approach based on the response surface methodology, design of experiments, and principal components analysis consisted of an attempt to achieve the nearest values to specific targets, for each characteristic (penetration, deposition rate, deposition efficiency, convexity index of the weld bead, and dilution), considering the welding variables expressed as a result of welding voltage (V), wire feed speed (Va), and contact tip to workpiece distance (d). The results point, to a good adequacy of the proposed method.     

不同CMT工艺2014-T6焊缝成形及气孔分析

分别采用3种不同的冷金属过渡(CMT)焊接工艺进行2014-T6铝合金平板堆焊成形,研究不同CMT工艺对铝合金焊缝成形特征及气孔的影响. 结果表明,保持送丝速度7.5 m/min、电弧长度和保护气体纯Ar流量25L/min不变,2014-T6铝合金常规CMT焊缝具有明显的指状熔深特征,焊缝气孔缺陷严重且呈全焊缝分布特征;脉冲CMT(CMT-P)焊缝的指状熔深特征减缓,气孔显著减少,焊接速度0.6 m/min时焊缝基本无气孔;变极性复合脉冲CMT(CMT-PADV)焊缝熔深仅约0.4 mm,成形呈显著球形特征,气孔明显减少,焊接速度0.4 m/min时基本无气孔.     

半自动CO2焊焊接电流的自校正控制

本文依据熔化极电弧焊的等熔化曲线方程和送丝系统的数学模型建立了以焊接电压和送丝速度控制量为输入时,以焊接电流为输出量的系统模型,用二次型性能指标函数设计出了自校正控制器,通过控制送丝速度,获得了较好的恒流焊接效果。实验结果表明,该方法能建立稳定的焊接过程,焊接电流误差小,焊缝熔深均匀。     

Comparison of operational performance and bead characteristics when welding with different tubular wires

The aim of this work was to make a comparative study of the characteristics of the weld bead produced by nationally manufactured tubular wires; all rutilic (ASME SFA-5.20: E71T-1/E71T-9/E71T-9M), basic (ASME SFA-5.20: E71T-5/E71T-5M) and ‘metal cored’ (ASME SFA-5.18: E70C-3M), 1.2 mm in diameter, intended for the welding of structural steels with low and medium levels of carbon. Welding tests were carried out, in the flat position, on thick plates (with a thickness of 12 mm) of common low-carbon steel using a source operating in ‘constant voltage’ mode, with monitoring of the current and voltage signals of the arc and feed speed (fusion) of the wire. The following were varied in welding with each type of tubular wire: the composition of the shielding gas (75%Ar–25%CO₂ and 100%CO₂) and the feed speed of the wire (7 and 9 m/min). The other parameters were kept fixed, including the polarity of the electrode (DC+) and the energized lengths of the electrode (16 mm) and of the arcs (3.5 mm). For the different tubular wires, there was a comparative analysis of the principal weld bead characteristics, including its geometry (penetration, reinforcement, width, fused area, deposited area and dilution), presence of weld discontinuities, microstructure and hardness. Operational conditions that yielded weld bead characteristics that favoured the welding of thick plates of structural steels were determined.     

P-TIG横焊根部焊道单面焊双面成形影响因素

TIG横焊打底焊作为大型汽轮机焊接转子关键制造技术之一,国外有关公司将其作为Know-How进行严格的技术封锁。文中开展了焊接工艺参数（电弧电压、焊接电流、脉冲频率和送丝速度）对P-TIG横焊单面焊双面成形影响的试验研究。结果表明,焊接电流对根部焊道单面焊双面成形的熔透性起着决定性的作用,其次是电弧电压;脉冲频率对正面焊缝成形的影响较大,而且对于抑制熔池金属的下淌倾向具有良好的效果;送丝速度和电弧电压对背面焊缝成形影响较大,当焊接工艺参数较小时,背面焊缝不能够成形。     

侧向风场作用下横向焊接旋转电弧传感及焊缝跟踪

文中利用侧向风场的吹袭作用来抑制横焊熔池的下淌,研究了在侧向风场作用下焊缝成形质量和旋转电弧的传感特性. 提出了一种基于平面拟合的焊枪偏差和电极高度检测算法,实现了同一电流信号下焊枪偏差和电极高度的同时检测. 结果表明,适当控制侧风流量有助于抑制熔池下淌、改善焊缝成形. 但是随着风速的增加,焊接电弧的熄弧率升高、电弧传感的准确性降低. 针对焊接电流的噪声干扰,还设计了软阈值小波滤波算法,并开发了相应的模糊控制算法对焊枪偏差和电极高度进行调节,初步实现了横焊焊缝的成形控制和跟踪.     

焊接速度对铝合金双脉冲GMAW的影响

利用数字化多功能焊接电源进行了不同焊接速度的AA6061铝合金双脉冲熔化极气体保护焊(DP-GMAW)试验.得到了极少焊接缺陷的接头.根据采集的试验参数开展了数值模拟,得到了熔池的温度场和和流速场,然后计算了熔池的温度梯度和冷却速度.结果表明,当低频调制频率已定时,焊接速度与送丝速度和平均电流相匹配时,焊接速度对DP-GMAW可焊性没有影响,焊波间距随着焊接速度的增加而增大.随着焊接速度的增加,DP-GMAW温度梯度减小,冷却速度增加,熔化区硬度增加.     

电子束填丝工艺对堆焊焊缝成形的影响

利用电子束填丝焊工艺在304不锈钢基体表面堆焊低碳钢焊丝获得堆焊层,并系统地研究了影响堆焊层成形质量的主要工艺参数.重点讨论了束流、焊接速度、送丝速度、填丝角度和填丝方位对堆焊层宏观质量的影响规律.结果表明,焊接热输入和送丝速度的匹配是决定焊缝成形的最主要因素,在相同工艺参数下,焊缝宽度取决于束流,束流越大,焊缝越宽,填丝角度影响着焊缝熔深,随填丝角度的增大,熔深逐渐增大,而采用前置填丝方位更易保证焊接过程的稳定及焊接精度.     

Influence of GMAW-P current waveforms on heat input and weld bead shape

Abstract

Manufacturers use different, proprietary pulse current programming algorithms in their synergic 'one knob control' pulsed gas metal arc welding (GMAW-P) power supplies. Since the different pulse waveforms produced by these supplies can produce somewhat different welding characteristics, inconsistent results can be obtained when transferring welding procedures between different GMAW-P power supplies. A primary objective of this work was to characterise the differences in welding heat input and weld bead shape that could be produced by the pulsed current waveforms from four different commercial supplies. To eliminate the affects of subtle differences in electrical characteristics and to ensure that the exact shape of all waveforms was fully known, the comparison was also done by simulating the waveforms generated by three of the four power supplies on the fourth supply, which was equipped with waveform programming capability. Then, the four waveforms were used to create 'bead on plate' welds over a range of wire feed speed settings, and corresponding heat inputs were calculated from current and voltage samples recorded by a computer data acquisition system during welding. Welds were also done at the same wire feed speed setting using a constant voltage supply. All welds were then cross-sectioned for penetration and dilution measurements. In general, all of the waveforms produced good metal transfer and weld quality. However, the heat input and beads shapes varied noticeably. The heat inputs for the four pulse waveforms and constant voltage welds differed by as much as 150 J mm^?1 (17% of the maximum heat input) at the highest wire feed speed of 212 mm s^?1. The weld penetration differed by 1 mm (22% of the maximum penetration) at a wire feed speed of 169 mm s^?1 and the dilution differed a maximum value of 6.5% dilution (22% of the maximum dilution) at a wire feed speed of 169 mm s^?1 .     

高速CMT焊送丝速度和焊接电流波形参数的优化

在5 m/min的平均送丝速度、1.8 m/min的焊接速度下开展高速CMT焊正交试验,研究焊接工艺参数对焊接过程及焊缝成形的影响,分析高速下焊接过程不稳定的原因. 结果表明,峰值送丝速度、峰值持续时间tp和峰值电流Ip的影响作用依次降低. 焊接工艺参数匹配不合适时(包括焊机的专家参数),高速焊时频繁发生周期性“粘丝”现象,焊缝成形不均匀、咬边严重. 峰值送丝速度过快、高速下的熔滴后拖和熔池前部金属薄层温度过低是“粘丝”产生的主要原因. 通过合理匹配上述三个参数消除了粘丝并获得良好的焊缝成形.     

Application of switch back welding to V groove MAG welding

The formation of stable back beads in a root pass weld during one side multi-layer welding is important to achieve high quality welded metal joints in MAG welding. The authors employed the switch back welding method for V groove joints without backing plates. In this switch back welding method, the torch moves forward and backward with an oscillation frequency of 2.5 Hz. In order to achieve this welding, personal computers control the conventional welding robot, the power source characteristic and the wire feeder unit. During the forward, the torch is weaving on the V groove gap without the weld pool. If the weaving width becomes wider than the proper width, the tip of the wire becomes high and a good back bead cannot be obtained. The weaving width is adjusted so as to get the proper width in the switch back welding. The suitability of the welding conditions for each root gap was verified by observation of the arc, the weld pool and the external appearance of back beads. A good back bead was obtained under V groove welding in 2–4 mm gap.     

基于组合模型的MAG焊工艺参数多目标优化

以MAG焊焊接电压、焊接速度、送丝速度为可调工艺参数，开展了三因素三水平全因子平板对接焊和堆焊试验.基于试验数据建立了误差反向传播神经网络、径向基神经网络和克里金模型来预测焊缝余高、接头抗拉强度和冲击吸收能量.模型预测结果显示，所建立模型均能较好的预测焊缝性能，但是没有一个模型能同时最佳预测三种焊缝性能且各模型预测波动较大. 为了进一步提升预测精度和稳定性，将误差反向传播神经网络、径向基神经网络和克里金模型以线性加权法组合. 结果表明，组合模型能提升预测的精度和稳定性.基于组合模型，采用NSGA-II算法实现多目标优化，得到并验证了焊缝余高、接头冲击吸收能量和抗拉强度三者间的非劣解.验证结果表明焊接工艺多目标优化对实现焊缝综合性能整体最优以及焊接精细化应用具有较大的指导意义.     

焊丝熔化方式对激光焊接过程的影响

研究了两种焊丝熔化方法(电弧预熔丝激光焊、激光填丝焊)激光焊接过程对匙孔稳定性以及焊缝成形的影响,进一步研究了焊丝熔化方法对焊接接头质量的影响,并对比分析了两种焊丝熔化方式对焊接速度的适应性. 结果表明,电弧预熔丝激光焊过程中,熔池表面匙孔开口尺寸变化不大,匙孔较为稳定;激光填丝焊方法由于熔化的液态金属距离匙孔边缘很近,焊接过程中熔池表面匙孔开口尺寸变化较大,而且容易出现熔池表面匙孔的闭合. 与激光填丝焊相比,电弧预熔丝激光焊熔化的焊丝端部可以沿熔池边缘流入,与匙孔边缘的距离较远,匙孔稳定性较好,焊缝气孔数量较少. 当焊接速度为8 m/min时,电弧预熔丝激光焊的焊缝成形良好;而激光填丝焊焊缝背面成形不连续,并且出现了未焊透的缺陷.     

The alternate wire-feed control in the automatic CO2 arc welding

In the automatic CO2 arc welding, the alteration of the vertical distance between the welding torch and the workpiece has a strong effect on the welding parameters such as welding current and voltage, with the result that the appearance and quality of weld are not steady. To weaken the influence of the distance alteration, a method is put forward in the paper. The method is that the alternate wire-feed control is used for compensating the welding current. On the basis of theoretical analysis, a static numerical model for alternate wire-feed control is established. The experiments show that the model-based regulation of the wire feed rate can compensate the welding current and ensure the appearance of weld. When the alteration of vertical distance between the torch and the workpiece is greater, not only is the wire feed rate regulated, but the output voltage of the power source is adjusted to ensure the appearance and quality of weld.     

旁路耦合微束等离子弧增材制造自适应高度控制系统

在xPC Target实时目标环境下,采用旁路耦合微束等离子弧进行增材堆垛试验,探究最大临界送丝速度、焊炬悬空高度和总电压等过程参数之间的关系.通过数据分析得到了送丝速度与总电压的回归模型,进一步在xPC Target系统中创建变送丝和电压反馈相结合的自适应高度调节控制模型,搭建了基于自适应高度调节的旁路耦合微束等离子弧增材制造控制系统,进行了在台阶形基板上的堆垛成形试验和单墙体零件自适应堆垛试验.结果表明,该控制系统能提高增材制造过程的稳定性;优化堆垛高度方向上的成形路径设计;实现复杂形状基板上金属零件的堆垛成形.     

窄间隙热丝TIG焊接工艺研究及缺陷分析

研究了Polysoude窄间隙热丝TIG焊接系统的焊接工艺,分析焊缝产生缺陷的原因。通过对焊接电流、电弧电压、送丝速度、焊接速度、热丝电流等参数的优化分析,得到一组相互匹配的最优参数组合。试验结果表明,采用优化后的工艺参数对大口径无缝钢管进行焊接,可以获得焊缝表面形貌美观、内部无缺陷的优质焊接接头。     

窄间隙TIG横焊侧壁熔合行为

开展了不同焊接工艺参数对窄间隙坡口上下侧壁熔合行为研究。结果表明,钨极位置对下侧壁的熔深影响比较显著,钨极位置在-1.5mm到-2.5mm时,焊缝成形比较稳定。其次是焊接电流对于下侧壁熔深影响较大,基值电流在150~250A时下侧壁熔合良好。送丝速度和脉冲频率对于焊缝表面弯曲程度和夹角α影响较大,送丝速度增加至3000mm/min之后,夹角α接近直角;脉冲频率大于10Hz,焊缝表面弯曲程度变得很小,夹角α接近直角,以上两种情况严重影响下侧壁熔合。钨极位置和电弧电压对上侧壁熔合行为影响比较显著,钨极位置为1。5mm时,上侧壁开始出现咬边现象。送丝速度增加至3000mm/min时,焊缝与上侧壁的夹角开始变小。