Effect of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Modified 718 Alloy

M718 alloy with an extra high Mo content of 7.50 wt% which reduced Nb addition and increased Al and Ti additions within the composition specifications of 718 alloy has been designed to increase the service temperature of 718 alloy. And the effect of the heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of M718 alloy has been investigated in this study. The results showed that Laves phase precipitated on the grain boundaries of M718 alloy instead of d-Ni_3 Nb phase in718 alloy, and y'and y'phases precipitated in the matrix of M718 alloy as that in 718 alloy. Increasing the solution temperature from 960 to 1050 ℃ noticeably reduced the intergranular precipitation of Laves phase. The precipitation of Laves phase was appropriate at 1020 ℃ for improving the grain boundary cohesion. Increasing the two-stage aging temperatures markedly increased the sizes of y' andy'phases. As a result, the strength of M718 alloy increased.     

Effects of Isothermal Aging on Microstructure and Mechanical Property of Low-Carbon RAFM Steel

In order to investigate the microstructure and mechanical property evolution of low-carbon reduced activation ferritic/martensitic(RAFM) steel during isothermal aging, the normalized and tempered specimens were aged at 600 °C for 500,1000, and 3000 h, respectively. The microstructural evolution with aging time was analyzed, including the precipitation and growth of M_(23)C_6 and MX-type carbides as well as the formation of Laves phase. The results indicate that the coarsening of M_(23)C_6 is more obvious than that of MX with increase in aging time. During the long-term thermal exposure, the Fe_2 W Laves phase precipitates adjacent to M_(23)C_6 along the prior austenite grain boundaries and packet boundaries. Lower carbon content can delay the precipitation of Laves phase compared to the steel containing higher carbon. In addition, the Laves phase precipitated along boundaries can provide the precipitation strengthening, slightly increasing the tensile strength of low-carbon RAFM steel after aging for 3000 h.     

热处理对铸态Mg-4.2Zn-1.5RE-0.7Zr镁合金显微组织和力学性能的影响

研究热处理工艺对铸态Mg-4.2Zn-1.5RE-0.7Zr镁合金显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明：铸态Mg-4.2Zn-1.5RE-0.7Zr镁合金的显微组织主要由α-Mg、T相和Mg51Zn20相组成;单级等温时效（325°C,10 h）以及双级时效（325°C,4 h）＋（175°C,14 h）处理均未能使T相和Mg51Zn20相溶入基体,且晶粒也未明显长大。在325°C下时效10 h,晶内析出大量短杆状β′1相,延长时效时间将导致β′1相粗化及数量减少。Mg-4.2Zn-1.5RE-0.7Zr镁合金在325°C下时效10 h后具有最高的屈服强度（153.9 MPa）和抗拉强度（247.0 MPa）,相比铸态合金分别增加48 MPa和23 MPa,伸长率降低至15.6%。Mg-4.2Zn-1.5RE-0.7Zr合金经双级时效（325°C,4 h）＋（175°C,14 h）处理后的屈服强度和抗拉强度与单级等温时效处理（325°C,10 h）的相当,但伸长率有所下降。此外,不同状态下Mg-Zn-RE-Zr镁合金的断裂主要表现为准解理断裂,但局部特征有差别。     

Influence of Aging Time on Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of a Cu-Bearing 17Cr-1Si-0.5Nb Ferritic Heat-Resistant Stainless Steel

17Cr-1Si-0.5Nb-1.2Cu ferritic heat-resistant stainless steel was aged at 750 °C from 10 min to 30 h to simulate time aging and study the microstructural evolution and its effect on corrosion behavior by using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and the Mott-Schottky approach. Four types of precipitates were discovered, including ε-Cu, NbC, Fe₃Nb₃C, and Fe₂Nb-type Laves phase. The nano-sized ε-Cu phase forms first, and its fraction follows the parabolic law change and is the largest. Compared to NbC and Fe₃Nb₃C particles, the coarsening of the Laves phase is the most pronounced. The aging process is divided into three parts: early-aged (0-5 h), peak-aged (5 h), and over-aged (5-30 h). However, the corrosion resistance is reduced in the early-aged stage of 0-2 h. Further extending the aging time to 30 h, the corrosion resistance is gradually improved. This change may be related to the competitive relationship between the beneficial effects of the Cu-rich phase and the harmful effects of Nb-containing particles. The dissolved Cu on the surface becomes more effective for the suppression of the anodic dissolution by the formation of ionic compounds of chlorine, thereby reducing the deterioration of corrosion resistance caused by Nb-rich precipitation.     

Effect of Different Ageing Processes on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cast Al–3Li–2Cu–0.2Zr Alloy

The effect of different ageing processes on microstructure and mechanical properties of cast Al–3 Li–2 Cu–0.2 Zr alloy was investigated using transmission electron microscopy and tensile tests. The results showed that the mean size of δ′-Al_3 Li particles and the number density of Cu-rich precipitates both increased with increasing ageing temperature from 150 to 190 °C for 24 h, resulting in increasingly high strength. In contrast, the ductility deteriorated with the increase in ageing temperature as a result of the intensified planar slip. The duplex low-to-high ageing treatment(120 °C for 6 h followed by 160 °C for 24 h) was shown to be beneficial to the ductility compared with the corresponding single-stage ageing treatment(160 °C for 24 h). The reduced slip length induced by the precipitation of θ′-Al 2 Cu phases was found to be mainly responsible for this ductility improvement.     

Effect of Co on Microstructure and Stress Rupture Properties of K4750 Alloy

The effects of substituting Co for Fe on the microstructure and stress rupture properties of K4750 alloy were studied.The microstructure of the alloy without Co(K4750 alloy) and the alloy containing Co(K4750-Co alloy) were analyzed.Substitution of Co for Fe inhibited the decomposition of MC carbide and the precipitation of η phase during long-term aging treatment.In K4750-Co alloy,the morphology of MC carbide at the grain boundary(GB) remained dispersed blocky shape and no η phase was observed after aging at 750℃for 3000 h.However,in K4750 alloy,almost all the MC carbides at GBs broke down into granular M_(23)C_6 carbide and needle-like η phase.The addition of cobalt could delay the decomposition of MC carbides,which accordingly restricted the elemental supply for the formation of η phase.The stress rupture tests were conducted on two alloys at 750℃/430 MPa.When Co is substituted for Fe in K4750 alloy,the stress rupture life increased from 164.10 to 264.67 h after standard heat treatment.This was mainly attributed to increased concentration of Al,Ti and Nb in γ' phase in K4750-Co alloy,which further enhanced the strengthening effect of γ' phase.After aging at 750℃for 3000 h,substitution of Co for Fe can also cause the stress rupture life at 750℃/430 MPa to increase from 48.72 to 208.18 h.The reason was mainly because MC carbide degradation and η phase precipitation in K4750 alloy,which promoted the initiation and propagation of micro-crack during stress rupture testing.     

Precipitation Behavior of σ Phase in Ultra-Supercritical Boiler Applied HR3C Heat-Resistant Steel

The precipitation kinetics of σ phase in commercial HR3C heat-resistant steel during aging at 650–800 °C was studied in the paper. Through morphology, composition and structural analyzing on the second phase in the HR3C steel, it was confi rmed that the precipitations after aging were mainly NbCrN, M_23C_6 and FeCr type σ phase. The time-dependent mass change of the three precipitated phases showed that the linearly increased σ phase after aging at 750 °C–2000 h was transformed from NbCrN phase or M_23C_6 phase. According to the calculation on the volume fraction of electrolytically dyed σ phase, the time–temperature transformation(TTT) curve for σ phase at 1 vol% in two kinds of commercial HR3C steel(different in grain size) was obtained and analyzed. The nose of the TTT curve was located at around 750 °C for the two kinds of HR3C steel, and the larger grain size HR3C steel displayed a inhibit effect on the precipitation of σ phase. The impact energy of the HR3C steel after aging at 700 °C decreased obviously with the fracture mechanism changing from ductile fracture to intergranular brittle fracture, which was considered to be related to the density of σ-brittle phase after aging.     

时效温度与时间对6005A铝合金挤压型材显微组织与力学性能的影响(英文)

研究时效时间和时效温度对6005A铝合金显微组织与力学性能的影响,对该铝合金挤压型材进行人工时效实验,时效时间分别为4、8和12h,时效温度分别为150、175和200°C。结果表明:随着时效温度和时间增加,挤压过程形成的粗大Al(Fe,Cr)Si析出相形貌由颗粒状向棒状转变,175°C时亚微米级析出相体积分数最大,200°C时在晶界析出1～3μm左右的AlFeSi相。挤压型材的室温力学性能对时效工艺中的温度参数更加敏感,时效工艺为175°C,4～8h时具有最佳的强度和较稳定的力学性能,抗拉强度与屈服强度分别达到300MPa和270MPa以上。     

Effect of Solution Treatment on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Sand-Cast Mg–9Gd–4Y–0.5Zr Alloy

Sand-cast Mg–9Gd–4Y–0.5 Zr(wt%) alloy was solution-treated at 500–565 ℃ in the time range of 0.5–30 h in air or vacuum to investigate its microstructure evolution and mechanical properties. The results showed that solution treatment temperature had a significant influence on the dissolving rate of eutectic phase and grain growth. Taken both of them into consideration, 510–520 ℃ was considered to be the optimum solution treatment temperature range for this alloy.It should be noted that the trace(0.4–0.9 vol%) and insoluble cuboid-shaped phase precipitated during solution treatment was identified to be YH2, of which the hydrogen was thought to come from both the melting and solution heating process.In addition, the 3D morphology and dissolving process of Mg24(Gd,Y)5 eutectic phases in the as-cast alloy were also discussed via in-situ observation under X-ray tomography.     

Effects of Ti and Cu on the Microstructure Evolution of AlCoCrFeNi High-Entropy Alloy During Heat Treatment

The microstructure evolution of AlCoCrFeNiTi_(0.5) alloy and AlCoCrFeNiCu alloy during heat treatment was systematically studied,to reveal the influence rules of chemical activity of adding element on the microstructure evolution of AlCoCrFeNi system.Owing to the negative mixing enthalpy with the constituent elements,Ti element was mainly dissolved in the Al-Nirich phases,and aggravated the lattice distortion of B2 phase.The structure variation of BCC phase by adding Ti inhibited the formation of FCC phase and enhanced the precipitation of σ phase during heat treatment.Owing to the positive mixing enthalpy with constituent elements,Cu element tended to be repelled to the ID region and formed metastable Cu-rich FCC1 phase which would transform into Cu-Al-Ni-rich FCC2 phase with increasing temperature.The addition of Cu inhibited the precipitation of σ phase during heat treatment.Adding Ti maintained the stable dendritic morphology,while adding Cu reduced the thermal stability of microstructure.Two dramatic morphology changes occurred at 1000~℃ and 1100~℃ in the AlCoCrFeNiCu alloy.The lattice distortion of phase in AlCoCrFeNiTi_(0.5) alloy was aggravated with increasing temperature up to 800~℃,then relaxed together with the dissolution of σ phase when temperature was above 900~℃.The variation in lattice distortion dominated the hardness of AlCoCrFeNiTi_(0.5) alloy.With increasing heating temperature,the increasing volume fraction of region with FCC structure due to the transformation between FCC phases,and the pronounced coarsening in microstructure due to the reduced thermal stability,resulted in the mainly decreasing trend in the hardness of AlCoCrFeNiCu alloy.     

Rejuvenation Heat Treatment of the Second-Generation Single-Crystal Superalloy DD6

The second-generation single-crystal superalloy DD6 with [001] orientation was prepared by screw selecting method in the directionally solidified furnace. The long-term aging of the alloy after full heat treatment was performed at1100 °C for 400 h. Then the rejuvenation heat treatment 1300 °C/4 h/AC ? 1120 °C/4 h/AC ? 870 °C/24 h/AC was carried out. The stress rupture properties were investigated at 760 °C/800 MPa, 850 °C/550 MPa, 980 °C/250 MPa and1100 °C/140 MPa after different heat treatments. The microstructures of the alloy at different conditions were studied by SEM. The results show that c0 phase of the alloy became very irregular and larger after long-term aging at 1100 °C for 400 h. A very small amount of needle-shaped TCP phase precipitated in the dendrite core. The coarsened c0 phase and TCP phase dissolved entirely after rejuvenation heat treatment. The microstructure was restored and almost same with the original microstructure. The stress rupture life of the alloy decreased in different degrees at various test conditions after long-term aging. The stress rupture life of the alloy after rejuvenation heat treatment all restores to the original specimen more than 80%at different conditions. The microstructure degradation of the alloy during long-term aging includes coarsening of the c0 phase,P-type raft and precipitation of TCP phase, which results in the degeneration of stress rupture property. The rejuvenation heat treatment succeeds in restoring the original microstructure and stress rupture properties of the alloy.     

中高温时效处理对Cr21铁素体不锈钢组织和性能的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和透射电镜并通过硬度和冲击实验,研究了Cr21铁素体不锈钢经固溶+时效处理后的显微组织和性能。结果表明:Cr21铁素体不锈钢经600、650℃和750℃时效处理50 h内均未形成sigma相以及铬的碳化物,主要析出了大量的TiC、NbC和(Ti,Nb)C复合粒子以及少量的Fe2Nb(Laves相)。在600、650℃时效处理50 h内,钢的硬度基本是先升高后降低,韧性先降低后升高。而750℃时效时则硬度几乎一直升高,韧性一直降低。     

Effect of Thermal Aging on Coarsening Kinetics of γ′ in Alloy 617

The effect of thermal aging on coarsening kinetics of alloy 617, a candidate material for heat exchanger of the very high temperature reactor, was experimentally studied at 750 and 950 °C for up to 5300 h. Formation of various precipitates such as μ-phase, M₂₃C₆ and γ′ phases and significant coarsening of the γ′ phase have been observed in the microstructure of the aged samples. Experimental observation was compared to alloy thermodynamic calculation and γ′-phase precipitation kinetics simulation. Thermal aging effect on the microstructural evolution and mechanical behavior of alloy 617 was then discussed based on experimental and microstructural modeling results.     

Effect of Post-weld Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of Deposited Metal of a HighChromium Nickel-Based Alloy

The evolution of Cr_(23)C_6 carbides in the deposited metal(DM) of a high-chromium nickel-based alloy was investigated after the post-weld heat treatment(PWHT) at 650,750,850,and 950 ℃,respectively.With the increase in temperature,the morphology of the Cr_(23)C_6 carbides at the grain boundaries was transformed from the continuous lamellarlike to the semi-continuous rod-like and then to the discontinuous granular.Besides,the needle-like Cr_(23)C_6 carbides precipitated from γ matrix after PWHT at 850 ℃.The coarsening kinetics of the needle-like Cr_(23)C_6 carbides obeyed the Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner law with the growth speed of 4.93 μm~3/h in length and 5.56 × 10~(-3) μm~3/h in width.Moreover,the ratio of the carbide length to width increased rapidly at first and then flattened as the holding time increased to 850 ℃.The results of electrochemical corrosion experiment indicated that the needled-like Cr_(23)C_6 carbides impaired the corrosion resistance of DM due to the formation of chromium depletion around the carbides.     

热处理对激光选区熔化制备Inconel 718合金组织和拉伸性能的影响

采用激光选区熔化工艺(SLM)制备了Inconel 718合金,并对合金分别进行了1050 ℃×1 h固溶和1050 ℃×1 h固溶+720 ℃×8 h+620 ℃×8 h双级时效热处理。结合微观组织、拉伸性能和断裂特征分析,研究了热处理工艺对SLM制备的Inconel 718合金组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:固溶处理后合金内Laves相溶解,位错密度显著降低,材料的强塑性匹配较打印态得到良好的改善。经过时效热处理后,γ′和γ″强化相析出使合金强度大幅度提高的同时,保留了一定的塑性。     

Cu和Sb元素添加对Sn-Bi共晶合金性能的影响

向Sn-Bi共晶合金中同时添加Cu和Sb元素设计额定温度为142℃的易熔合金,并对合金的熔点、相组成、准静态拉伸性能、焊接接头力学性能进行了研究。结果表明,Cu与Sb元素的添加使合金的熔点上升,但是合金的过冷度和熔化潜热下降。添加Cu和Sb元素后,在合金基体内形成了块状的SnSb相和长条状的Cu₆Sn₅、Cu₃Sn相,这些第二相强化了合金的抗拉强度,但降低了合金的塑性。(Sn58Bi)3Cu3Sb易熔合金抗拉强度为86.4 MPa,塑性为15.5%,熔点为141.8℃,其与覆铜板焊接接头的抗剪切强度较Sn-Bi共晶合金明显提高,可达到55.7 MPa。     

Effect of Partially Substituting Ca with Mischmetal on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Extruded Mg-Al-Ca-Mn-Based Alloys

Mg-2Al-1.2Ca-0.2Mn(at%)-based alloys with Ce-rich mischmetal(MM) substitution of 0–0.6 at% for Ca were hot extruded at 400 °C. The effect of MM substitution on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the extruded alloys was investigated. The as-cast Mg-2Al-1.2Ca-0.2Mn alloy is mainly composed of a-Mg, Mg_2Ca and(Mg,Al)_2Ca phases and Al_8Mn_5 precipitates, whereas the substitution of MM brings about the formation of Al_(11)MM_3, Al_2MM phases and Al_(10)MM_2Mn_7 particles with the absence of (Mg,Al)_2Ca phase. The volume fraction of MM-containing phases increases with increasing MM contents. All of the extruded alloys exhibit bimodal microstructure comprising fine dynamically recrystallized grains with almost random orientation and coarse deformed grains with strong basal texture. Dense nanosized planar Al_2Ca and spherical Al–Mn phases precipitate inside the deformed grains. High tensile yield strengths of~ 350 MPa and moderate elongations to failure of 12% are obtained in all extruded alloys; the MM substitution induces negligible difference in the tensile properties at ambient temperature, while the highest MM substitution improves the strength at 180 °C due to the better thermal stability of the fragmented MM-containing phases.     

时效对新型Ti-Al-V中熵合金组织性能的影响

采用真空悬浮熔炼法制备出新型Ti-Al-V中熵合金,使用全自动密度天平测定合金密度,并对其分别在500 ℃和700 ℃下时效处理2 h,利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪和维氏显微硬度计研究时效温度对其显微组织、物相组成及力学性能的影响。结果表明:Ti-Al-V中熵合金是一种轻质(密度4.18 g/cm³)、高硬度(铸态505 HV)新型合金;铸态和时效后的合金中均存在BCC结构的基体和HCP结构的富Ti板条状/粒状/针状析出相两种相结构;时效处理的合金中析出相数量相比铸态明显增加,并且时效温度提高,粒状/针状形貌的析出相数量进一步增加;铸态时合金的硬度较高,但力学性能均匀性差,随着时效温度的升高,合金硬度逐渐降低,但力学性能相对更均匀。     

Role of Ru on the Microstructural Evolution During Long-Term Aging of Ni-Based Single Crystal Superalloys

Two experimental alloys containing different contents of Ru were investigated to study the effect of Ru on the microstructural evolution during long-term thermal exposure. The increase in Ru promoted the formation of cubical, tiny, and even γ′ phase after full heat treatment. Moreover, the samples after full heat treatment were exposed at 1100 °C for different time. Based on the classical model by Lifshitz, Slyozov, and Wagner, the coarsening of γ′ phase of the alloy containing 2.5 and 3.5 wt.% Ru during the long-term aging was controlled by the interface reaction and diffusion, respectively. The γ/γ′ lattice misfit was more negative with the increment of Ru addition, which induced the formation of stable rafted γ′ phase in the alloy containing 3.5 wt.% Ru at the initiation of long-term aging. Besides, the increase in Ru reduced the diffusion coefficient, which could restrain the γ′ phase coarsening. The lower γ/γ′ lattice misfit of the alloy containing 2.5 wt.% Ru promoted the interface reaction, which induced the rapid coarsening of γ′ phase. Therefore, the increase in Ru improved the microstructural stability of the alloys. On the other hand, the raise of Ru induced “reverse partitioning” behavior, which was effective in suppressing the emergence of the topologically close-packed phase (TCP phase). The TCP phase occasionally occurred in the alloy containing 2.5 wt.% Ru, which was attributed to the high temperature and the supersaturation of the γ matrix. Moreover, the TCP phase was determined as μ phase, which had a high concentration of Co, Re, Mo, and W. A sketch map describing the evolution of the TCP phase was also constructed.     

Effect of boron and carbon addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of the aged gamma-prime strengthened alumina-forming austenitic alloys

The goal of this work was to understand the effects of aging at 800 °C on the microstructures and mechanical properties of two recently-developed AFA stainless steels based on Fe-14Cr-32Ni-3Nb-3Al-2Ti (wt.%), one of which contained small additions of boron and carbon. To that end both the size distributions and growth kinetics of the B2, Laves phase, L1₂ precipitates present were quantified. While the lattice parameter, morphology, size and coarsening behavior of the L1₂ precipitates was the same in both AFA alloys, the B and C enhanced the grain boundary coverage by both Laves phase and B2-NiAl precipitates, but suppressed their coarsening. These interstitial additions also suppressed the formation of twins and discontinuous precipitation, which were observed in the B and C-free material. It is shown that the yield strength at 700 °C is largely controlled by the size of the L1₂ precipitates, with the largest strengthening effect obtained after aging for 2.4 h for both AFA alloys. Longer aging time led to a loss of strength mainly due to the coarsening of the L1₂ precipitates.