冲击磨损工况下铁基耐磨材料的现状及发展

在破碎、研磨、挖掘等机械设备上,因其常常受物料的冲击磨损,导致耐磨件快速失效,每年耐磨件消耗量很大,如何实现耐磨性和经济效益的有机统一是人们关注的问题。而耐磨材料也在不断地发展,从第一代钢铁耐磨材料Mn13到第三代钢铁耐磨材料高铬铸铁,再到陶瓷颗粒增强复合材料,以应对不同磨损工况。冲击磨料磨损是一种较为复杂的磨损工况,要求材料具有较高的硬度,同时材料还要保持一定的韧性以抵抗冲击力。针对冲击磨损工况下铁基耐磨材料,介绍了国内外耐磨材料的发展现状,概述了从高锰钢到复合材料,再到复合结构的发展过程,总结了复合材料从基体的选择到增强颗粒的选择,及多种颗粒混合增强的研究进展,重点对陶瓷颗粒增强铁基复合材料及复合结构进行了较为全面的介绍,从软质基体包嵌硬质单元和硬质基体包嵌强韧网络单元两种复合方式进行分析,并对未来复合结构技术的发展进行展望。     

ZrO2增韧Al2O3陶瓷颗粒对增强高铬铸铁基复合材料冲击磨料性能影响

传统的耐磨钢铁材料难以满足现代矿山装备对关键耐磨部件的需求,陶瓷颗粒增强钢铁基耐磨复合材料成为最具良好应用前景的耐磨材料之一。通过预烧结获得不同体积分数及不同颗粒大小的陶瓷预制体,结合铸渗法制备出氧化锆(ZrO₂)增韧氧化铝(Al₂O₃)陶瓷颗粒增强高铬铸铁(HCCI)基复合材料。结果表明：随着ZTA(ZrO₂增韧Al₂O₃)颗粒体积分数(25%～45%)的增加,ZTA颗粒等效直径(1.7,1.2,0.4 mm)减小,复合材料抗冲击磨损性能随之提高,以颗粒体积分数为45%、等效粒径为0.4 mm时最佳。ZTA_p/HCCI复合材料的主要磨损特征是磨损面发生微切削,其主要磨损机制是磨料磨损。     

B4C包覆ZTA颗粒增强铁基复合材料制备与性能

ZTA (ZrO₂增韧Al₂O₃)陶瓷颗粒表面包覆B₄C微粉,将其制备成蜂窝状结构陶瓷预制体。采用传统重力浇注工艺将陶瓷预制体与熔融的高铬铸铁(HCCI)金属溶液进行复合,获得ZTA陶瓷颗粒增强高铬铸铁基复合材料。对复合材料中ZTA陶瓷颗粒增强相与高铬铸铁基体之间的界面及复合材料的耐磨料磨损性能进行了研究。结果表明,ZTA陶瓷颗粒与高铬铸铁界面结合处形成了明显的过渡区域,界面过渡区域的存在提高了陶瓷颗粒与金属基体的结合,从而提升了复合材料的整体稳定性能。同时,三体磨料磨损试验表明该复合材料的耐磨料磨损性能是高铬铸铁的3.5倍左右。     

Al2O3颗粒/耐热钢复合材料的制备及高温磨料磨损性能

氧化铝与耐热钢在高温下都具有优异的特殊性能,氧化铝硬度高、热稳定性好、耐热钢的抗氧化性与热强性高,因此氧化铝颗粒增强耐热钢基复合材料可望获得好的抗高温磨料磨损性能。在154~200 μm的氧化铝颗粒表面通过化学气相沉积技术获得Ni涂层后,通过在氧化铝颗粒中加入耐热钢颗粒的方法与负压铸渗技术,获得了氧化铝颗粒体积分数在18 %~52 %的氧化铝颗粒/耐热钢基复合材料,并考察了其在900℃的磨料磨损工况下的耐磨性。结果表明:所有复合材料的耐磨性均比耐热钢的好,耐磨性最好的复合材料是氧化铝颗粒体积分数为39 %的复合材料,其耐磨性是耐热钢的3.27倍。通过扫描电镜分析了复合材料的磨损机理及不同氧化铝颗粒体积分数复合材料的磨损行为。      

WC_p/高锰钢基复合材料及复合结构的冲击磨损性能

采用挤压铸造法制备出WC_p/高锰钢基复合材料和复合材料-钢复合结构,研究复合材料和复合结构的冲击磨料磨损性能。在复合结构的WC预制体中及周围添加还原Fe粉,以控制复合结构中复合材料-钢的界面结构。结果表明:复合结构中复合材料-钢的界面在还原Fe粉吸热熔化的作用下,并没有出现复合材料中WC的熔解和形成过渡层的现象。复合材料磨损表面发生材料的崩落,耐磨性低于高锰钢,而复合结构耐磨性比高锰钢提高了1.34倍。通过对磨损形貌及组织的分析,讨论了复合材料崩落的原因及复合结构对冲击磨料磨损改善的机理。     

热处理对高铬铸铁基蜂窝陶瓷复合材料耐磨性的影响

通过传统重力浇注工艺,用高铬铸铁金属溶液铸渗ZrO2增韧Al2O3(ZTA)陶瓷颗粒蜂窝状预制体,从而获得高铬铸铁基蜂窝陶瓷复合材料。将复合材料在930℃、980℃、1 030℃、1 080℃温度下淬火,并分别在230℃、330℃、430℃、530℃时回火,研究了热处理条件对高铬铸铁基蜂窝陶瓷复合材料组织及三体磨料磨损性能的影响。研究结果表明:在相同回火温度条件下,随着淬火温度的升高,复合材料硬度升高,其耐磨性也随之升高;在相同淬火温度条件下,随着回火温度的升高,材料的硬度及耐磨性能也随之升高,两者达到一定温度后其硬度及耐磨性都下降,材料耐磨性与材料的硬度变化趋势一致。最终得到复合材料的最佳热处理工艺为:1 030℃×2h,空冷+530℃×0.5h。     

TiC增强复合材料在不同条件下的磨损行为

研究了TiC/NiCrMoAlTi金属陶瓷、TiC/NiMo金属陶瓷和钢结TiC硬质合金的磨损行为,结果表明:在平稳加载条件下,金属陶瓷的耐磨性优于钢结TiC硬质合金;而在冲击载荷条件下,钢结硬质合金的室温耐磨性优于金属陶瓷,但在高温下金属陶瓷的耐磨性又转为优于钢结硬质合金,与室温相比TiC/NiCrMoAlTi和TiC/NiMo的耐磨性分别提高31%和79%,而钢结TiC硬质合金则下降52%.初步分析了不同粘结相的TiC增强复合材料的磨损机制以及加载率和温度对磨损行为的影响.TiC增强复合材料的磨损行为与其使役条件密切相关.     

TIC/7075铝基复合材料的磨损实验研究

采用原位反应喷射沉积法制备TiC/7075铝基复合材料,并在销一盘式磨损机损上进行摩擦磨损实验研究.通过TEM观察原位TiC颗粒的分布与形貌,并利用SEM观察沉积态组织磨损表面形貌.结果表明:复合材料的耐磨性和TiC颗粒含量及载荷有关,在低载荷(8.9N)状态下,材料的耐磨性随TiC颗粒含量的增加而增强,在高载荷(26...     

原位合成(Ti,V)C颗粒增强铁基复合材料

采用原位合成的方法制备了(Ti,V)C颗粒增强钢铁基复合材料,用XRD,SEM和电子探针研究了该复合材料的物相结构和显微组织,并用MM200型磨损试验机研究了该复合材料的耐磨性能.结果表明:原位合成的(Ti,V)C增强相颗粒细小,尺寸为1～2μm,呈球状,在α-Fe基体中均匀分布.在重载干摩擦磨损条件下,该复合材料显示了良好的耐磨性能.     

Al2O3颗粒增强聚氨酯基复合材料耐磨性研究

本文研究了Al2O3颗粒增强聚氨酯基复合材料在浆料冲蚀下的耐磨性.结果表明,复合材料的耐磨性随着Al2O3颗粒含量的增加先升高,达到一个峰值后,开始下降.在一定Al2O3颗粒含量下,复合材料的耐磨性好于纯聚氨酯弹性体.这是由于复合材料中的Al2O3颗粒硬度高,可以抵抗浆料的冲蚀磨损,保护周围和下层的基体组织.Al2O3颗粒与基体界面的结合强度对复合材料耐磨性有明显的影响.用KH550处理的复合材料的界面结合强度比用KH560处理的好,所以耐磨性更好.     

Fabrication and interaction mechanism of Ni-encapsulated ZrO2-toughened Al2O3 powders reinforced high manganese steel composites

In order to solve the cast-infiltration difficulty and low interface bonding strength of ZrO₂-toughened Al₂O₃ (ZTA) powders reinforced high manganese steel (HMS) matrix composite, uniform and continuous Ni-encapsulated ZTA powders (ZTA_p@Ni) as reinforced phase are fabricated by electroless deposition assisted with ionic liquid additive. The effects of Ethaline concentration, temperature, ZTA concentration and deposition times on the morphology of ZTA_p@Ni have been investigated. Experimental results show that the thickness of Ni coating is about 7–10 μm, and there is no casting crack or shrink on the composite, so compact bonding between ceramic and matrix is obtained. In addition, the impact abrasive wear resistance testing demonstrates that the performance of ZTA_p@Ni reinforced HMS composite is superior to that of matrix. On the basis of experimental analysis, a schematic illustration of the cast-infiltration process is put forward. It implies that Ni-encapsulated ZTA can be wetted with molten HMS matrix to form a ZTA/Al₂NiO₄-Al₂MnO₄/Fe interface layer through Ni diffusion and reactive wetting. The interdiffusion of Ni and other elements at ZTA interface layer can reinforce the interfacial bonding strength to form an interface layer between metal and hard phases.     

Grundlagen,Herstellung und Anwendungsaspekte des Supersolidus Flüssigphasensinterns von hochlegierten Werkzeugstählen und Metallmatrix‐Verbundwerkstoffen

Principles, manufacturing and application aspects of super solidus liquid phase sintering of high‐alloyed tool steels and metal matrix composites Iron‐based metal matrix composites (MMC) are applied for abrasive wear resistant applications. A common production route uses hot isostatic pressing (HIP) of metal and carbide powders, a comparatively cost intensive process. Using high‐alloyed tool steels as matrix materials it is possible to obtain dense materials by liquid phase sintering with an internally formed liquid phase. This contribution describes the basic principles of densification of the matrix materials taking thermodynamic calculations into consideration. It points out a production route for processing particulate reinforced, high wear resistant composite materials by sintering. Beside the sintering behaviour concepts for heat treatment as well as the abrasive wear resistance are discussed.     

放电等离子烧结WC/Fe复合材料摩擦磨损性能

采用放电等离子烧结技术制备了WC质量分数为40%的WC/Fe复合材料,研究了不同烧结温度条件下WC/Fe复合材料的致密度、组织、硬度及干摩擦磨损性能。利用SEM和XRD分析了不同烧结温度条件下存在的物相;采用销-盘摩擦磨损试验机(盘试样选用~80μm的Al2O3砂纸,滑动距离约为950m)测量了马氏体耐磨钢和WC/Fe复合材料在不同载荷下相对磨损率;用SEM观察磨损形貌,确定WC/Fe复合材料的磨损机制。结果表明:烧结温度为1080℃时,WC/Fe复合材料实现完全致密,WC陶瓷颗粒均匀分布在基体中并与基体界面结合良好;随着WC/Fe复合材料完全致密化,其硬度及耐磨性能逐渐提高;WC/Fe复合材料的耐磨性能远优于马氏体耐磨钢。WC/Fe复合材料磨损机制主要为氧化磨损和磨粒磨损。在低载荷条件下,颗粒脱离基体造成氧化膜破裂,促使材料表面受损;较高载荷条件下,WC陶瓷颗粒破碎加速氧化膜破裂,加快了材料的磨损。     

Reinforcement of Hadfield steel matrix by oriented high‐chromium cast iron bars

To attain a wear‐resistant material compatible with high hardness and high toughness, Hadfield steel matrix was reinforced by oriented high chromium cast iron bars, through inserting high chromium alloys flux‐cored welding wires into Hadfield steel melt at 1500 ± 10 °C. The obtained composites were investigated by XRD, SEM, micro‐hardness, three‐body abrasion wear and impact toughness testers. The results show that the alloy powders inside the flux‐cored welding wires can be melted by the heat capacity of Hadfield steel melt and in situ solidified into high chromium cast iron bar reinforcements tightly embedded in the matrix. The micro‐hardness of reinforcements of the water‐quenched composite is about four times higher than that of the matrix. The impact toughness of the water‐quenched composite is higher than that of the as‐cast composite and lower than that of Hadfield steel, and its fracture mechanism is very complicated and refers to brittle and ductile mixture fracture mode. The excellent impact toughness and better wear resistance of the water‐quenched composite are attributed to combine fully the advantages and avoid the drawbacks of both Hadfield steel and high chromium cast iron. Additionally, in industrial application, the pulverizer plate produced by this composite, has also better wear resistance compared to the reference Hadfield steel pulverizer plate.     

不同类型颗粒混合增强铁基复合材料的磨损性能

采用电流直加热动态热压烧结工艺制备陶瓷颗粒增强铁基复合材料,研究高体积分数(25%,30%,35%)下,单一类型颗粒(SiC,TiC,TiN)及混合类型颗粒(TiC+TiN,SiC+TiN,SiC+TiC)作为增强相对铁基复合材料磨损性能的影响。结果表明:单一类型粒子强化时,TiNP/Fe复合材料的耐磨性最好,TiCP/Fe次之,SiCp/Fe最差。混合粒子作为增强体时,(TiC+TiN)P/Fe复合材料磨损性能显著优于其对应的单一颗粒增强材料;其中粒子含量为30%时,(TiC+TiN)P/Fe复合材料磨损性能提高最大,其磨损量比TiCP/Fe降低了51.9%,比TiNp/Fe复合材料降低了44.1%,体现出可贵的混合增强价值。(SiC+TiC)_P/Fe和(SiC+TiN)P/Fe复合材料的磨损性能分别处于对应的两个单一颗粒增强材料之间。磨损表面观察表明,耐磨性好的(TiC+TiN)P/Fe复合材料的磨损机理为磨粒磨损,而(SiC+TiC)_P/Fe和(SiC+TiN)P/Fe复合材料除磨粒磨损外还存在明显的疲劳磨损现象。     

Wear characteristics of TiC reinforced cast iron composites Part 2 – Abrasive wear

Abstract

The presence of carbide particles in metal matrix composites improves abrasive wear resistance properties. Abrasive wear characteristics of TiC reinforced cast iron composites have been investigated. The TiC particle size and distribution influence the wear properties of the composites. TiC reinforced cast iron composites possess better wear resistance properties than those of chromium cast irons with and without nitrogen.     

Preparation, Properties and Application of C/C-SiC Composites Fabricated by Warm Compacted-in situ Reaction

Carbon fibre reinforced carbon and SiC dual matrices composites (C/C-SiC) show superior tribological properties, high thermal shock resistance and good abrasive resistance, and they are promising candidates for advanced brake and clutch systems. The microstructure, mechanical properties, friction and wear properties, and application of the C/C-SiC composites fabricated by warm compacted-in situ reaction were introduced. The results indicated that the composites were composed of 50-60 wt pct carbon, 2-10 wt pct residual silicon and 30-40 wt pct silicon carbide. The C/C-SiC brake composites exhibited good mechanical properties. The value of flexural strength and compressive strength could reach 160 and 112 MPa, respectively. The impact strength was about 2.5 kJ·m^-2. The C/C-SiC brake composites showed excellent tribological performance, including high coefficient of friction (0.38), good abrasive resistance (1.10 μm/cycle) and brake steadily on dry condition. The tribological properties on wet condition could be mostly maintained. The silicon carbide matrix in C/C-SiC brake composites improved the wear resistance, and the graphite played the lubrication function, and right volume content of graphite was helpful to forming friction film to reduce the wear rate. These results showed that C/C-SiC composites fabricated by warm compacted-in situ reaction had excellent properties for use as brake materials.