不同水动力扰动下沉水植物对沉积物重金属释放的影响

在风浪扰动条件下,沉积物再悬浮会造成重金属的二次释放。沉水植物可以有效地改变水流条件并抑制颗粒物再悬浮,从而一定程度地改善水体的生态环境。该文通过室内环形风动水槽模拟实验,利用ADV测流技术与悬浮颗粒物(SPM)浓度表征悬浮量的方法,分析不同水动力条件下沉水植物苦草对水流条件的影响及再悬浮过程8 h内SPM的浓度变化,并测定试验周期(35天)内重金属(Ni、Cd)于上覆水、间隙水及沉积物中的分布情况,研究不同水动力下水生植物对重金属再悬浮的影响规律。结果表明,在风速分别为3.21 m/s(小风)、5.95 m/s(中风)和8.78 m/s(大风)时3种风力的扰动作用下,植物有效高度内流速低且流速梯度小,而冠层至水面高度内流速梯度较大,水流结构以植物冠层为拐点,呈"S"形分布。上覆水SPM浓度与无植物时相比显著降低,沉积物再悬浮率下降量(W)与风速(v)呈对数关系(W=0.2194ln(v)-0.2445)。不同水动力条件下,重金属(Ni、Cd)在上覆水、间隙水及沉积物中分布情况及变化规律相似。试验期间间隙水与沉积物中重金属含量变化整体呈现下降趋势,上覆水重金属含量上升。间隙水重金属释放量与风速呈对数关系,Ni、Cd释放量分别为39.55 ng(小风)/77.91 ng(中风)/110.04 ng(大风),以及1.10 ng(小风)/1.81 ng(中风)/2.80 ng(大风)。     

洞庭湖区表层沉积物重金属污染特征与风险评价

长江经济带的人口和经济总量占比均超过全国的40%,处理好长江流域洞庭湖水系开发与治理的关系,是实现长江经济带"共抓大保护,不搞大开发"的重要环节之一。为了解洞庭湖水系重金属污染特征与生态风险,2017年8月对洞庭湖水系24个点位表层沉积物进行了采样,分别对研究区域中Hg、As、Cr、Cd、Pb和Cu等6种重金属含量进行了评价和来源分析。结果表明:①表层沉积物重金属平均质量分数表现为CrPbCuAsCdHg,Hg、As、Cr、Cd、Pb的含量分别为背景值的7.0,2.0,9.3,2.2,2.3倍,湖区Hg、As、Cr、Cd、Pb平均含量均略高于入湖水系,是入湖水系沉积物重金属含量的1.1～1.5倍。②地累积指数和潜在生态指数评价显示:重金属RI值从大到小的顺序为CdHgCuPbAsCr;Cd处于中度污染,重生态风险,Hg处于偏中度污染,重生态风险,表明Cd、Hg是主要污染物;mPEC-Q均值为0.43,表明研究区域内发生生物毒性不利影响的可能性在15%～29%之间。③来源分析表明:As、Pb、Cd、Cu等重金属具有同源性,主要来自"四水"流域工业废水,需进一步推动企业转型升级;为降低Cr含量,应加强生物灭螺实际应用研究。     

龙江河沉积物重金属污染特征及生态风险评价

为了解广西龙江河表层沉积物中重金属的污染状况,于2018年3月采集12个样点的沉积物样品,测定沉积物中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、As的含量和赋存形态,运用地累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数法对沉积物中重金属的污染程度和生态风险进行评价,并分析了沉积物中重金属的来源。结果表明:(1)除Cr的平均含量近似于背景值外,Cd、 Pb、As、Zn、Cu的平均含量分别为背景值的57.88,7.12,6.30,4.19,2.17倍。(2) Cr和As以残渣态为主;Zn在中上游碳酸盐结合态含量较高,在下游铁锰氧化物结合态含量较高;Cu和Pb的铁锰氧化物结合态和有机物结合态含量较高;Cd以铁锰氧化物结合态和碳酸盐结合态为主,与2013年相比,铁锰氧化物结合态含量大幅度减少,碳酸盐结合态含量大幅度增加。(3)地累积指数表明,Cr为未污染,Cu为轻度污染,Zn和As为偏中度污染,Pb为中度污染,Cd为严重污染。潜在生态风险指数表明,Cu、Zn、Pb和Cr 4种元素均为低生态风险,As和Cd元素生态风险指数较大。(4)沉积物重金属相关性表明,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、As 5种元素存在明显同源性。通过沉积物重金属主成分分析,发现第一主成分(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr)的来源为工业源,第二主成分(Cd)的来源为农业活动及采矿活动,第三主成分(As)的来源为矿业活动。     

东湖沉积物中重金属垂向分布特征及污染评价

为了掌握武汉东湖的水环境状况,以沉积物为研究对象,使用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定了不同湖域沉积物柱状样中9种重金属(Cd、Zn、As、Cu、Co、Pb、Mn、Cr、Ni)含量,对重金属元素的垂向分布特征进行了研究,并采用地累积指数法对重金属的污染程度进行评价。结果表明:沉积物中9种重金属元素含量排序为MnCrPbZnNiCuCoAsCd;垂向分布特征为Cr、Ni的含量随沉积物深度增加而增加,Cu、As、Cd的含量随沉积物深度增加而减少。地累积指数评价表明,郭郑湖西岸污染最为严重,汤菱湖最轻,累积较为严重的是Cr、Mn、Cd和Pb,其中Cd和Pb达到中度污染程度。     

吉林市排污河底泥的污染状况及其生态风险评价

以吉林市排污河中底泥为主要研究对象,布置12个监测断面35个代表性采样点,采集并分析了河道内底泥样品中8种重金属及16种USEPA优先控制的多环芳烃的含量,并分别采用地质累积指数法(I_(geo))、潜在生态风险评价法(PERI)、沉积物质量基准法(SQGs)对排污河底泥中污染物进行了生态风险评价。结果表明,该排污河底泥中重金属及多环芳烃均不同程度超过松花江水系沉积物背景值,其中Hg、Pb、Cu、As、NAP、ANT超标倍数分别为87.5、10.2、6.18、5.90、115.6和228.5;I_(geo)显示Hg的生态风险最大,I_(geo)达到了5.82,而Cd和Ni的风险较小,这与PERI中Hg风险最大的结果一致;SQGs评价结果表明由重金属及多环芳烃引起的污染会产生生物毒性,且不利生物毒性将频繁发生;(3)以上结果说明,该排污河呈现以Hg为主要风险因子的重金属与多环芳烃复合污染现象,在今后应加强底泥监测和定期清淤,从而推动区域生态环境的治理与恢复。     

广西北部湾海洋环境与生物体内重金属研究进展

为全面了解广西北部湾重金属污染状况,搜集了近年来有关广西北部湾海水、沉积物及生物体内7种重金属的相关研究成果,比较分析了海水、沉积物中重金属的污染水平及空间分布,探讨了生物体内重金属的污染水平和富集、积累情况,并对海水、沉积物及生物体内7种重金属进行了污染评价,结果表明:①海水中Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr、As含量均符合第一类海水水质标准,与中国其他海域相比各重金属总体处于较高水平,且除Hg外均满足渔业水质标准;②沉积物中各重金属与中国其他海域相比总体处于较低水平,均满足一类海洋沉积物质量标准,Hakanson潜在生态风险评价结果显示,Zn、Cr、Pb、Cu、As、Hg均呈低生态风险,重金属的潜在生态风险顺序CdHgAsPbCuZnCr,多种重金属的综合潜在生态风险指数在防城港、钦州、北海海域均小于150,呈低生态风险;③生物体内重金属基本满足海洋生物质量二类标准,Cd、Cu、Pb均出现大于国家食品卫生标准;④不同生物体对重金属的生物积累作用不同,对重金属的富集能力也不同。广西北部湾海洋环境及生物体已受到一定程度重金属污染,应及时采取防治策略,避免先污染后治理。     

渤海湾西南部近岸海域表层沉积物重金属的含量分布与污染评价

对2014年渤海湾西南部近岸海域共16个采样站位7种重金属的含量分布特征进行了研究,分别测定了各采样站位中的Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg和As的含量,并作了质量控制。利用潜在生态危害指数法对其污染状况进行了评价,结果表明:该海域表层沉积物中Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr和Hg含量的平均值均高于渤海沉积物重金属背景值。沉积物中重金属单元素平均含量潜在生态风险指数中Cd和As的风险等级已经达到"中等",其他重金属元素的潜在生态风险等级"较低";综合潜在生态风险等级属于"中等",港区附近海域的风险等级相对较高。因此,建议加强港口作业区海洋环境环境保护,减少污染物排放量。表层沉积物中重金属和TOC相关性分析表明:该研究海域表层沉积物中重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr和As相互之间有一定的同源性,TOC对重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr和As分布具有一定的影响。     

大燕河沉积物重金属污染特征及生态风险分析

为了解大燕河表层沉积物重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险,对大燕河干流和支流沉积物重金属污染物进行了分析,并采用Hakanson生态危害指数法进行评价。结果表明,大燕河干流沉积物重金属含量明显高于支流,重金属含量高于广东省土壤背景值,Cu、Cd、Zn、Pb、Hg超出了土壤环境质量Ⅰ级标准。沉积物中重金属Cu、Cd的富集系数明显高于其他重金属,不同采样点重金属超出背景值的程度具有明显的差异性,呈现干流高于支流,下游高于上游的特征。沉积物中重金属具有极强的生态危害,各种重金属造成的平均生态危害程度由大到小依次为:CdHgCuAsPbZnNiCr,其潜在生态风险应引起足够的重视。     

漳泽水库沉积物中重金属生态风险评价及其来源解析

分别采用加权内梅罗综合指数法(NI)、地累积指数法(I_geo)、Hakanson生态风险指数法和淡水系统沉积物基准法(SQGs)对漳泽水库沉积物中7种重金属Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、Hg、As、Se污染特征及其生态风险进行了分析对比,比较了各方法的优劣性。从评价结果说明Cd和Hg达到中度以上污染,其生态风险明显,既有同源性也有异源性,基本来源于南源、碧头河及峪里南河,其余重金属生态风险低。用不同方法分析了漳泽水库沉积物中重金属生态风险具有一致性,可为漳泽水库生态风险管理提供参考依据。     

赣江流域水库沉积物重金属污染特征与风险评价

为探明赣江流域水库沉积物的重金属污染水平,分析测定了流域内7座中型水库沉积物中Cu、Cr、Zn、Pb、Cd、As、Hg等重金属含量,并采用地积累指数法、潜在生态风险指数法进行综合评价,同时,收集整理了库水和下游河道沉积物的污染情况进行对比分析.结果表明:流域典型水库沉积物中Cd、Cu为主要污染元素,但水库水体未受污染....     

Heavy metals in sediments and uptake by burrowing mayflies in western Lake Erie basin

During the past two decades, burrowing Hexagenia mayflies have returned to the western basin of Lake Erie. Because of their importance as a prey resource for higher trophic levels and their extensive residence time in potentially contaminated sediment, Hexagenia may be a source of heavy metal transfer. To better understand the distribution and transfer of heavy metals in sediment and mayflies, sediment and mayfly nymphs were collected from 24 locations across the western basin of Lake Erie in May 2007. Following USEPA protocols, samples were analyzed for 16 elements using ICP-OES or ICP-MS. Metal concentrations in the sediments exceeded the Threshold Effect Level for at least one metal at all sample sites. Sediment heavy metal distribution profiles indicate metal concentrations are correlated with organic matter content, and the highest heavy metal concentrations were found in the central deeper region of the western basin where organic content in the sediments was greatest. Hexagenia were distributed throughout the western basin, with greatest density (1350/m²) within the Detroit River plume. The Cd and Zn levels in mayflies were on average approximately 4 and 2 times greater, respectively, than sediment levels, and the Cd concentrations in the sediments exceeded the Threshold Effect Level at 27 of 28 sites and exceeded the Probable Effect Level at 9 of 28 sites. Spatial representation of heavy metal concentrations in mayflies exhibited a similar pattern to the spatial distribution of heavy metals and organic matter in the sediments with higher concentrations of metals found in mayflies residing in the central deeper region of the western basin.     

The use of flux-corer experiments in the determination of heavy metal re-distribution in and of potential leaching from the sediments

Metal dynamics between sediments, interstitial water and overlying water are particularly complex. The movement of metals, their availability, and possible toxicity are influenced by various chemical and physical reactions and factors such as oxygen/redox gradients, pH, grain size, etc. To study the impact of oxygen on the release from and the re-distribution of Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu in sediments, flux-corer experiments have been optimised and performed.The flux experiment was carried out using 3 identical sediment cores. The first (control) sediment core was completely characterised before, the two other cores after the experiment. Pore water extractions and sequential extractions were performed on 2 cm depth intervals throughout the 20 cm long sediment cores.In the flux experiment, the sediment cores were exposed to a small volume of overlying water, which was continuously renewed. The change of trace metal mobility was assessed by following concentration-changes in the outflow. It has been found by the use of the flux-corer experiment, that the Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu concentrations in the outflow are at least 3–6 times higher during oxic conditions. Flux-corer experiments can be useful tools to facilitate the study of the change of heavy metal mobility and distribution in the sediment induced by the change in surface water policy.     

沙颍河表层沉积物中氮与重金属的分布特征及污染评价

为揭示沙颍河沉积物中氮及重金属的分布和污染特征,于2015年6—9月采集了沙颍河干支流主要站点的表层沉积物及上覆水样品,分析了其中氮的赋存形态和重金属的分布,探讨了水体-沉积物氮的转化机制及重金属的来源。结果表明:沙颍河表层沉积物中NO-3-N、NH+4-N、ON(有机氮)和TN的质量比分别为21.47~53.60 mg/kg、1.702 3~3.066 1 mg/kg、1 050~2 390 mg/kg和1 071~2 488 mg/kg,ON占TN的97.17%以上;表层沉积物中Cd、Cu、Zn和As质量比分别为1.583~3.533 mg/kg、21.98~64.60 mg/kg、148.5~165.5 mg/kg和1.527~2.416 mg/kg。Pearson相关性分析表明:表层沉积物中氮主要存在于有机物中,表层沉积物释放NH+4-N已经成为影响沙颍河水体NH+4-N浓度的一个重要因素;沙颍河大部分站点的表层沉积物有机指数和ON分别处于Ⅱ、Ⅳ级,有机碳污染较轻,ON污染严重;潜在生态评价中重金属Cd已经达到了很强-极强的污染程度,其余重金属则处于轻微污染水平;重金属潜在生态风险指数IR显示沙颍河表层沉积物重金属潜在风险已经到了很强-极强的水平,其中Cd对IR的贡献达97.22%。     

Role of bottom sediments in the secondary pollution of aquatic environments by heavy-metal compounds

The results of long‐term investigations into the concentrations of some heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, and Cd) in the bottom sediments of the Dnieper reservoirs and the Dnieper–Bug estuary are considered. Maximum quantities of the metals studied are characteristic of southern water bodies located within industrial zones (the Zaporozh’e and Kakhovka reservoirs as well as the Dnieper–Bug estuary). The highest concentrations of the metals studied occurred in the clay silts (Fe, 11 600–32 400; Mn, 1504–3450; Cu, 38.9–85.5; Zn, 89.8–186.5; Cr, 48.6–193.0; and Cd, 1.9–4.4 mg kg^‐1 dry weight). Accumulation of heavy metals in the bottom sediments is an important factor in the self‐purification of aquatic environments. However, this process is reversible and therefore provides a constant threat of secondary water pollution. Secondary water pollution is observed in summer and autumn when water consumption increases. The concentrations of heavy metals increase by a factor of 1.5–3 after the drawdown of the water level. The main reason for the rise in the concentrations of metals is exchange between the bottom sediments and the water column. The rate of heavy metal migration is connected with the forms of occurrence in solid substrates and pore solutions in the bottom sediments, as well as with physico‐chemical conditions arising at the sediment/water boundary. Therefore, our investigations concentrated on the study of the fractional distribution of heavy metals among solid substrates and their forms of occurrence in interstitial solutions. This distribution depends, most of all, on the chemical properties of metals as well as the chemical and mineralogical composition of the sediments and the chemical properties of pore solutions. Most of the supply of Mn, Zn, Fe, and Cd is associated with oxides and hydroxides of iron and manganese (Mn, 74–93%; Zn, 43–70%; Fe, 27–59%; and Cd, 28–41%). Most copper and chromium is bound to organic matter and to scarcely soluble minerals. In the interstitial solutions studied, metals (except manganese) are found mainly as complex compounds with dissolved organic matter of a different molecular weight. Nevertheless, the fraction of complexes with a relatively low molecular weight (500–5000 Da) prevailed (40–70%). Dissolved manganese in the pore solutions consists chiefly of free (hydrated) ions Mn²⁺ (80–95%). The results obtained were used for a comparative evaluation of heavy metal mobility and the exchange ability of their associated compounds in the bottom sediment–water system.     

青狮潭水库底泥重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险

广西桂林青狮潭水库由东湖和西湖两部分组成,为了研究青狮潭水库底泥重金属污染分布特征及潜在生态风险,测定了青狮潭水库不同位置底泥中5种重金属(As,Cd,Cr,Hg,Pb)的含量,并通过地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评价了重金属的污染程度和潜在生态风险。结果表明:东湖底泥中As和Cd含量较西湖高,西湖Hg和Pb含量高于东湖;底泥中Cr主要来源于成土母质,船只通行是造成Pb污染的主要原因;东湖底泥中As和Cd可能主要来源于东江上游煤矿开采;西湖底泥中As,Cd,Hg与营养元素间存在显著相关性,其来源可能与周边农业活动和前期水库内网箱养鱼有关;根据地累积指数,重金属污染强度排序为Cd,As,Pb,Hg,Cr,Cd和As为主要污染元素;重金属潜在生态风险大小排序为Cd,Hg,As,Pb,Cr;东湖底泥重金属潜在生态风险强于西湖。     

摇蚊幼虫扰动对沉积物-水界面结构特征的影响

以摇蚊幼虫为研究对象,通过对不同时段摇蚊幼虫扰动下沉积物的测定,探讨生物扰动下沉积物-水界面含水率和烧失量的变化规律以及粒径垂向分布规律。结果表明:在实验初期,摇蚊幼虫的扰动改变了沉积物的含水率,到了实验的中后期,摇蚊幼虫的活动趋于稳定,含水率变化较小;摇蚊幼虫的扰动增加了沉积物的有机质质量百分比;摇蚊组实验前后沉积物颗粒的粒径变化较大,其中黏粒分布变化最大。     

Metals,acid-volatile sulfides,organics, and particle distributions of contaminated sediments

An overview of key physical/chemical parameters for contaminated sediments is presented. While sediment cores from remote lakes show little or no enrichment with heavy metals (Pb, Hg, Cd, Zn, Cu) and PAHs in top layers, the contamination near industrial areas is more significant. Cd in more bioavailable geochemical phases can occur in response to Cu inputs to sediments, and aeration during dredging operations of anaerobic sediments can reduce the pH causing release of heavy metals. The toxicity of anaerobic sediments to benthos can be effectively predicted based on interstitial water concentrations and the molar ratio between simultaneously extracted metals and acid-volatile sulfides (SEM/AVS). The toxicity of PAHs and other organics can be predicted based on equilibrium partitioning. Principal component analysis indicates that PAHs are associated with organic carbon and silt, and PCBs with inorganic clay. Finally, formulated reference sediments appear to be useful in toxicity testing by creating uniform parameters matching field conditions, and by isolating the effects of specific contaminants.     

自动蒸发水面高度测量检查和评定方法探讨

为探明赣江流域水库沉积物的重金属污染水平,分析测定了流域内7座中型水库沉积物中Cu、Cr、Zn、Pb、Cd、As、Hg等重金属含量,并采用地积累指数法、潜在生态风险指数法进行综合评价,同时,收集整理了库水和下游河道沉积物的污染情况进行对比分析。结果表明：流域典型水库沉积物中Cd、Cu为主要污染元素,但水库水体未受污染。地积累指数法评价结果显示,赣江流域水库沉积物Cd、Cu均属轻度污染程度,与流域内表层土壤的污染程度有关。潜在生态风险指数法结果显示,赣江流域水库沉积物重金属潜在生态风险总体处于中等风险。值得注意的是Pb元素的潜在生态风险属较强风险,其中极强风险、较强风险、中等风险的样点分别占14.28%、28.57%、28.57%。     

Distribution of Heavy Metals in Sediments of the Detroit River

The spatial distribution of 17 metals in the sediments of the Detroit River was established using metal concentrations from a river-wide survey. The survey (1999) was based on a stratified random sampling design that divided the river into upper, middle, and lower reaches and subsequently into U.S. and Canadian sides of the river. Results based on strong extraction, using concentrated acids, revealed that the Lowest Effect Level (LEL) for As, Cd, Cu, and Hg was exceeded at more than 75% of sampling sites and the Severe Effect Level (SEL) for As at 16.2% of sites. Most of the metals were homogenously distributed throughout reaches of the river, although sites with elevated concentrations were localized mainly along the middle and lower reaches as a result of a pattern of contamination sources and geographic complexity of the river, especially a spatial/temporal variability in water flow. A comparison of the results of a strong to a weak extraction (cold 5% acetic acid, to assess metal bioavailability) revealed two groups of sediment type. The first group with a “high” weak/strong ratio (bioavailable metals; about 1 for Ca, Mg, Na and from 0.6 to 0.4 for the rest of metals) was observed at sites with low flow velocities below 0.4 m s⁻¹. The “low” ratio (non-bioavailable metals; 0.25 for Ca, Mg, Na and from 0.15 to 0.05 for other metals) was observed at sites with flow velocities greater than 0.6 m s⁻¹. The data indicate that the sediment conditions, dependent on flow distribution, regulate not only the distribution of heavy metals but also can regulate metal bioavailability.     

武汉市湖泊中重金属污染状况

鉴于重金属元素的生理毒害作用,选择武汉市区、近郊、远郊六个代表性湖泊水体研究其水、沉积物、鱼样品中主要毒害重金属元素Hg,Cd,As,Pb,Cu,Cr,Ni,Zn的污染状况。采用原子荧光测试样品中Hg含量,其他元素用ICP-MS测试。结果表明:市区湖泊水、沉积物及鱼中重金属含量多数明显高于郊区湖泊,其中水及沉积物中重金属含量与研究区相应环境背景值对比有显著富集,但湖泊水中重金属含量大多可满足GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类水质要求,鱼中重金属含量也可满足相应GB 2736—1994《淡水鱼卫生标准》。市区湖泊与郊区湖泊样品重金属污染程度对比而言,市区湖泊明显表现出受到一定人为污染影响。