茉莉酸甲酯调控果蔬采后品质的机制及应用研究进展

茉莉酸甲酯（methyl jasmonate,MeJA）是一种广泛存在于植物中的生长调节因子,具有广谱的生理效应,其作用于果蔬能够显著诱导果蔬产生抗病性、提高果蔬的耐冷能力、改善果蔬采后的感官品质和耐贮性。MeJA改善果蔬采后品质的机制主要包括诱导基因的表达、提高抗氧化及抗病相关酶的活性、促进抗性物质的积累、改善果蔬体内能量的代谢等方面。本文就MeJA的结构及理化性质、在果蔬采后方面的应用现状、作用机制及其在果蔬生产中的作用方式进行了综述,并讨论了其研究和应用前景,以期为MeJA在果蔬采后中的深入研究及推广应用提供参考。     

热激蛋白及其与果蔬的抗冷性关系

热激处理能够减缓果蔬采后低温贮藏时冷害的发生,热激蛋白的诱导是提高果蔬冷害耐受性机理中的一部分。本文介绍了热激蛋白及其与果蔬抗冷性关系的研究进展。     

温度激化处理对采后果蔬贮藏品质影响的研究进展

综述了温度激化处理对采后果蔬贮藏品质影响及冷害的研究进展,主要涉及热激处理和冷激处理两种温度激化处理,并分别从果蔬品质与果实生理生化两大方面的影响具体论述,并对温度激化处理的发展方向进行了展望。适宜的温度激化处理有助果蔬硬度保持,较好地保证果实口感与风味并为人们所接受,抑制绿色果蔬叶绿素分解与黄化,果实失重率降低;降低果实呼吸速率,减少或抑制乙烯的释放并抑制相关酶的活性,控制并抑制多酚氧化酶与过氧化物酶等酶的活性升高,经高温或低温胁迫诱导产生诱导蛋白并合成新的蛋白保护细胞并具有抵御力,以及延缓细胞膜透性的增加和降低丙二醛的产生。     

外源钙和钙调素拮抗剂对冷藏桃果实耐冷性的影响

以‘白凤’水蜜桃为试材,分别用外源钙（CaCl2）和钙调素拮抗剂三氟拉嗪（trifluoperazin,TFP）浸泡桃果实,以蒸馏水为对照,研究其对冷藏桃果实抗冷性的影响。结果表明：与对照组相比,CaCl2处理能有效减轻桃果实果心褐变程度,缓解冷害症状,降低相对电导率,降低丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）、H2O2含量,降低超氧阴离子自由基（O2 － ·）产生速率以及脯氨酸脱氢酶（proline dehydrogenase,PDH）活力,提高活性氧代谢相关酶（超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶（catalase,CAT）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（ascorbate peroxidase,APX）、Δ1-吡咯啉-5-羧酸合成酶（Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase,P5CS）、鸟氨酸氨基转移酶（ornithine δ-aminotransferase peroxidase,OAT）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（glutathione reductase,GR））活力;另外,CaCl2处理后的桃果实表现为较高的脯氨酸、VC和谷胱甘肽（glutathione,GSH）含量;而TFP处理后的桃果实冷藏特性与CaCl2处理组相反。这说明钙-钙调素（Ca2＋-CaM）复合体参与了采后桃果实抗冷性调控,Ca2＋浓度的增加能维持桃果实活性氧代谢平衡,减少低温胁迫下膜脂过氧化与损伤,增加渗透调节物质脯氨酸的积累,从而减少桃果实冷藏期间冷害的发生,保持果实营养品质,延长果实贮藏时间。     

Use of 1‐methylcyclopropene for alleviating chilling injury and lignification of bamboo shoot (Phyllostachys praecox f. prevernalis) during cold storage

BACKGROUND: Bamboo shoot is sensitive to chilling, and low‐temperature injury is a major limitation to its long‐term storage. Studies on the causes of postharvest deterioration in bamboo shoot are few. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of ethylene and 1‐methylcyclopropene (1‐MCP) treatments on the physiological and biochemical responses of bamboo shoot and their ability as a postharvest tool to alleviate chilling injury and lignification of bamboo shoot during storage at 2 °C. RESULTS: Disease incidence, electrical conductivity (EC), respiration and ethylene production of control bamboo shoot increased after about 2–3 weeks of cold storage, associated with higher chilling injury (CI) index. Increased shoot firmness during cold storage was positively correlated with higher lignin and cellulose accumulation, and this accumulation of lignin in flesh tissue was also positively correlated with the activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) and peroxidase (POD). Ethylene treatment was associated with higher disease incidence, CI index, EC, respiration and ethylene production, enhanced lignin and cellulose accumulation and accelerated the activities of PAL, CAD and POD. In contrast, 1‐MCP treatment was associated with lower respiration, ethylene production, CI index and EC, reduced lignin and cellulose accumulation and retarded the activities of PAL, CAD and POD. CONCLUSION: The present findings throw light on the role of ethylene in postharvest physiological disorders such as chilling injury and lignification and suggest that 1‐MCP could be used commercially to control these disorders in bamboo shoot during cold storage. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同温度场响应对西葫芦采后贮藏品质的影响

为了探讨热处理传热过程对果蔬贮藏生理品质的影响规律,建立西葫芦在热激处理过程中的三维数值模型,进行三维非稳态下的数值模拟,研究热处理时西葫芦组织的传热规律及温度动态响应过程,并以40℃的热空气作为热处理介质,对处理时间分别为0.5、1、2、4 h西葫芦的保鲜效果进行了对比实验研究。结果表明,40℃热空气处理1 h可最大限度地延长采后西葫芦冷害的发生时间,减少果实失重率,延缓丙二醛(MDA)含量和相对电导率的升高,维持较高的果实硬度和抗坏血酸含量。所建的传热模型与实际情况吻合较好,温度最大绝对误差为1.66℃。西葫芦传热模型及相关结论可为西葫芦采后热处理操作参数的确定提供参考。     

Physiological and Genetic Properties of Tomato Fruits from 2 Cultivars Differing in Chilling Tolerance at Cold Storage

ABSTRACT:  Postharvest tomato fruits are cold-sensitive, and easy to develop chilling injury (CI) at cold storage. Information on physiological and genetic characteristics closely related to CI is necessary because it is significant to realize CI development regular and find sensitive indicators reflecting cultivar cold tolerance, which are the basics to prevent CI. In this study, we used 2 tomato cultivars (Lichun and Santiam) differing in cold tolerance to analyze ion leakage, malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) in postharvest fruits chilled at cold storage. Expression of cold-response gene LeCBF1 , a key regulator in cold-response, was also detected. Results showed that ion leakage, with a high correlation coefficient (0.9661) to CI index, exactly reflected injury development phase and degree; sharp increase of MDA and proline content appeared at and before the time of main development phase of CI (10 d); however, fluctuant CAT and POD activities could not sensitively reflect CI development, since their regular changes didn't appear until the main development phase ended. Thus, ion leakage, MDA, and proline content were effective indicators for CI analysis in postharvest tomato fruits. Although physiological analysis was effective in CI analysis, it was complex to be used in judging cold tolerance. Expression of LeCBF1 gene swiftly responded to low temperature within 1 h. In accordance with those physiological parameters, LeCBF 1 expression level was positively correlated with cold tolerance and showed a high correlation to CI index (−0.9176). These suggested that LeCBF1 analysis could be effectively used in fast testing the cold tolerance of tomato.     

果实表皮蜡质代谢和调控与品质之间的关系研究进展

果实表皮蜡质是与外界接触的第一道屏障，在其生长和贮藏过程中有十分重要的作用。蜡质是由醇类、酯类、脂肪酸、萜类、醛类和烃类等物质组成的复杂混合物，它们在蜡质的合成及运输途径当中发挥着重要的作用。同时，在这两个途径中，与蜡质代谢相关的基因也发生了显著变化。此外，表皮蜡质也会影响果实的采后品质，从而对其货架期产生影响，进而使其商业价值发生变化。因此，本文阐述了表皮蜡质的合成途径(超长链脂肪酸的合成、脱羰基途径和酰基还原途径)和运输途径等代谢过程对果实品质的影响，以及采后贮藏过程中通过调控蜡质以维持果实品质的技术手段，包括物理方法和化学方法，另外研究表皮蜡质代谢及调控机制来减少果实采后损失 ，并对果蔬表皮蜡质的研究前景进行了讨论与展望，为延长果实采后货架期及培育采后耐贮藏的优良品种提供了理论基础。     

Vapour treatments with methyl salicylate or methyl jasmonate alleviated chilling injury and enhanced antioxidant potential during postharvest storage of pomegranates

Pomegranates were treated after harvest with methyl jasmonate (MeJa) or methyl salicylate (MeSa) at two concentrations (0.01 and 0.1 mM), and then stored under chilling temperature for 84 days. Control fruits exhibited chilling injury (CI) symptoms manifested by pitting and browning, the severity being enhanced as storage time advanced, and accompanied by softening and electrolyte leakage (EL). The CI symptoms were significantly reduced by MeJa or MeSa treatments, without significant differences among treatments or applied dose. In addition, both treatments significantly increased total phenolics and anthocyanins with respect to controls. Hydrophilic (H-TAA) and lipophilic (L-TAA) total antioxidant activity decreased in control arils, but in both MeJa and MeSa treated fruits H-TAA increased while no significant changes occurred for L-TAA. Results would suggest that both MeJa and MeSa have potential postharvest applications in reducing CI, maintaining quality and improving the health benefits of pomegranate fruit consumption by increasing the antioxidant capacity.     

低温贮藏引起果蔬冷害的研究进展

果蔬在不适低温下贮藏易发生冷害,冷害可造成果蔬的贮运损失,使其食用品质下降。综述了果蔬在低温下贮藏时冷害发生的症状、机理,并重点介绍了抑制果蔬冷害的几种措施,其中包括温度调节、气调贮藏、化学物质处理等,最后提出减缓和控制低温冷害进一步研究的方向。     

冷冲击处理对柰李内源激素含量及蛋白质变化的影响

本文采用了高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定柰李果实四种内源激素(IAA,GA3,ABA,ZR)含量。通过比较了不同冷冲击处理对内源激素的影响以及贮藏过程中激素的变化,并结合冷藏过程中冷害发生情况,初步探讨了各处理在冷藏过程中内源激素变化的规律及其与柰李果实抗冷性的影响。此外,通过SDS-PAGE法分析蛋白质,结果表明,冷冲击处理能延缓柰李果实冷藏期的蛋白质降解,提高柰李果实的抗冷性。     

茉莉酸甲酯诱导的采后果蔬抗病性及其机制研究进展

茉莉酸甲酯(methyl jasmonate, MeJA)是一种广泛存在于植物中的天然植物激素,参与植物的许多代谢过程包括生长、发育、成熟、衰老、抵御生物和非生物胁迫等。由病原真菌侵染引起的果蔬采后病害是导致果蔬贮藏和运输过程中品质劣变和腐烂的原因之一,不仅对生产者和消费者造成巨大经济损失,还会在组织体内产生危害人体健康的有毒次生代谢产物。因此,开发绿色安全的果蔬采后病害控制技术具有重要意义。本文总结了采前和采后MeJA单独或与其他物理、生物方法复合处理对果蔬采后主要真菌性病害的控制作用,并从活性氧代谢、病程相关蛋白的积累、苯丙烷代谢、多胺代谢、能量代谢、细胞壁物质代谢、转录调控等方面详细阐述了其诱导抗性机制,以期为MeJA广泛用于控制果蔬采后病害提供实践参考和理论依据。     

冷害对茄子果实贮藏品质的影响

研究冷害对茄子果实贮藏品质的影响,旨在阐明冷害温度下茄子果实品质劣变的规律。茄子采后分别于冷害温度[(40 ± 1)℃,简称4℃]和非冷害温度[(13 ± 1)℃,简称13℃]贮藏10d,定期测定贮藏期间两组的品质变化。结果显示,4℃条件下茄子果实在第4 天表面出现轻微褐变,随后日趋严重,而在13℃条件下的果实10d 内未发生冷害症状。冷害会加速茄子采后失重率和膜透性的上升,促进叶绿素、可滴定酸(TA)和VC 含量下降,促进贮藏中、后期(4～10d)可溶性糖、还原糖、可溶性蛋白和游离氨基酸含量下降。可见,冷害会促进茄子采后贮藏品质的劣变,降低茄子的食用价值和商品价值。     

柑橘果实采后热处理研究进展

采后热处理作为一种无污染、无残留的新型贮藏保鲜技术,近年来发展快速,已经应用于多种果蔬的采后品控及病虫害防治。本文综述了柑橘类果实采后热处理的主要方法,综合分析了不同处理方法对柑橘类果实理化特征的影响及对冷害和病虫害的控制作用,并展望柑橘果实采后热处理技术的发展趋势及其商业化前景。     

High‐temperature conditioning induces chilling tolerance in mandarin fruit: a cell wall approach

BACKGROUND: High‐temperature conditioning (3 days at 37 °C and 95% relative humidity), which protects ‘Fortune’ mandarins from chilling injury (CI), manifested as pitting in the outer part of the peel (flavedo), was applied prior to cold storage (2 °C) in order to investigate the involvement of cell wall composition in the chilling tolerance of mandarins. RESULTS: Both low‐temperature storage and high‐temperature conditioning barely modified the alcohol‐insoluble substance (AIS) content or the degree of pectin esterification in the flavedo. Water‐soluble pectins (WSP) were higher in heat‐conditioned than in non‐conditioned fruits at the onset of CI. In addition, the heat‐conditioning treatment was able to increase chelator‐soluble pectins (CSP) after short cold storage periods. Covalently bound polyuronides in alkali‐soluble pectins (ASP) increased only in fruits with high incidence of CI. Cellulose and hemicellulose increased at 2 °C in both conditioned and non‐conditioned fruits, indicating that these polysaccharides may be altered by low temperature but are not related to chilling‐induced damage. CONCLUSION: High‐temperature conditioning may reduce chilling‐induced flavedo pitting in ‘Fortune’ mandarin fruit by maintaining normal levels of WSP and increasing putative sites for calcium bridge formation within the cell wall, but not by inducing changes in other matrix cell wall components. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

热处理对果蔬贮藏品质和采后生理的影响及应用

热处理(35～50℃)是一种无毒、无农药残留的物理保鲜方法,可延长采后果蔬的货架期.本文综述了热处理方法,热处理对果蔬营养风味、色泽、硬度和失重等贮藏品质的影响,热处理对果蔬呼吸作用、活性氧代谢、膜脂过氧化和酚类物质代谢等采后生理的影响,及热处理技术在果蔬贮藏保鲜中的应用.提出了热处理在果蔬贮藏保鲜研究中存在的问题和进...     

EFFECT OF WAX APPLICATION ON THE QUALITY,LYCOPENE CONTENT AND CHILLING INJURY OF TOMATO FRUIT

ABSTRACT

Waxed and nonwaxed mature green tomato fruits were stored at 12C (nonchilled) or 5C (chilled) for 5, 10, 15 and 20 days before being transferred to 22C for 3, 6, 9 and 12 days, were evaluated for weight loss, chemical composition, skin color, chilling injury (CI) index and pigment content. Waxed fruits showed a delay in weight loss, color development and ripening. The sensitivity of tomato fruit to CI was reduced in waxed fruits, which showed a delay in the appearance of symptoms. A delay in chlorophyll degradation and lycopene synthesis was observed as a result of the use of wax and low temperature. Waxing of tomato fruits allowed their storage at temperatures below critical reducing CI sensitivity and maintaining quality giving more time for marketing.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Nowadays, local tomato producers use wax on fruits as an everyday practice to carry postharvest fungicides and to improve brightness. They store tomato fruits at nonchilling temperature (12C) because lower temperatures would cause chilling injury and irregular ripening. In this way, it is interesting that waxing tomato fruits allow reducing their storage temperature, protecting them from chilling injury and maintaining their quality and correct color change and ripening; thereby producers and sellers have more days to position their fruits with no extra cost.     

Maintaining Antioxidant Potential of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables After Harvest

The consumption of fruits and vegetables has increased in the past few years, not only because of their attractive sensorial properties, but also for their nutritional and health benefits. Antioxidants are compounds found in fresh fruits and vegetables, and evidence of their role in the prevention of degenerative diseases is continuously emerging. However, the antioxidants in some fruits and vegetables can be lost during handling after harvest, even during minimal processing and storage. In this sense, postharvest treatments are needed to preserve the quality and antioxidant potential of fresh produce. Postharvest treatments and technologic strategies (including ultraviolet light, controlled and modified atmospheres, heat treatments, and application of natural compounds, such as edible coatings, active packaging, microencapsulation, and nanoemulsion) have shown positive and promising results to maintain fruit and vegetable antioxidant potential. The purpose of this review is to analyze and propose the application of postharvest strategies to maintain, or even improve, the antioxidant status of fruits and vegetables, thus offering options to maximize health benefits to consumers.