碳和钇对Fe－Cr－Al合金500℃时效脆化的影响

测定了Ｆｅ－１５Ｃｒ－４Ａｌ合金在５００℃的时效脆化动力学，利用内耗，ＴＥＭ，ＥＰＭＡ和ＳＥＭ等手段研究了合金在时效后的组织变化和断裂行为．结果表明，时效脆化第一阶段（０－１００ｈ）主要是碳化物在α相晶界析出的作用，它损害界面结合，降低断裂应力，使塑性在时效０．２５ｈ后消失；第二阶段（１００－１０００ｈ）主要是富Ｃｒ－α＇相均匀析出的作用，它通过强化基体引起二次脆化．含０．２和０．４％Ｙ的Ｆｅ－１５Ｃｒ－４Ａｌ－Ｙ合金在固溶态下无Ｓｎｏｅｋ内耗峰，碳在α相中的浓度低于０．０００７％，这是碳原子被Ｙ_２Ｆｅ_（１７）相俘获的结果．因此，含钇合金在５００℃时效时不发生晶界碳化物析出，时效１０００ｈ后塑性无明显变化．     

EFFECTS OF CARBON AND YTTRIUM ON 500℃ AGING EMBRITTLEMENT OF ALLOY Fe-15Cr-4Al

测定了Ｆｅ－１５Ｃｒ－４Ａｌ合金在５００℃的时效脆化动力学，利用内耗，ＴＥＭ，ＥＰＭＡ和ＳＥＭ等手段研究了合金在时效后的组织变化和断裂行为。结果表明，时效脆化第一阶段（０－１００ｈ）主要是碳化物在α相晶界析出的作用，它损害界面结合，降低断裂应力，使塑性在时效０．２５ｈ后消失；第二阶段（１００－１０００ｈ）主要是富Ｃｒ－α＇相均匀析出的作用，它通过强化基体引起二次脆化。含０．２和０．４％的Ｆｅ－１５     

快速凝固耐热铝合金Al－Fe－Cr－Zr的固结工艺及性能

采用多级快速凝固装置制取ＲＳＡｌ－Ｆｅ－Ｃｒ－Ｚｒ合金粉末，并用二次挤压等四种工艺固结制备出实验样品。通过Ｘ射线衍射、光学金相、硬度以及拉伸实验等测试手段，研究了该合金的显微组织，热稳定性和低温高温拉伸性能。结果表明，采用二次挤压工艺的样品具有良好的固结状态，而且第二相颗粒细小均匀弥散；ＲＳ／ＰＭＡｌ－Ｆｅ－Ｃｒ－Ｚｒ合金属于较好的耐热铝合金系列，合金中的主要析出相有Ａｌ＿（１３）Ｃｒ＿２、Ａｌ＿３Ｚｒ和Ａｌ＿３（Ｆｅ，Ｃｒ）。     

快速凝固耐热铝合金Al—Fe—Cr—Zr的固结工艺及性能

采用多级快速大装置制取ＲＳＡｌ－Ｆｅ－Ｃｒ－Ｚｒ合金粉末，并用二次挤压等四种工艺固结制备出实验样品。通过Ｘ射线衍射、光学金相、硬度以及拉伸实验等测试手段，研究了该合金的显微组织，热稳定性和低温高温拉伸性能。结果表明，采用二次挤压工艺的样品具有良好的固结状态，而且第二相颗粒细小均匀弥散；ＲＳ／ＰＭＡｌ－Ｆｅ－Ｃｒ－Ｚｒ合金属于较好的耐热铝合系列，合金中的主要析出相有Ａｌ１３Ｃｒ２、Ａｌ３Ｚｒ和Ａｌ３     

快速凝固Al—20Si—5Fe合金的退火组织变化

利用ＸＲＤ、ＤＳＣ以及ＴＥＭ方法研究了快速凝固Ａｌ－２０Ｓｉ－５Ｆｅ合金退火态的微观组织、弥散相结构和相转变。结果表明,快凝Ａｌ－２０Ｓｉ－５Ｆｅ合金组织中存在两种弥散相,δ－Ａｌ４ＦｅＳｉ２和初生Ｓｉ相,退火温度低于３１０℃时,δ－Ａｌ４ＦｅＳｉ２相未明显粗化;当退火温度高于３１０℃时,亚稳相δ－Ａｌ４ＦｅＳｉ２转变成稳定相β－Ａｌ５ＦｅＳｉ,β－Ａｌ５ＦｅＳｉ相随退火温度的提高而明显粗化。高温     

钇抑制FeCrAl合金脆性的作用与合金中铬,钇含量的关系

Ｆｅ－（１５～２５）Ｃｒ－（４～５）Ａｌ合金在９００～１３００℃加热后发生高温脆化,脆化的温度－时间关系曲线与双曲线相似,在４００～５４０℃时效后发生４７５℃脆化,脆化曲线由一次脆化的“双曲线”和二次脆化的“Ｃ曲线”组成．在含０．２％～１．４％Ｙ的ＦｅＣｒＡｌ合金中,由于Ｙ－Ｆｅ相粒子俘获碳原子的作用,高温脆化和４７５℃脆化受到强烈抑制。时效时ａ相析出过程的发展使合钇合金抵抗脆化的能力随铬含量升高而降低。合金的抗脆化性能随钇含量升高而提高,含０．３％～０．４％Ｙ时最高。     

碳钢表面热压复合Al70Cu8Fe10Cr12准晶合金梯度支的组织与性能

采用热压技术把Ａｌ７０ＣｕＦｅ１０Ｃｒ１２准晶合金粉与碳钢复合，在热压过程中准晶合金与碳钢发生扩散反应，使得在碳钢表面形成了上过渡层与合金层组成的梯度层。研究了该梯度层的组织、成分及硬度分布，发现过渡层主要由α－Ｆｅ和ＦｅＡｌ相组成。合金层从里向外由Ａｌ－Ｃｕ－Ｆｅ－Ｃｒ系复杂化合物和十次准晶相组成。整个梯度层的硬度ＨＶ由２５０到１２５０逐渐增加。     

快速凝固二元Al－Cr合金的退火组织及显微硬度

研究了快速凝固Ａｌ－Ｃｒ合金的微观组织及显微硬度，确定了α－Ａｌ过饱和固溶体在退火过程中沉淀析出相为θ－Ａｌ７Ｃｒ，析出开始温度取决于过饱和度和沉淀位置．     

Fe－28Al合金中相转变

应用电镜及Ｘ射线衍射技术研究了含Ｃｒ及不含Ｃｒ的Ｆｅ－２８ａｔ．－％Ａｌ合金中相变结果表明，１０８０℃淬火过程中，Ｂ２结构热畴已开始形成；缓冷通过Ｂ２相区，沿晶界出现α相；对Ｆｅ－２８Ａｌ－５Ｃｒ合金还出现细小的ＣｒＮ相沉淀，板状合金中Ｂ２→Ｄ０３是一缓慢转变过程．     

快速凝固Al－Cu－Mg合金的时效特征

对离心雾化法制得的快速凝固Ａｌ－Ｃｕ－Ｍｇ合金的时效特征进行了研究。结果表明,随时效温度的升高,快速凝固Ａｌ－Ｃｕ－Ｍｇ合金的时效硬度峰值增加,且达峰值后硬度下降缓慢。在连续加热时效过程中,快速凝固Ａｌ－Ｃｕ－Ｍｇ合金有Ｓ”相形成过程,且Ｓ’相形成长大过程比较缓慢。从时效析出激活能、连续加热过程分析等方面进行了解释和验证。     

快速凝固Al—4Cr—4Zr—2Ti合金的时效特性

利用透射电镜观察了Al-4Cr-4Zr-2Ti（原子百分比）合金的显微组织,并测定了相应的显微硬度。结果表明：快凝合金在400℃,4h时效达到峰值硬度,Hv达2420MPa,此时的析出相为Al13Cr2和与基体共格的亚稳相Ll2-Al3Zr。合金经400℃,96h时效后的显微硬度与急冷态硬度和峰值硬度相比仅分别下降10％和14％。而500℃,4h时效后,由于Ll2-Al3Zr转变为DO23－Al3Zr并且析出相粗化,导致合金硬度急剧下降。     

SrxBa1-xBi4Ti4O15陶瓷及SrBi4Ti4O15／BaBi4Ti4O15复合材料的性能研究

采用固相烧结工艺制备了SrxBa1-xBi4Ti4O15铁电陶瓷和SrBi4Ti4O15／BaBi4Ti4O15铁电复合材料。在固相反应过程中，680℃时SrBi4Ti4O15或BaBi4Ti4O15开始生成：800℃时材料主晶相基本形成，但是还有微量焦绿石相存在；850℃时SrBi4Ti4O15或BaBi4Ti4O15的主要衍射峰全部出现。随着Ba含量的增加，SrxBa1-xBi4Ti4O15陶瓷的居里温度逐渐降低。Sr0.5Ba0.5Bi4Ti4O15，陶瓷的介电常数峰在高频时较宽，在100Hz时，介电常数峰被随温度升高而逐渐增大的介电常数所“屏蔽”，材料介电损耗随温度升高而增大，但在低频下增加得更快，这是高温下由氧空位引起的电子松弛极化造成的。将预烧后的SrBi4Ti4O15和BaBi4Ti4O15粉体分别造粒后冉均匀混合，压片成型，经烧结制得的SrBi4Ti4O15／BaBi4Ti4O15复合陶瓷其相变弥散特性明显优于SrxBa1-xBi4Ti4O15的相变弥散特性。     

Inhibierung von wässerigen und alkoholisch wässerigen Wärmeträgern

Inhibition of aqueous and alcoholic-aqueous heat-carriers To examine the effect of corrosion inhibitors mainly ®Preventol CI-2 in aqueous and aqueous alcoholic heat transfer media gravimetric and electrochemical corrosion tests were carried out with the materials grey cast iron, unalloyed steel, copper, brass, lead-tin-solder, aluminium and aluminium alloys up to a temperature of 90°C. In the presence of the inhibitor Preventol CI-2 uniform layers from 10 to ? 50 nm thickness are found on the metal surfaces and the measured massloss (ASTM, EMPA) decreased decidedly. Local corrosion as occurs e.g. by insufficient concentration of inhibitors forming surface layers, was found in none of the cases. The electrochemical examinations confirm the results of the chemical tests and provide indications with regard to the effective mechanisms. The influence of temperature and flow rate on the protective efficiency of the inhibitor can be showed. It is possible to eliminate the risk of galvanic corrosion by contacting copper and aluminium. The cavitation corrosion of grey cast iron is also appreciably reduced. Preventol CI-2 is a broad spectrum inhibitor for aqueous and aqueous alcoholic heat transfer media.     

Homogenität und Korrosionsbeständigkeit hochlegierter Stähle

Homogeneity and corrosion resistance of high alloy steels A major number of case histories in the chemical industry are due to local corrosion the origin of which can be attributed to the inhomogeneity of the steels produced according to conventional melting process. Special processes such as electro slag remelting may give rise to a considerable increase in structural homogeneity of corrosion resistant alloys. Typical examples are increased resistance to nitric acid, Streicher's solution, seawater or reaction mixtures of urea synthesis. These results clearly demonstrate the superiority of the material which is largely free from inhomogeneities such as segregations which give rise to local corrosion phenomena.     

Order-disorder phase transition in NH4AlF4

In this study we calculate the specific heat C_VI for NH₄AlF₄ due to the nearest-neighbor interactions between the NH⁺ ₄ tetrahedra using an Ising model superimposed on an Einstein and/or Debye model. The specific heat C_VI calculated using a power-law formula is in good agreement with the observed C_P for the NH₄AlF₄ system. This is an indication that NH₄AlF₄ undergoes a weak first-order or a nearly second-order phase transition as predicted by our model.     

Phase diagrams of Li2MoO4-Na2MoO4 and Na2MoO4-K2MoO4 systems

The phase diagrams of the Li2MoO4-Na2MoO4 and Na2MoO4-K2MoO4 systems have been reassessed using differential thermal analysis together with high-temperature and room-temperature X-ray diffraction analysis. The results showed that the compound Li2MoO4.6Na2MoO4 did not exist; however, it confirmed the existence of the compound Li2MoO4.3Na2MoO4 in the Li2MoO4-Na2MoO4 systen＇ls. With regard to the system of Na2MoO4-K2MoO4, we could not confirm the results reported by Bukhanova who claimed that the system was eutectic type with 1：1 and 1：2 intermediate compounds, refuting the statement of Amadori who thought there was an apparent phase boundary at high temperature in α-solid solution region of the Na2MoO4-K2MoO4 binary system. The revised phase diagrams of these systems are illustrated in this article. These experimental results are in agreement with the computerized prediction using the support vector machine-atomic parameter method for the assessment of phase diagrams.     

Widerstandsfähigkeit hitzebeständiger Stähle gegen Aufkohlung

Cementation resistance of heat-resistant steels The cementation process in atmosphere used for the cementation of unalloyed and low-alloyed steels has been examined in 79 melts of Cr and CrNi steels. A characteristic feature was the simultaneous cementation and oxidation of the steels, with characteristic differences depending on the steel composition. These differences can be explained by the different composition and structure of the oxide layers which appear at the outset and may, in certain circumstances, inhibit the carbon diffusion into the interior of the metal. Sometimes, however, an inner oxidation may also occur below a cemented zone. In principle, elements capable of improving the heat resistance — e.g. Ni, Si, Cr, Al — have a favourable effect whilst Mn has a markedly unfavourable effect. The favourable effect of Ti, recently observed, is probably connected with the grain-refining effect.     

SKT4

正SKT4钢具有良好的韧性、强度和高耐磨性;在室温和500~600℃时力学性能几乎相同,加热到500℃时,仍能保持住300 HB左右的硬度;由于钢中含有钼,因而对回火脆性并不敏感;从600℃缓慢冷却下来后,冲击韧性仅稍有降低;具有良好的淬透性,300 mm×400 mm×300 mm的大块钢料,自820℃油淬和560℃回     

YXM4

正YXM4为钨钢高速度钢,适宜于制造强力切割用耐磨,耐冲击各种工具,高级冲模,螺丝模,较需韧性及形状繁杂工具,铣刀,钻头等。化学成份(%):0. 87～0. 95 C;0. 45 Si;0. 40 Mn; 3. 80～4. 50 Cr; 5. 90～6. 70 W; 1. 70～2. 10 Mo;4. 80 V。热处理:锻造温度1100～900℃;退火温度800～850℃,保温2～4 h后随炉冷却;淬火温度,先预热至550～600℃,二次预热至950℃,再加热至奥氏体温度1220～1250℃或1200～1230℃,油淬,油温必须40～60℃;回火温度550～570℃,在静止空气中冷却,重复二次;硬度63 HRC以上;退火硬度265 HBS,淬火回火硬度 63 HRS。