纳米压痕法测量超细晶工业纯钛室温蠕变速率敏感指数

室温下,采用复合细化(ECAP+冷轧+旋锻)工艺,制备出平均晶粒尺寸约为180 nm的超细晶工业纯钛,其抗拉强度高达870 MPa。利用纳米压痕仪对超细晶工业纯钛以恒加载速率/载荷的方式进行测试实验,通过测定压头保载阶段的压入位移和材料的硬度值计算得出室温蠕变速率敏感指数m值。结果表明:超细晶工业纯钛由于晶粒明显细化,晶界数量增多,晶界长度增加,位错增殖,在室温下表现出优良的抗蠕变能力,适合在压力环境下长期工作,其蠕变机理主要为蠕变位错机理。室温蠕变速率敏感指数m值与加载条件无关,主要由材料的微观组织决定。     

轧制速度对AZ31镁合金管材冷轧成形的影响

轧制速度是三辊式冷轧成形过程中关键的工艺参数,决定其力学特征及温升情况。基于此,本文以冷轧AZ31镁合金管材为研究对象,通过全流程数值仿真计算,对比分析不同轧制速度在各特征变形段对等效应力、等效塑性应变及节点温度的影响规律。结果表明,等效应力、等效塑性应变及节点温度均随轧制速度的增大而增大。通过元胞自动机模型及实验等手段,探明了晶粒在轧制过程中产生连续再结晶并细化的初步组织演变规律;对比分析实验与模拟结果并结合多方面因素,得到800mm/s的轧制速度可以更好的满足工艺要求的结果,为冷轧镁合金管材轧制速度的选择提供依据。     

A model of grain fragmentation based on lattice curvature

A new model is proposed that aims to capture within a single modelling frame all the main microstructural features of a severe plastic deformation process. These are: evolution of the grain size distribution, misorientation distribution, crystallographic texture and the strain-hardening of the material. The model is based on the lattice curvature that develops in all deformed grains. The basic assumption is that lattice rotation within an individual grain is impeded near the grain boundaries by the constraining effects of the neighbouring grains, which gives rise to lattice curvature. On that basis, a fragmentation scheme is developed which is integrated in the Taylor viscoplastic polycrystal model. Dislocation density evolution is traced for each grain, which includes the contribution of geometrically necessary dislocations associated with lattice curvature. The model is applied to equal-channel angular pressing. The role of texture development is shown to be an important element in the grain fragmentation process. Results of this modelling give fairly precise predictions of grain size and grain misorientation distribution. The crystallographic textures are well reproduced and the strength of the material is also reliably predicted based on the modelling of dislocation density evolution coupled with texture development.     

复合加工制备的超细晶工业纯钛室温蠕变行为研究

采用工业纯钛TA1经等径弯曲通道变形(Equal channel angular pressing,ECAP)+冷轧(Cold Rolling,CR)+旋锻(Swaging)的方法制得晶粒尺寸约为120nm的超细晶工业纯钛,通过单轴拉伸蠕变实验、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等方法,研究室温下超细晶工业纯钛蠕变变形行为及机理。结果表明:在实验应力范围内,超细晶工业纯钛存在明显的室温蠕变现象;随加载应力的升高(640～760 MPa),蠕变量增加,稳态蠕变速率增大(2.8×10~(-7)～1.5×10~(-4)s~(-1));在相同蠕变应力水平(0.8σ_s)下,超细晶工业纯钛稳态蠕变速率(2.8×10~(-7)s~(-1))低于粗晶工业纯钛(8.6×10~(-6)s~(-1)),抗蠕变性能优于粗晶工业纯钛;位错滑移机理是其主要蠕变变形机理,蠕变断裂机制为韧性断裂。     

Granular Carbides-Assisted Ultrafine-Ferrite Fabrication in the Pearlitic SteelWithout Severe Plastic Deformation and Annealing

The evolution of ferrite grain and cementite lamella during cold rolling in a granular carbide-pearlite steel has been investigated. Particular attention has been given to a quantitative characterization of changes in the ferrite grains. Electron back-scattered diffraction and transmission electron microscopy observations show that the ultrafine ferrite (~388 nm) can be produced through low equivalent strain cold rolling without severe plastic deformation (SPD) and annealing. The average grain size of ferrite depends on the volume fraction, shape and distribution of granular carbides as well as interlamellar spacing of pearlite. A general explanation of granular carbides-assisted grain refinement is that the embedded carbides between natural barrier will significantly facilitate dislocation nucleation during cold rolling. Dislocation reaction occurs more drastically and quickly near these granular carbides. Such reactions promote the formation of high-angle grain boundaries. The formation of ultrafine ferrite grains and subgrains in steel after cold rolling to ε=1.4 strain makes the strength and ductility increased simultaneously compared with ε=0.6 cold-rolled steel. The results suggest a new material design strategy to obtain ultrafine-grained structure via the granular carbides assistance.     

中低应变量冷轧AA1050铝合金中晶粒取向与形变位错界面的演变

采用ECC和EBSD技术研究了AA1050铝合金冷轧至中低应变量下位错界面结构的演变. 结果表明, 冷轧至中低应变量下形成典 型的位错胞块结构,其微观组织结构强烈依赖于晶粒的取向. 变形后主要形成三种典型的组织结构: Type A------两组交叉的几何必须位错界面 (GNBs) 结构,Type B------一组GNBs结构, Type C------近似等轴的普通胞状结构. 绝大多数Copper, Brass和Goss取向的晶粒具有Type A结构, S取向的晶粒具有Type B结构, 而Cube取向的晶粒主要具有Type C结构. 变形过程中的GNBs不仅具有与RD成±(30°---40°) 的宏观取向, 而且大多数GNBs位错界面近似平行于由最大Schmid因子所确定的{111}滑移面的迹线.     

多道次温轧对AZ31镁合金组织和性能的影响

以AZ31镁合金为实验材料,通过多道次温轧工艺,研究低温时效处理对温轧板材组织和性能的影响。结果表明:经5道次温轧后合金组织得到明显细化,从初始态38μm细化至2.2μm;在随后120~160℃时效过程中,晶粒并未发生显著长大。经低温时效处理后,合金在基本保持温轧态拉伸强度的同时,其塑性得到明显提升。由晶界强化和位错强化模型定量描述发现,经5道次温轧后合金显微硬度增量为30HV。然而随着时效温度的升高,位错强化贡献显著降低,而晶界强化由于晶粒长大不明显而几乎无显著变化。合金经160℃时效2 h后,两种主要强化机制对显微硬度的贡献为16HV。     

工业纯钛位错界面的高速形变响应

以工业纯钛为密排六方金属的模型材料。通过多道次冷轧工艺制备具有不同位错界面类型的工业纯钛板材。利用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)实现高速形变,采用透射电子显微分析技术观察位错界面结构的变化,从而分析出不同类型位错界面的高速形变响应。结果表明:在应变速率为1000 s~(-1)时,初始位错界面成为高速形变过程中位错滑移的主要障碍。几何必须位错界面间距为0.5μm的板材冲击后会出现与原始界面交截的新生位错界面,初始几何必须位错界面(GNB)间距为0.3μm以下的工业纯钛在高速形变后会出现位错团结构;初始位错界面在0.1μm或以下,局部剪切的组织模式只是初始位错界面的扭折和位错塞积,在高度局域化的组织中,基体扭折位错界面并未产生,但有位错塞积和亚晶结构。     

Effect of two-step severe plastic deformation on the microstructure and mechanical properties of commercial purity titanium

The present work investigates the microstructural and mechanical properties of commercial purity titanium after processing by a two-step severe plastic deformation procedure entailing warm equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) followed by cold rolling at liquid nitrogen temperature (LNT). The effect of subsequent cold rolling at room temperature is also investigated for comparison. After 10 passes of ECAP, an ultrafine-grained structure with average grain size of 213 nm was achieved. Subsequent cold rolling at LNT led to further refinement and decreased the grain size to 114 nm. Under these conditions, the material displayed high tensile strength of 995 MPa and high elongation to failure of 23%. These promising mechanical properties were interpreted in terms of characteristics of the microstructure: grain refinement, increased dislocation density, and a high fraction of high angle grain boundaries.     

冷搓成形工艺参数对花键晶粒度影响的研究

根据花键轴零件冷搓时所使用刀具的参数以及轴坯的基本参数建立模型;对花键轴的冷搓加工过程进行数值模拟,模拟的花键齿形与实际相符。在此基础上设置模型的微观仿真参数,从微观层面上对加工过程中微观尺寸的变化进行仿真。由于材料性能与其晶粒尺寸有关,故冷搓成形过程中以微观晶粒尺寸与数量变化情况作为指标,采用正交试验探究摩擦因数、搓齿运动速度以及环境温度对晶粒度的影响程度。通过极差和方差法分析3个因素对材料微观晶粒尺寸的影响,得到搓齿运动速度对晶粒尺寸的影响显著。     

冷轧过程中NiPt5合金的结构演变及磁性能

NiPt合金溅射靶材是半导体工业制备NiPtSi接触层的重要原材料。本文对NiPt5合金在冷轧过程中的结构演变及磁性能进行研究。结果表明:NiPt5合金在冷轧过程中微观结构的演变经历位错缠结、位错壁、含小角晶界的拉长亚晶粒、新晶界形成4个阶段。晶粒细化主要是位错的聚集、湮灭和重排所导致。NiPt5的矫顽力随着轧制变形量的增加而增加,这归因于冷轧诱导的缺陷及内应力对畴壁移动的阻碍。剩磁与NiPt5合金择优取向密切相关,(200)织构导致剩磁升高。Ni合金较高的磁各向异性使á200?取向的织构对提高靶材质量十分有利。     

A new approach to predicting partial recrystallization in the multi-pass hot rolling process

An exploratory approach to handling partial recrystallization in multi-pass hot rolling where the heterogeneity of steel microstructures is inherent is presented. The proposed model is based on a modification of the conventional model in which the microstructure of deformed austenite at each pass is simply taken as homogeneous during the multi-pass rolling. The usefulness of the modified model is demonstrated by applying it to a four-pass oval-round (or round-oval) rod rolling sequence. The pass-by-pass recrystallized fraction and austenite grain size (AGS) computed from the modified model are compared with those from the conventional model. The result showed that in multi-pass rolling at higher rolling speed, the recrystallization behavior and evolution of the austenite grain size at a given pass was strongly influenced by the modeling method of the partial recrystallization attributed to microstructural heterogeneity.     

Effect of Change in Strain Path During Cold Rolling on the Evolution of Microstructure and Texture in Al and Al-2.5%Mg

The effect of change in strain path during cold rolling on the evolution of microstructure and texture is investigated. For this purpose, high purity aluminum and Al-2.5%Mg alloy are deformed (~90% reduction in thickness) by unidirectional and cross cold rolling. Irrespective of the alloy system, copper-type texture is observed in unidirectional processed materials, while strong brass ({011}〈112〉) texture is developed during cross rolling. Unidirectionally rolled aluminum showed higher HAGB fraction, but similar HAGB spacing as compared to the cross-rolled aluminum after 90% reduction in thickness. At the same time, the internal misorientation in the cross-rolled 2N-Al is higher than in the unidirectionally rolled material. In contrast, Al-2.5% Mg alloy processed differently in both ways shows similar HAGB fraction, spacing, and internal misorientation distribution. These observations indicate that microstructure evolution due to strain path change is more strongly affected by dynamic recovery as compared to texture evolution.     

时效前冷变形对Al-15Zn-0.5Mg-0.5Sc合金组织及力学性能的影响

对热轧态Al-15Zn-0.5Mg-0.5Sc合金进行固溶+时效和固溶+冷轧+时效处理,利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜和万能力学试验机等研究了各状态合金的微观组织及力学性能。结果表明,冷轧可使饱和Al-Zn固溶体分解,并动态析出Zn相,同时冷轧还促使合金晶粒细化以及位错增殖。人工时效可使合金内析出高密度η′相,而冷轧所导致的高密度位错促进了析出过程并加速了η′相向η相的转变。时效前冷轧可明显优化Al-15Zn-0.5Mg-0.5Sc合金的力学性能,Al-15Zn-0.5Mg-0.5Sc合金经固溶+冷轧+70 ℃人工时效后,其屈服强度和极限抗拉强度分别为413和462 MPa,其强化机理包括细晶强化、位错强化和析出强化。而120 ℃时效会加速位错湮灭,从而削弱位错强化效果。     

Solid-state recycling of aluminium alloy swarf through cold profile extrusion and cold rolling

In this study, the possibility of solid-state recycling of aluminium alloy machining swarf using cold extrusion and a subsequent cold rolling process is investigated. Cast Al-Si alloy swarf was cold compacted into billets and successfully profile-extruded into square bars with a rectangular cross-sectional aspect ratio of 1:1.8 under an extrusion ratio of 4 or more. After annealing, the extruded bars underwent multi-pass cold rolling into 1-mm thick strips with a total rolling reduction of 85%. Optical microscopy demonstrated that in material recycled using only an extrusion process, coarse residual voids existed in regions where insufficient plastic strain was introduced, causing a visible expansion of the material during heat treatment. However, uniaxial tensile tests showed that extrusion-recycled material had a higher mechanical strength than the original aluminium alloy, implying sufficient bonding among the individual pieces of machining swarf. It was also found that the strength and density of material recycled through extrusion and an additional rolling process were superior to material recycled using extrusion only. Moreover, it was observed that the ductility of the recycled materials was inferior to that of the original aluminium alloy.     

Effect of Temperature on Grain Size in AA6063 Aluminum Alloy Subjected to Repetitive Corrugation and Straightening

The influence of processing temperature on grain size reduction in AA 6063 aluminum alloy subjected to repetitive corrugation and straightening(RCS)is investigated in this work.The aluminum alloy was processed by RCS at different temperatures(room temperature,100 ℃,200 ℃ and 300 ℃)till the maximum number of passes possible before failure and the mechanical properties such as tensile strength and hardness were measured.The grain size and their misorientation of grains of the processed samples were analyzed using the electron backscattered diffraction.The results indicated that the transformation of low-angle grain boundaries to high-angle grain boundaries and dislocation tangles were highly dependent on the strain imparted,which could be controlled by selecting the proper processing temperature.As a result,the mechanical properties are affected.In particular,the room temperature tensile strength and hardness values of the processed material decrease with increasing processing temperature.     

超细晶工业纯钛的变形、应变速率敏感性和激活体积

在温度为250~450 ℃、应变速率为1×10-4-1 s-1的条件下,对超细晶工业纯钛进行变速率压缩实验,计算超细晶工业纯钛的应变速率敏感性因子和激活体积,并研究超细晶工业纯钛的变形行为。研究结果表明：超细晶工业纯钛在稳态变形阶段存在流变软化效应,这是受变形过程中大角度晶界和位错活动所控制的。超细晶工业纯钛的应变速率敏感性因子和激活体积在数值上都相对较低,应变速率敏感性随着变形温度的升高而增加,但激活体积独立于变形温度。应变速率敏感性和激活体积的数值表明晶粒内部位错之间的交互作用几乎不发生,而位错与晶界之间的交互作用显著影响超细晶工业纯钛的塑性变形。     

冷轧法提高Mg-3Gd-1Zn合金的强度(英文)

利用大应变冷轧提高Mg3Gd1Zn(质量分数)合金的强度。通过单道次23%压下量的冷轧处理,可在Mg3GdZn合金热轧板材的组织中引入大量位错,使其形成基面织构,进而使其屈服强度提高150%。与Mg3GdZn合金热轧板材相比,将冷轧板材在350°C下退火30min,可以提高其强度,同时具有较高的塑性。由于剪切带的软化作用,多道次冷轧的Mg3Gd1Zn合金板材没有获得预期的强度;但是,利用多道次冷轧来制备厚度小于1mm的薄板或箔材,可以尽可能减少道次间的回炉退火,从而提高生产效率,降低能耗。     

热轧变形对AZ40Mg合金晶粒细化与力学性能的影响(英文)

以热挤压材为坯料,经多道次热轧制备AZ40Mg合金板材。研究热轧变形对合金组织、力学性能与断裂行为的影响。结果表明:随着热轧道次的增加,通过动态再结晶,材料的组织均匀性得到逐步改善,晶粒尺寸持续细化。相应地,热轧板材的力学性能与挤压态坯料相比得到显著改善。经过5道次以上热轧制备的AZ40Mg合金板材,其平均晶粒尺寸细化到10μm以下,轧向及横向的室温拉伸屈服强度与伸长率均可分别达到175MPa和20%以上。     

Improving single pass reduction during cold rolling by controlling initial texture of AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet

The AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets obtained by multi-pass hot rolling were applied to cold rolling and the maximum single pass cold rolling reduction prior to failure of AZ31 magnesium alloy was enhanced to 41%. Larger single pass rolling reduction led to weaker texture during the multi-pass hot rolling procedure. The sheet obtained showed weak basal texture, while the value was only 1/3–1/2 that of general as-rolled AZ31 Mg alloy sheets. It was beneficial for the enhancement of further cold rolling formability despite of the coarser grain size. The deformation mechanism for the formation of texture in AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet was also analyzed in detail.