聚变-裂变混合能源堆一维计算模型燃耗分析

聚变-裂变混合能源堆包括聚变中子源和以天然铀为燃料、水为冷却剂的次临界包层,主要目标是生产电力。利用输运燃耗耦合程序系统MCORGS计算了混合能源堆一维模型的燃耗,给出了中子有效增殖因数k_eff、能量放大倍数M、氚增殖比TBR等物理量随时间的变化。通过分析能谱和重要核素随燃耗时间的变化,说明混合能源堆与核燃料增殖、核废料嬗变混合堆的不同特点。本文给出的结果可作为混合堆中子输运、燃耗分析程序校验的参考数据,为混合堆概念研究提供了基础数据。     

聚变-裂变混合堆的氚工艺问题

文章描述了聚变堆和聚变-裂变混合堆的氚工艺问题。根据聚变堆和聚变-裂变混合堆的特点讨论了对包层氚增殖材料的要求,列举了几种可作氚增殖的合理材料特性。给出了几种从包层提取氚和从废聚变燃料中回收氚的方法。最后对混合堆的氚安全及防护问题进行了讨论。     

功率展平的压水堆乏燃料发电包层中子学初步研究

聚变裂变混合堆在增殖核燃料、嬗变长寿命核废料及固有安全性等方面具有较大优势,同时,它比纯聚变堆在工程及技术方面要求低,因此较聚变堆更易实现。本工作基于目前国际聚变实验堆（ITER）所能达到的技术水平,提出一种直接利用乏燃料进行发电的聚变裂变混合堆包层概念,利用在不同位置放置不同乏燃料体积分数的方法对燃料增殖区实现了功率展平。计算结果表明：功率展平后的包层功率不均匀系数更小,且包层中燃料区的能量输出要比不展平情况下的能量输出高约21.7%。燃料富集度到运行末期最大可达5.23%。从中子学角度初步论证了该包层的可行性。     

聚变裂变混合堆钍基增殖锕系元素嬗变包层中子学初步研究

聚变裂变混合堆比纯聚变堆在工程及技术方面要求低,且在产生核燃料、嬗变长寿命核废料以及固有安全性方面具有一定优势,因此,越来越受到人们的重视。增殖包层是混合堆系统的关键部件,已有的包层研究基本上是基于较成熟的铀-钚燃料循环技术。针对我国铀资源相对较少而钍资源较丰富的现状,本文就一种新型的钍基燃料增殖锕系元素嬗变包层进行了初步的中子学研究,利用一维离散纵标法燃耗程序BISONC以及Monte-Carlo粒子输运程序MCNP,对包层的关键核参数,诸如氚增殖比、少量锕系元素的嬗变质量、233U产量以及热功率等,进行了较详细的计算分析。计算结果表明,生成的核燃料233U的富集度可达到3.65%,从而满足压水堆燃料富集度要求。分析结果为下一步的包层优化设计提供了依据。     

聚变裂变混合发电堆水冷包层中子学设计分析

主要针对聚变裂变混合发电堆FDS-EM水冷包层的能量倍增因子M和氚增殖率TBR等中子学参数进行优化计算。FDS-EM包层主要设计目标是在氚自持的基础上获得约1 GW的电功率,并且尽可能长时间连续运行不换料。通过初步设计分析给出一个使用核废料(压水堆卸出的废料钚、锕系加上贫铀)作为裂变燃料,能够实现氚自持、能量倍增因子约为90等设计目标,且连续运行至少10年不换料的中子学方案。     

氦气、水和熔盐冷却的混合堆中子学性能研究

氦气、水、熔盐(Flibe)在强磁场中流动不存在严重的MHD问题,因此适合在基于磁约束的聚变-裂变混合堆中作为冷却剂.针对氦气、水、Flibe这3种冷却剂对混合堆包层中子学性能的影响进行研究,分析包层中能谱特点及燃料增殖特性.通过燃耗计算,研究氚增殖率(TBR)、能量倍增因子(M)、keff等随运行时间的变化.中子学输运采用三维蒙特卡罗程序MCNP.计算结果表明,不同的冷却剂对混合堆系统中子能谱影响很大:氦冷系统的能谱最硬,主要发生快中子裂变,氚增殖效果最好;水冷系统的能谱最软,产能最多,但需提高TBR;Flibe冷系统的能谱较硬,产能最少.     

聚变-裂变混合堆外中子源效应

聚变-裂变混合堆(FFHR)作为聚变驱动次临界系统(FDS),具有良好的物理性能,能够实现产能、氚增殖、嬗变核废料等功能。采用COUPLE程序研究了水冷混合堆包层的铀水比和中子倍增剂对中子源效率的影响。结果表明:包层能谱越硬,外中子源效率越高;适当加入中子倍增剂Be可使外中子源效率增加。研究结果对进一步改进聚变-裂变混合堆的概念设计具有一定的指导意义。     

基于多维响应矩阵的中子能谱逆向调控方法及应用

中子能谱是影响核能系统安全性和经济性的重要参数,先进核能系统种类繁多,能谱差异大,准确的调控出先进核能系统的能谱对其发展有重要意义。本文利用基于响应矩阵的中子能谱逆向调控方法,以14MeV单能的聚变中子源为例,调控出聚变堆氚增殖包层、聚变裂变混合堆次临界包层、铅基快堆堆芯处的中子能谱,调控得到的中子能谱与目标能谱吻合较好,其中聚变堆氚增殖包层处的中子能谱与FNG上Mockup实验能谱比较,归一化能谱均方差降低了66%。对比结果表明本文方法能够实现多种类型先进核能系统中子能谱的精准调控。     

聚变-裂变混合堆设计研究

利用MCNP5和MONK9A程序对聚变驱动裂变混合堆进行了初步研究,在等离子体第1壁外侧依次包覆长方体形状的燃料组件和产氚组件,形成裂变堆芯包层和产氚区.对分别装载贫铀、天然铀、贫铀MOX和天然铀MOX等4种燃料的混合堆进行了研究分析,其中,后两种燃料在整个运行寿期内的功率放大倍数和氚增殖比满足设计要求.通过随燃耗变化的同位素含量分析,初步探讨了混合堆的铀-钚燃耗循环策略.     

聚变堆氚增殖层中子学分析

D-T聚变堆包层的主要功能包括氚增殖、能量转换射层蔽等,包层中子学设计的主要原则是满足聚变堆的氚自持,一般要求包层氚增殖比TBR＞1.1.使用与时间有关的扩散理论和本征函数展开方法,研究不同几何线度、6Li丰度的LI2O、LiPb包层材料14MeV源下的系统通量、氚增殖比影响,及在不同6Li丰度下6Li、7Li造氚随时间变化的规律.计算中使用了30群截面数据,微观数据来自ENDF/B-VI及JEF-2.2.     

Integral neutronics experiments in analytical mockups for blanket of a hybrid reactor

The paper describes recent progress in integral neutronics experiments in the analytical mockups for the blanket in a fusion-fission hybrid energy reactor. A conceptual blanket of the hybrid reactor is mainly loaded with natural uranium and lithium material. In the fission fuel region, uranium material and light water are arranged alternately. The mockups of the conceptual blanket are designed and used for checking neutron property of the blanket by integral experiments. Based on materials available, the spherical fission mockup for fission research and plutonium production consists of three layers of depleted uranium shells and several layers of polyethylene and graphite shells. The spherical lithium mockup for tritium production consists of depleted uranium and LiPb alloy shells. The cubic mockup consists of natural uranium and polyethylene and its structure is basically consistent with one of the fuel region. In the mockups with the D-T neutron source, the plutonium production rates, uranium fission rates and tritium production rates are measured, separately. The measured results are compared to the calculated ones with MCNP-4B code and ENDF/B-VI library data.     

Preliminary design of hybrid energy reactor and integral neutron experiments

We propose a preliminary design for a fusion–fission hybrid energy reactor (FFHER), based on current fusion science and technology (with some extrapolations forward from ITER) and well-developed fission technology. We list design rules and put forward a primary concept blanket, with uranium alloy as fuel and water as coolant. The uranium fuel can be natural uranium, LWR spent fuel, or depleted uranium. The FFHER design can increase the utilization rate of uranium in a comparatively simple way to sustain the development of nuclear energy. We study the interaction between the fusion neutron and the uranium fuel with the aim of to achieving greater energy multiplication and tritium sustainability. We also review other concept hybrid reactor designs. We design integral neutron experiments in order to verify the credibility of our proposed physical design. The combination of this program of research with the related thermal hydraulic design, alloy fuel manufacture, and nuclear fuel cycle programs provides the science and technology foundation for the future development of the FFHER concept in China.     

聚变-裂变混合能源堆球模型参数敏感性分析

在聚变-裂变混合能源堆球模型基础上,使用蒙特卡罗方法中子学程序对中子源、铀水体积比、产氚区等相关参数进行了中子学的敏感性计算。分析了各参数对混合能源堆能量放大倍数M和氚增殖比TBR的影响,并总结其基本规律,为开展进一步的混合能源堆概念设计提供了重要参考。     

Numerical Study on Effects of Fuel Mixture Fraction and Li-6 Enrichment on Neutronic Parameters of a Fusion–Fission Hybrid Reactor

This study presents the effects of mixture fractions of nuclear fuels (mixture of fissile–fertile fuels and mixture of two different fertile fuels) and ⁶Li enrichment on the neutronic parameters (the tritium breeding ratio, TBR, the fission rate, FR, the energy multiplication ratio, M, the fissile breeding rate, FBR, the neutron leakage out of blanket, L, and the peak-to-average fission power density ratio, Γ) of a deuterium–tritium (D–T) fusion neutron-driven hybrid blanket. Three different fertile fuels (²³²Th, ²³⁸U and ²⁴⁴Cm), and one fissile fuel (²³⁵U) were selected as the nuclear fuel. Two different coolants (pressurized helium and natural lithium) were used for the nuclear heat transfer out of the fuel zone (FZ). The Boltzmann transport equation was solved numerically for obtaining the neutronic parameters with the help of the neutron transport code XSDRNPM/SCALE4.4a. In addition, these calculations were performed by also using the MCNP4B code. The sub-limits of the mixture fractions and ⁶Li enrichment were determined for the tritium self-sufficiency. The considered hybrid reactor can be operated in a self-sufficiency mode in the cases with the fuel mixtures mixed with a fraction of equal to or greater than these sub-limits. Furthermore, the numerical results show that the fissile fuel breeding and fission potentials of the blankets with the helium coolant are higher than with the lithium coolant.     

Neutronic analysis of PROMETHEUS reactor fueled with various compounds of thorium and uranium

In this study, neutronic performance of the DT driven blanket in the PROMETHEUS-H (heavy ion) fueled with different fuels, namely, ThO₂, ThC, UO₂, UC, U₃Si₂ and UN is investigated. Helium is used as coolant, and SiC is used as cladding material to prevent fission products from contaminating coolant and direct contact fuel with coolant in the blanket. Calculations of neutronic data per DT fusion neutron are performed by using SCALE 4.3 Code. M (energy multiplication factor) changes from 1.480 to 2.097 depending on the fuel types in the blanket under resonance-effect. M reaches the highest value in the blanket fueled with UN. Therefore, the investigated reactor can produce substantial electricity in situ. UN has the highest value of ²³⁹Pu breeding capability among the uranium fuels whereas UO₂ has the lowest one. ²³⁹Pu production ratio changes from 0.119 to 0.169 according to the uranium fuel types, and ²³³U production values are 0.125 and 0.140 in the blanket fueled with ThO₂ and ThC under resonance-effect, respectively. Heat production per MW (D,T) fusion neutron load varies from 1.30 to 7.89 W/cm³ in the first row of fissile fuel breeding zone depending on the fuel types. Heat production attains the maximum value in the blanket fueled with UN. Values of TBR (tritium breeding ratio) being one of the most important parameters in a fusion reactor are greater than 1.05 for all type of fuels so that tritium self-sufficiency is maintained for DT fusion driver. Values of peak-to-average fission power density ratio, Γ, are in the range of 1.390 and ∼1.476 depending on the fuel types in the blanket. Values of neutron leakage out of the blanket for all fuels are quite low due to SiC reflector. The maximum neutron leakage is only ∼0.025. Consequently, for all cases, the investigated reactor has high neutronic performance and can produce substantial electricity in situ, fissile fuel and tritium required for (D,T) fusion reaction.     

多功能聚变裂变混合实验堆FDS-MFX氦冷包层三维中子学初步设计与分析

FDS-MFX(Multi-Functional eXperimental fusion-fission hybrid reactor)是一个基于现实可行技术的多功能聚变裂变混合实验堆概念,分3个阶段相继开展实验研究,分别采用纯氚增殖包层、铀燃料包层和乏燃料包层.本文重点对其中铀燃料包层后期阶段中高浓缩铀模块的摆放方式...     

次临界能源堆物理性能初步分析

次临界能源堆（SER）是由托卡马克聚变源驱动的聚变裂变混合堆。SER以天然铀为燃料、水为冷却剂,主要目标是生产电能。本工作建立了次临界能源堆环形圆柱模型,利用蒙特卡罗输运和燃耗计算程序,比较了燃料区不同构型对k_eff、M、TBR和燃料增殖比等参数的影响,针对均匀模型进行中子源效率与聚变源强、功率分布与能谱、初步燃耗、寿期末停堆衰变热和卸载燃料放射性等物理性能分析。计算结果表明,该模型能满足能量倍增大于6、氚自持、较长时间不换料等设计目标。研究结果为下一步开展SER安全分析提供了基础。     

NAPTH: Neutronics analysis code system for the fusion–fission hybrid reactor with pressure tube type blanket

The fusion–fission hybrid reactor is considered as a potential path to the early application of fusion energy. A new concept with pressure tube type blanket has recently been proposed for a feasible hybrid reactor. In this paper, a code system for the neutronics analysis of the pressure tube type hybrid reactor is developed based on the two-step calculation scheme: the few-group homogeneous constant calculation and the full blanket calculation. The few-group homogeneous constants are calculated using the lattice code DRAGON4. The blanket transport calculation is performed by the multigroup Monte Carlo code. A link procedure for fitting the cross sections is developed between these two steps. An additional procedure is developed to calculate the burnup, power distribution, energy multiplication factor, tritium breeding ratio and neutron multiplication factor. From some numerical results, it is found that the code system NAPTH is reliable and exhibits good calculation efficiency. It can be used for the conceptual design of the pressure tube type hybrid reactor with precise geometry.