水平管降膜蒸发器传热传质实验研究

水平管降膜蒸发器因传质传热系数高而被广泛应用于淡化水处理中。搭建了水平管降膜蒸发传热实验台,通过对实验结果的归纳,得到了水平管降膜蒸发器的蒸发量随喷淋密度、蒸发温度、热通量的变化规律及热量利用率随蒸发温度的变化规律。结果表明,热通量范围不同时,蒸发量随喷淋密度的变化规律不同;蒸发量随热通量的增大而增大,随蒸发温度的增大而增大;热量利用率随蒸发温度的增大而增大。     

水平管外降膜蒸发传热实验研究

以水为工质,对直径为19 mm的铝黄铜管外降膜蒸发传热过程进行实验研究。实验通过测量管表面和饱和蒸气温度,计算得到平均和局部传热系数。由实验数据分析喷淋密度、蒸发温度、热流密度、管间距等参数对管外平均传热系数的影响,并与直径25.4 mm铝黄铜管降膜蒸发传热系数进行比较,讨论局部传热系数随周向角度的变化。结果表明,在实验范围内,管外平均传热系数随温度的升高而增大,随喷淋密度的增大先增大,后略微下降。小管径管的降膜蒸发传热系数大于大管径管的传热系数。     

水平管降膜蒸发传热系数影响因素的实验研究

搭建水平管降膜蒸发实验台,分别进行实验流体为海水和纯水的实验,将其结果在不同热流密度、雷诺数(Re)、蒸发温度等条件下进行比较。研究结果表明,在小温差和较低雷诺数下,热流密度对水平管降膜蒸发传热系数基本无影响;两种流体的传热系数均随雷诺数的增大而出现先增后减的趋势;随蒸发温度的升高,海水的传热系数逐渐降低,淡水则逐渐升高;两种流体具有不同的水平管降膜蒸发临界雷诺数。     

海水淡化用波纹管降膜蒸发强化传热实验研究

通过利用水平管降膜蒸发换热试验台分别对Φ19×0.75 mm的波纹管和光滑管进行实验研究。实验在变喷淋密度(0.007~0.130 kg/m·s)、变热通量(52~143 k W/m~2)、变传热温差(1.5~10.0℃)、变蒸发压力(0.020~0.065MPa)条件下进行。通过实验数据得到波纹管和光滑管传热系数与各影响因素(喷淋密度、热通量、传热温差、蒸发温度)之间的变化规律。实验结果表明:在一定范围内,降膜蒸发器的传热系数K随喷淋密度γ、热通量Q的增大、蒸发温度T的升高而增大,随传热温差Δt的增大而降低。当喷淋密度大于0.178 kg/(m·s)时,总传热系数趋于稳定,当热通量大于130 k W/m~2时,总传热系数的增速明显变缓。此外,不凝气含量对传热系数K的影响显著,在同等实验条件下波纹管的传热系数比光滑管提高近30%。     

海水淡化中水平管降膜蒸发器传热传质的研究现状

水平管降膜蒸发器广泛应用于制冷、食品和海水淡化领域,其传热传质过程直接影响到整个蒸发器的性能,因而受到各国研究者的重视。介绍了水平管降膜蒸发器的传热传质过程及影响因素,通过对传热温差、蒸发温度、热通量、喷淋密度、管束布置方式等对液膜厚度、液膜流动状态、热阻、液体黏度、表面张力等的影响分析进而得出其对传热传质过程的影响。     

海水淡化中降膜蒸发过程的实验研究

由于横管降膜蒸发具有传热系数高、热耗低、可利用低品位能源等优点,横管降膜蒸发技术成为低温多效海水淡化技术中应用最广泛的方法.搭建了单管横管降膜试验台,观测了横管降膜蒸发的流动过程,研究了横管降膜蒸发过程中的流动特性和传热特性,归纳了管间距、喷淋密度对横管降膜蒸发过程中流动特性和传热特性的影响.实验结果表明:喷淋密度的增...     

海水淡化系统水平管降膜蒸发器传热系数研究

针对海水淡化系统水平管降膜蒸发器,总结和分析管内冷凝侧与管外蒸发侧的换热系数关联式,比较管内径、入口蒸汽流速、蒸汽冷凝温度、出口蒸汽干度对管内蒸汽冷凝侧换热系数的影响;研究传热温差以及喷淋密度对管外蒸发侧换热系数的影响。结合不同的污垢系数,进行了总传热系数的影响因素分析,为海水淡化系统的工程设计提供依据。     

水平管外降膜蒸发微观传热特性

为了深入探究水平管降膜蒸发的微观传热特性,采用基于VOF法的计算流体模型对水平管外降膜蒸发进行数值模拟,通过求解控制方程得到液膜内的温度场和速度场。分析了不同入口边界温度和Re数下管外薄液膜内热边界层、无量纲温度和局部传热系数的微观传热特性变化规律,定量给出了热发展区与充分热发展区的边界位置。模拟结果表明:液膜入口温度越高,液膜热发展区覆盖的圆周角度越小;液膜内的热发展区覆盖的角度随Re数的增大而增加是平均传热系数随Re数增大的原因;管外圆周方向无量纲温度分布证明了液膜中的传热包含导热和对流传热;管外液膜内纯导热系数与局部传热系数的差值随倾斜角的增加而减少是由于对流效应沿管圆周方向减弱引起的。     

水平强化管管外R407C降膜蒸发换热特性实验研究

搭建降膜蒸发实验台,对水平布置的强化管单管外的降膜蒸发换热特性进行了实验研究。实验强化管外径为19 mm,有效长度为2 500 mm。实验采用一种新型布液器,布液采用滴淋方式,以R407C为管外降膜蒸发工质,与管内热水进行热交换,分别在变蒸发管管内流速(1、1.5、2、2.5、3m/s)、变喷淋量(0.08~0.16 kg/(m·s))、变蒸发温度(2.5~16℃)和变热流密度(15~40 k W/m~2)的情况下进行实验,得到了R407C在管外降膜蒸发时的特性:随着热流密度的增加,传热系数不断增大;随着喷淋量的增加,传热系数先增大后减小,降膜蒸发存在一个最佳喷淋量;随着蒸发温度的升高,传热系数不断增大。同时分析了强化传热的原理。     

水平管降膜蒸发器管外液膜的数值模拟

对水平管降膜蒸发器管外液体的成膜情况进行了数值模拟,分析了喷淋密度、管径大小、周向角度等参数对管外液膜厚度及分布的影响,并与相关实验数据进行了比较.结果表明:在喷淋密度一定时,管外液膜厚度在管顶和管底区域较大,在周向120°附近最小;管壁表面的液膜厚度随着喷淋密度的减小而减小,当喷淋密度减小到一定程度时,管壁表面出现了局部"干斑"现象;在喷淋密度一定时,管壁液膜厚度随管径的增大而减小.     

Heat Transfer and Crisis Phenomena at the Film Flows of Freon Mixture over Vertical Structured Surfaces

Results on experimental investigation of heat transfer in the liquid films dichlorofluoromethane R21 and dichlorotetrafluoroethane R114 Freon mixture over the vertical tubes are presented. We have studied the film flow over the outer surface of tubes with 50-mm diameter and different configurations: smooth surface, horizontal ribs, and diamond-shape knurling. Heat transfer coefficients were measured under the conditions of evaporation and nucleate boiling together with wave characteristics of the falling film, binary mixture composition, and critical heat fluxes corresponding to dry spots formation. The film Reynolds number at the inlet to the test section was varied from 15 to 250. At evaporation regime the heat transfer coefficient for a smooth surface decreases classically with an increase of Reynolds number. Dependence of heat transfer coefficient on irrigation density for the surface with diamond-shape knurling is similar to dependence for the smooth surface with insignificant heat transfer intensification. The heat transfer coefficients at nucleate boiling for the studied structured surfaces are close to those obtained for the smooth tube. Development of critical phenomena is determined by regularities of dry spots formation typical for evaporation of the wavy liquid film.     

Evaporative heat transfer characteristics of a water spray on micro-structured silicon surfaces

Experiments were performed to evaluate the evaporative heat transfer characteristics of spray cooling of water on plain and micro-structured silicon surfaces at very low spray mass fluxes. The textured surface is made of an array of square micro-studs. It was found that the Bond number of the microstructures is the primary factor responsible for the heat transfer enhancement of evaporative spray cooling on micro-structured silicon surface in the present study. A qualitative study of evaporation of a single water droplet on plain and textured silicon surface shows that the capillary force within the microstructures is effective in spreading the deposited liquid film, thus increasing the evaporation rates. Four distinct heat transfer regimes, which are the flooded, thin film, partial dryout, and dryout regimes, were identified for evaporative spray cooling on micro-structured silicon surfaces. The microstructures provided better cooling performance in the thin film and partial dryout regime and higher liquid film breakup heat flux, because more water was retained on the heat transfer surface due to the capillary force. Heat transfer coefficient and temperature stability deteriorated greatly once the liquid film breakup occurred. The liquid film breakup heat flux increases with the Bond number. Effects of surface material, system orientation and spray mass flux were also addressed in this study.     

Evaporation heat transfer of liquid nitrogen on microstructured surface at high superheat level

Liquid nitrogen, as a coolant, is generally applied in cell vitrification cryopreservation. It takes heat from the carrier with cell samples through its violent evaporation on the carrier surface. As a result, the temperature of the carrier plunges dramatically. This article focuses on the unsteady evaporation heat transfer characteristics of liquid nitrogen on a microstructured surface etched into the frozen carrier surface at a high superheat level. The heat flux and evaporation heat transfer coefficient of liquid nitrogen were investigated using a lumped capacitance method. The experimental results showed that the cooling rate of the thin film evaporation on the microstructured surface is obviously higher than that of pool boiling, which is currently being used for cell cryopreservation. The heat flux and the evaporation heat transfer coefficient work together to present a parabolic trend with the superheat decreasing during this heat transfer process. Besides, the microstructure of the surface has an important effect on the evaporation heat transfer of liquid nitrogen. The larger the thin film evaporation zone is, the higher the heat transfer coefficient is. The current investigation results in a cell cryopreservation method through vitrification with relatively low concentrations of cryoprotectants.     

低温地热双循环式发电系统横管喷淋降膜蒸发器传热性能实验研究

以R245fa为工质,搭建有机朗肯循环（ORC）发电系统横管喷淋降膜蒸发器传热测试平台,研究有机工质喷淋密度,地热水初温及流率等因素对管外换热系数的影响。实验结果表明：随着有机工质喷淋密度、地热水初温、地热水流率的增大,传热系数均先增大后减小。最后,根据实验结果,对现有横管喷淋降膜蒸发器的管外传热系数经验公式的参数进行修正。     

Experimental Study on the Heat Transfer Characteristics of an Evaporating Falling Film on a Horizontal Plain Tube

In this paper, an experimental investigation on the heat transfer of saturated water falling film on a single horizontal plain tube is presented. The water film falling on the outside of the tube has been heated by the condensing steam flowing in the tube, and the heat transfer coefficient between the water film and the steam has been measured. Experiments were performed at saturation temperatures of liquid film and steam as 58°C and 61°C, and 61°C and 65°C, a tube pitch of 57.16 mm, heat fluxes from 10 to 50 kW m^-2, and film flow rate per unit of length of the tube up to 0.12 kg m^?1 s^?1. Brass plain tubes with external diameters of 25.4 mm and lengths of 950 mm were used in the experiments. The experimental results show that the heat transfer coefficient increases with the increasing film flow rate and heat flux, and the quality of vapor has an obvious influence on the heat transfer performance of falling film evaporation. The coupling of condensation and evaporation heat transfer inside and outside the tube is investigated qualitatively in this paper.     

Two-Phase Flow and Boiling Heat Transfer in Small-Diameter Tubes

For the development of a high-performance heat exchanger using small channels or minichannels for air-conditioning systems, it is necessary to clarify the characteristics of vapor‐liquid two-phase flow and heat transfer of refrigerants in small-diameter tubes. In this keynote paper, the related research works that have already been performed by the author and coworkers are introduced. Based on the observations and experiments of R410A flowing in small-diameter circular and noncircular tubes with hydraulic diameter of about 1 mm, the characteristics of vapor‐liquid two-phase flow pattern and boiling heat transfer were clarified. In low quality or mass flux and low heat flux condition, in which the flow was mainly slug, the “liquid film conduction evaporation” heat transfer peculiar to small-diameter tubes prevailed and exhibited considerably good heat transfer compared to nucleate boiling and forced convection evaporation heat transfer. The effects of the tube cross-sectional shape and flow direction on the heat transfer primarily appeared in the region of the “liquid film conduction evaporation” heat transfer. A new heat transfer correlation considering all of three contributions has been developed for small circular tubes.     

Falling film evaporation heat transfer of water/salt mixtures from roll-worked enhanced tubes and tube bundle

An experimental study is carried out for enhancement of falling film evaporation heat transfer of pure water and water/salt mixtures on horizontal smooth tube and two kinds of structured tube bundles under atmospheric pressure. The experimental results show that the low-cost roll-worked tube can greatly enhance the evaporation heat transfer performance of the falling film, and make it comparable to that of expensive commercial enhanced tubes such as GEWA-T tubes, TE tubes and HF tubes, even at low and moderate heat flux levels. The average evaporation heat transfer coefficients for the roll-worked tube bundle are basically independent from the parameters tested such as flow and heating conditions, salt-concentrations, as well as geometries of the tube bundles. The present experimental data result in a constant heat transfer coefficient; α≈20 kW/m² K, in the convective heat transfer range of the heat fluxes <10⁵ W/m².     

Experimental study on condensation and evaporation flow inside horizontal three dimensional enhanced tubes

Experimental investigations of tube side condensation and evaporation in two 3-D enhanced heat transfer (2EHT) tubes were compared to the performance of a smooth surface copper tube. The equivalent outer diameter of all the tubes was 12.7 mm with an inner diameter of 11.5 mm. Both the inner and outer surfaces of the 2EHT tubes are enhanced by longitudinal grooves with a background pattern made up by an array of dimples/embossments. Experimental runs were performed using R410A as the working fluid, over the quality range of 0.2–0.9. For evaporation, the heat transfer coefficient ratio (compares the heat transfer coefficient of the enhanced tube to that of a smooth tube) of the 2EHT tubes is 1.11–1.43 (with an enhanced surface area ratio of 1.03) for mass flux rate that ranges from 80 to 200 kg/m² s. For condensation, the heat transfer coefficient ratio range is 1.1–1.16 (with an enhanced surface area ratio of 1.03) for mass flux that ranges from 80 to 260 kg/m² s. Frictional pressure drop values for the 2EHT tubes are very similar to each other. Heat transfer enhancement in the 2EHT tubes is mainly due to the dimples and grooves in the inner surface that create an increased surface area and interfacial turbulence; producing higher heat flux from wall to working fluid, flow separation, and secondary flows. A comparison was performed to evaluate the enhancement effect of the 2EHT tubes using a defined performance factor and this indicates that the 2EHT tubes provides a better heat transfer coefficient under evaporation conditions.     

Effects of hydrophilic surface treatment on evaporation heat transfer at the outside wall of horizontal tubes

An experimental study has been conducted to investigate the effects of hydrophilic surface treatment on evaporation heat transfer at the outside wall of various kinds of copper tubes. Plain, spiral, corrugated, and low-finned tubes were selected as test tubes. In this work, to increase the wettability of distilled water on copper tubes, a novel hydrophilic surface treatment method using plasma was employed. The experiments show that every kind of hydrophilic surface treated tube tested in the work exhibits superior evaporation heat transfer performance as compared with that of the same kind of untreated tube. It is found out that during the evaporation process, the high wettability of the surface obtained through hydrophilic treatment induces film flow on the tubes while sessile drops are formed on untreated tubes. The film has a smaller thickness as well as a greater heat transfer area than the sessile drops, and this yields higher heat transfer rate for hydrophilic surface treated tubes than that for untreated tubes.