钢铁生产流程环境负荷评价体系的研究方法

针对钢铁生产过程中的环境问题，建立了关于钢铁生产流程环境负荷的基本概念、评价指标和指标体系，引入LCA方法和产品生命周期的概念，提出了钢铁产品半生命周期评价方法，应用这种方法分析了我国钢铁工业中一种典型生产流程的环境负荷问题。     

钢铁材料的环境协调性评价

开发和生产环境意识产品时 ,材料的环境协调性评价简称 LCA(Life cycle assessment)是非常重要的。LCA是一种评价产品在整个寿命周期中造成的环境影响的方法。对于钢铁材料 ,整个寿命周期包括三个阶段 :(1 )钢铁制造 (由矿石到钢材 ) ;(2 )用钢材加工和组装成产品 ;(3 )使用该产品直至失效废弃。第一阶段即钢铁冶炼和轧制过程 ,消耗资源和能源数量巨大。经过长时期的努力 ,日本钢铁工业已成为能源效率最高的生产过程之一。此外采用多种环保措施以解决大气污染、水污染、粉尘、噪声等以减少环境负荷 ,进一步改善环境。第二和第三阶段 ,使…     

常用钢的环境影响定量评价研究

为了定量评价常用钢铁材料对环境的影响特征或程度，计论了钢铁材料的环境负荷概念。对此，明确定义了等效环境指数（I）、环境因子（EF）、环境负荷（ELV）3个术语。由此而来，可以给出具体钢铁材料的环境影响的定量评价值。这有利于人位正确地使用材料和评价材料。最后计算了某些典型常见钢的环境负荷值。     

钢铁材料环境腐蚀野外台站试验技术与监测评估

介绍了国内外钢铁材料环境腐蚀试验技术发展的现状,总结了新型耐蚀钢铁材料研发中所需的各类试验方法,分析了室外暴露试验、室内模拟加速试验、在线腐蚀监检测与大数据评估技术的研究重点和发展趋势。鉴于钢铁材料自然环境腐蚀试验对保障其服役过程中的安全性和可靠性至关重要,构建规范化、标准化的环境腐蚀试验技术体系是提升我国钢铁材料品质的重要工作。     

LCA在钢铁生产中的应用研究

近年来,LCA已发展成为一种国际公认的生态与环境管理工具。介绍了LCA的理论及其在钢铁工业中的应用状况,并用LCA方法分析了钢铁生产工艺的温室气体排放状况,提出了建立可持续钢铁生产工艺应采取的措施。     

LCA在钢铁生产中的应用研究

近年来,LCA已发展成为一种国际公认的生态与环境管理工具。介绍了LCA的理论及其在钢铁工业中的应用状况,并用LCA方法分析了钢铁生产工艺的温室气体排放状况,提出了建立可持续钢铁生产工艺应采取的措施。     

多源有色冶炼固废中稀散金属可控富集过程的生命周期评价——以富集碲为例

为研究从多种有色金属冶炼过程产生的浸出渣、黑铜泥和铜砷饼等有色冶炼固废中稀散金属Te可控富集过程资源消耗及环境影响情况,运用生命周期评价（LCA）技术评估了该过程对环境的负荷。在eFootprint上建立相应的LCA模型,并对研究范围、清单数据、环境影响结果等进行分析。结果表明,该工艺生产过程对初级能源消耗、水资源消耗、全球变暖潜值、酸化及生态毒性的影响较大。从1.00 t多源有色冶炼固废中富集1.46 kg碲粉,要消耗8 089.53 MJ的初级能源和11 645.43 kg水资源,还排放803.45 kg造成温室效应的气体,产生5.10 kg酸性物质,并且生态毒性指标值为2.98。结合工艺特点,通过对LCA结果和清单数据敏感度分析,为整个生产过程提供了绿色改进方案。      

基于机器学习的钢铁轧制过程性能预测

 为了实现快速的热轧工艺优化设计,基于工业数据的钢铁材料性能预测引起了研究者的极大关注,对利用机器学习进行钢铁材料轧制过程性能预测的研究进展进行了梳理。首先介绍了钢铁材料轧制过程性能预测常用的主流机器学习算法,其中包括人工神经网络、模糊神经网络、支持向量机、随机森林、智能优化算法等。其次,分别对钢铁材料轧制过程性能预测建模方法研究进展和模型应用情况进行了综述。最后,对钢铁轧制过程性能预测研究进行了展望,指出了数据质量的改善、小样本数据建模、建模数据加密、模型可解释性研究、钢铁材料组织预测和利用模型进行有效的工艺优化设计等可能发展方向。     

典型钢铁生产流程的环境负荷分析

借鉴和应用产品生命周期评价方法分析钢铁生产流程的环境负荷,建立了关于钢铁生产流程环境负荷的基本概念、评价指标和指标体系,通过对两类典型钢铁生产流程环境负荷的对比分析,研究不同生产流程对环境负荷产生的影响,指出降低环境负荷的方向和途径,为钢铁企业优化生产流程、降低环境负荷提供指导和参考。     

典型钢铁生产流程的环境负荷分析

借鉴和应用产品生命周期评价方法分析钢铁生产流程的环境负荷，建立了关于钢铁生产流程环境负荷的基本概念、评价指标和指标体系，通过对两类典型钢铁生产流程环境负荷的对比分析，研究不同生产流程对环境负荷产生的影响，指出降低环境负荷的方向和途径，为钢铁企业优化生产流程、降低环境负荷提供指导和参考。     

A review of high-temperature experimental techniques used to investigate the cohesive zone of the ironmaking blast furnace

ABSTRACT

The softening and melting (S&M) under load test is widely used as a laboratory-scale routine test to investigate the behaviour of ferrous burden materials in the cohesive zone (CZ). However, it has been more than 30 years since the last comprehensive review and over that time, operational conditions in large, high-production blast furnaces (BFs) have changed substantially. This review provides a summary and critique of current laboratory methods and practices used to evaluate the behaviour of ferrous materials in the CZ, focussing on the various configurations and operating conditions employed for the S&M under load test. Moreover, the review proposes and argues for a more integrated approach to S&M analysis for research, one which promotes a more comprehensive understanding of ferrous burden behaviour in the CZ region and which, in turn, enables the development of more robust, routine tests for the purpose of material comparisons and prediction of BF performance.     

电镀锌产品的生命周期清单研究

宝钢电镀锌的生命周期清单的研究范围包括铁矿石和煤矿等原材料的开采、铁矿石和煤的运输、宝钢产品生产、副产品回用等阶段,即包含了从原材料开采到产品出厂的生命周期过程。清单分析的环境负荷有资源消耗、能源消耗、大气污染物排放、水体污染物排放和固体废弃物等50多种类型的环境负荷。在国际标准化组织的生命周期清单分析国际标准ISO14041的指导下,本研究建立了宝钢电镀锌产品生命周期清单模型和开发了计算软件,完成了焦化、烧结、高炉、转炉、热轧、冷轧和电镀锌等主生产工序的产品,以及电厂、制水、制氧、蒸汽锅炉等能源系统的产品生命周期清单。本研究为宝钢电镀锌产品的环境交流提供了生命周期清单数据;为宝钢其它产品的生命周期清单研究积累了经验;为宝钢倡导循环经济,生产资源节约型、环境友好型的产品提供了决策依据;也为宝钢产品的全生命周期评价打下了基础。     

Mixed burden softening and melting phenomena in blast furnace operation Part 1 – X-ray observation of ferrous burden

Abstract

The cohesive zone in the blast furnace (BF) is largely affected by the high temperature properties of the ferrous burden. Lowering and minimising the width of this zone will increase the productivity and performance of the BF. Recently part of the BF ferrous burden has been replaced by direct reduced iron (DRI) and hot briquetted iron (HBI). The objective of the present work is to expand the current understanding of softening and melting (SM) mechanism of ferrous raw materials including DRI, HBI, pellets, lump ore and mixed burdens. A small scale 'deformation under load' experiment was designed to examine the interaction of ferrous burdens. The SM tests were conducted with ferrous burdens in different combinations and parameters such as bed contraction, pressure loss, reduction degree, etc. were measured. In addition, the process was visualised using X-ray fluoroscopy. There were microstructural differences between the ferrous materials which governed the initial compaction of bed. The softening of the single burdens of DRI and HBI occurs owing to softening of iron phase. In mixed burdens composed of DRI and pellets/lump ore, initial deformation is not affected by the presence of DRI; however the melting of the bed is dependent on the melting of DRI indicating its dominance over other burden components at later stages of deformation. The change in reduction degree between SM temperatures was found to be small.     

Research on life cycle assessment of film-laminated steel packaging

The environmental issues associated with packaging materials have been attracting increasing attention.Life cycle assessment( LCA) is currently the main method used worldwide for evaluating green packaging materials. In this study,the LCA method was used to evaluate the environmental impact of Baosteel's newly developed process for manufacturing film-laminated steel packaging materials,from raw material mining,production,and processing to their storage,consumption,recycling,and final disposal. The environmental performance and main influencing factors were analyzed and compared. In addition,the life cycle environmental characteristics of film-laminated steel cans,tin-plated steel cans,and aluminum cans were compared. Of the main environmental indicators of the life cycle of the film-laminated steel can,the environmental load of the substrate accounts for the largest proportion,follow ed by electricity. The environmental impact of the production of film materials cannot be ignored. The overall environmental performance of film-laminated steel cans is better than that of aluminum cans.     

Introducing a multi-criteria indicator to better evaluate impacts of rare earth materials production and consumption in life cycle assessment

Life cycle assessment （LCA） is based on the basic principles of sustainable development. LCA method demonstrated its efficiency in providing a systematic environmental assessment approach of a product or a process. The effectiveness and efficiency of these methods lies in the fact that they take into account all life cycle stages of a product, from the extraction of raw materials to end of life treatment （recycling, ...） through an assessment covering different impact categories such as climate change, human health, ecosystems and resources. Existing LCA indicators reflect different issues surrounding resource depletion, creating inconsistency and moreover confusion among LCA practitioners. The evaluation of different life cycle impacts assessment （LCIA） methods done by EC JRC showed that available models did not address the same parameters： short- vs long-term, stock vs backup technology, etc. It also showed that if the correlation between the methods was sufficient for some resources, others such as rare earth elements showed a high level of inconsistency between methods. It was therefore necessary to develop a relevant indicator and harmonized assessment of impacts on resources in LCA. Furthermore, a resource strategy indicator based on the three pillars of sustainable development （eco- nomic, environmental and social） would better address wider challenges and making it a more powerful decision making tool. This study aimed to introduce an indicator for evaluating the strategy implications of metal resources for products and to compare different ways of production resulting from extraction of raw materials or recycling, with a special focus on rare earth materials. The indicator would assess the impacts based on a reserve-resource vision [BGS NERC] and the evolution over time and founded over three pa- rameters： technical feasibility, economic viability and political stability （including social and environmental aspects） in representing countries.     

Mixed burden softening and melting phenomena in blast furnace operation Part 3 – Mechanism of burden interaction and melt exudation phenomenon

Abstract

This research was focused on expanding the current understanding of the mechanism of softening and melting of ferrous materials including liquid exudation and high temperature material interaction. The bulk softening and melting experiments were interrupted at temperatures of interest and samples were examined for morphological changes. The results of these experiments were complimented with viscosity, surface energy and deformation rate calculations which were helpful in understanding the melt exudation phenomenon. The microstructure of the materials showed a transition from heterogeneous to homogenous state with increasing temperatures. The melt dripping was predominantly observed in olivine fluxed pellets. The exuded slag was primarily composed of an alkali rich phase which was found least viscous of the slags present in this system. The viscosity of the liquid and the structure of metallic shell jointly control the flow of liquid from the ferrous materials. Addition of magnesia in lieu of lime was found to provide beneficial impact, in particular on the rate of liquid evolution at high temperature. Based on the metallographic examination of the samples a mechanism of burden interaction is proposed.     

Review of Life-Cycle Assessment Applications in Building Construction

Life-cycle assessment (LCA) has been used to assess product development processes “from cradle to grave” for many years. With the current push toward sustainable construction, LCA has gained importance as an objective method to evaluate the environmental impact of construction practices. A substantial amount of construction-related LCA work has been published recently; however, most of this work has been fragmented and a systematic compilation of this literature has not been undertaken. This article presents a structured review of building construction-related LCA literature, classified under four categories: LCA applications for construction products selection; LCA applications for construction systems/process evaluation; LCA tools and databases related to the construction industry; and LCA methodological developments related to the construction industry. Current challenges for using LCA in construction are discussed and potential areas for future research are highlighted. This review and similar efforts may provide the construction industry and associated researchers the necessary background to make better-informed construction decisions and assist the development of an agenda for further research.     

基于生命周期评价法的铜尾矿资源化利用的环境效益分析

以铜尾矿为研究对象, 运用生命周期评价(LCA)法对铜尾矿堆存以及3种铜尾矿资源化利用方法的环境影响进行比较。结果表明, 处理1 t的铜尾矿, 方案1 : 堆存, 对环境的主要影响为生态毒性(ET: 7.05×10-1)和人体毒性(HT: 1.467×10-7); 方案2: 铜尾矿代替水泥熟料中的黏土, 主要环境影响类型初级能源消耗(PED)降幅高达10.25%; 方案3 : 铜尾矿代替蒸压加气混凝土生产中的砂, 全球变暖潜值(GWP)的降低幅度最高, 降低了19.51%; 方案4: 铜尾矿代替泡沫微晶材料生产中的硅质材料, 水资源消耗(WU)的降低幅度最高, 降低了70.35%。3种资源化利用方案都有不同程度的环境效益。      

Hybrid Life-Cycle Inventory for Road Construction and Use

Life-cycle assessment (LCA) is a technique that is used worldwide by clients and their design team to assess the impact of their projects on the environment. The main advantage of LCA is in supporting decision making with quantitative data. LCA inventories can be either fully developed or streamlined. Fully developed LCAs are time-consuming and costly to prepare. Streamlined LCAs can be used as an effective decision-making tool when considering environmental performance during the design process, but with a loss of inventory completeness. Acknowledging the advantages and disadvantages of both types of LCA, this paper proposes a hybrid LCA method that uses input-output data to fill in those gaps routinely left in conventional LCA inventories. The developed hybrid LCA method is demonstrated using a life-cycle energy study of eight different road designs, including vehicle manufacture, maintenance, replacement, and operation. It was found that the road construction process was initially the most important, but in the long run the manufacture, use, and maintenance of vehicles using the road (which are an inevitable consequence of road construction) became paramount.