电动汽车湿式双离合变速器换挡动力学仿真

双离合变速器是现代电动汽车的关键部件之一.文中介绍了湿式双离合变速器换挡的基本原理和控制方式,并对湿式双离合器变速器换挡动态过程进行了研究.为研究湿式离合器接合过程的动力学特性,分别采用库伦摩擦模型与采用平均流量模型及微凸体接触理论对双离合变速器建模,讨论两种模型仿真结果的差异.研究表明,湿式离合器的转矩响应具有显著的滞后性,而库伦摩擦模型无法体现该滞后性.基于湿式离合器的动力学模型研究双离合变速器的换挡控制策略的力矩中断,并与库伦摩擦模型的仿真结果做出对比,结果显示,引入平均流量模型和微凸体接触模型的湿式双离合变速器模型更能准确反映换挡过程中传递转矩动态特性.     

基于遗传算法的直流伺服系统参数辨识及摩擦补偿控制

针对静态摩擦力对数控机床直流伺服系统的干扰问题,提出了一种先利用遗传算法对静态摩擦模型中的参数进行辨识,然后采用基于摩擦模型补偿的伺服控制方法。该方法首先根据直流伺服系统的摩擦特性建立摩擦模型,再将摩擦补偿引入到直流伺服系统的反馈控制结构中,获取伺服电机的位置误差。采用遗传算法对摩擦补偿模型进行参数辨识,使摩擦补偿量在数值上不断逼近实际的摩擦干扰,并利用摩擦补偿量来抵消摩擦给伺服系统带来的影响。为了验证参数辨识的效果,将普通PD控制与基于摩擦补偿的PD控制进行了仿真比较,实验结果表明,后者能够消除由于静摩擦的存在而造成的位置跟踪中出现的平顶现象,能够达到理想的跟踪效果。因此,本文所提出的方法具有较强的摩擦干扰补偿能力,能够实现对直流伺服系统的精确控制。     

控压钻井系统井下状态估计及参数校正方法

为克服控压钻井系统建模时的参数不确定性问题,基于经典的控压钻井水力学模型,使用坐标变换方法建立了一种可适应井下不确定摩擦积分和泥浆密度的自适应观测器,并在钻井过程中估计井底压力和井底流量。同时,针对模型中存在建模误差以及传输过程存在不确定时滞的特点,从最小二乘算法出发,通过构造广义参数,提出了一种基于多输入单输出系统的不确定时滞和参数同时辨识的算法,利用滞后的井底压力测量数据对建模参数进行辨识校正,从而提高自适应观测器的估计精度。仿真结果表明,在钻井系统存在建模误差的情况下,将辨识算法与自适应观测器相结合,可以有效校正模型参数并准确估计井底压力和流量。     

基于6参数模型的6R串联机器人运动学参数辨识

为了避免运动学参数误差辨识中存在参数不连续、计算收敛速度慢的现象,基于一种6参数模型,在DH(Denavit-Hartenberg)法建立的杆件坐标系上建立了6R串联机器人的误差模型,并给出了参数转化公式.设计了计算机仿真实验,在存在驱动器、测量仪器随机噪声误差的条件下对比了使用MDH(改进DH)参数误差模型和6参数模型的仿真辨识效果.6参数模型和MDH模型辨识后定位平均误差分别降低了96.1%和52.9%.结果显示6参数模型具有良好的完备性、连续性.6参数模型的误差参数范围可以从制造公差中得出,辨识速度高于MDH模型,通过公差控制参数范围,消除了没有达到极小性要求对误差辨识的影响.应用此方法对一台SR165型机器人进行参数辨识,定位平均误差由2.5 mm降低至0.35 mm.     

具有谐波减速器的机器人关节建模与动力学参数辨识

针对串联机器人,提出了一种改进的机器人关节模型,并采用该模型开展了机器人动力学建模与辨识工作。建立了机器人动力学模型,对机器人关节结构进行分析,改进了关节模型,并通过谐波减速器的输入力矩近似估计其摩擦力矩。选取傅里叶级数为激励轨迹并优化其参数,通过控制关节按照所得轨迹运动,采集并处理相关数据,并基于加权最小二乘法分别辨识机器人关节模型参数与连杆动力学参数。通过关节预测力矩对所得参数进行验证,结果表明,基于改进关节模型的机器人动力学模型精度得到明显提升。     

一类模型未知系统的辨识和混沌化控制

对于一类模型未知的非混沌系统采用模糊神经网络辨识其动力学特性, 将得到的模糊神经网络辨识模型应用于逆系统方法中, 实现了一类模型未知非混沌系统的混沌化控制. 该方法不依赖于被控对象的数学模型, 就可以进行有效控制. 研究了模糊神经网络辨识误差对控制精度的影响, 证明了适当设计参数可以使由辨识误差引起的控制误差小于辨识误差. 针对连续和离散两类系统的仿真研究证明了该方法的有效性.     

基于预测误差法小型无人直升机系统辨识

小型无人直升机是一个复杂的非线性系统.为了真正实现小型无人直升机的自主飞行,须对其进行数学建模.本文重点分析了Raptor90小型无人直升机悬停时横、纵向通道的输入输出关系,通过严格推导得到横、纵向通道通的参数化模型.通过试验采集得到输入输出数据,利用基于预测误差法的输出误差模型进行系统辨识.模型预测数据与实际飞行实验室数据的比较表明,所建模型很好的反映了小型无人直升机在悬停状态下的动力学特性,可在该状态下基于此模型进行飞行控制器的设计.     

电动舵机非线性系统的辨识研究

针对所设计的三闭环电动舵机系统,为了提高电动舵机的控制精度,建立具有良好动态性能的电动舵机控制系统,提出了采用非线性系统辨识的方法,并且利用辨识的参数对电动舵机系统进行补偿;根据电动舵机的数学模型分别采用了前馈补偿的方法和反馈辨识的方法对系统的摩擦进行仿真建模研究,利用Lugre模型对系统的摩擦进行辨识,使得系统能够进行自适应摩擦补偿,并且将建模数据加入到电动舵机样机中进行试验验证,经过试验验证,系统的位置跟踪误差和速度跟踪误差均有大幅度减小,验证了非线性模型的准确性及补偿的有效性;试验结果证明,文章所提出的电动舵机非线性辨识研究方法可以准确地实现摩擦模型的建立,并且从该模型出发进行补偿可以有效地提高电动舵机的控制精度。     

实时上肢参数辨识的康复机器人力控制研究

针对病人进行康复训练时,上肢动力学参数估计不准确和训练过程发生上肢动力学参数变化,所导致康复机器人系统辅助力计算不准确,影响精确和稳定的控制练训。为减小辅助力计算误差,实现精确和稳定的训练控制,基于阻抗控制算法,使用多元线性回归方法对上肢动力学参数进行辨识,提出了一种实时上肢动力学参数辨识的阻抗控制算法,建立了康复机器人动力学模型,同时对控制算法进行仿真研究。仿真结果表明该算法能够准确地对上肢动力学参数进行辨识,有效地消除了辅助力计算误差,实现训练过程中训练轨迹精确控制。     

PHEV由纯电动向混合驱动模式切换协调控制设计

针对并联混合动力汽车模式切换过程中动力中断和扭矩波动对车辆驾驶性能的影响,提出一种由纯电动向混合驱动模式切换的协调控制方法.首先,根据切换过程动力学分析及控制目标,将该过程分为离合器接合前后两部分.然后,对前者设计干扰观测器估计并补偿扭矩干扰和模型不确定性,提出基于干扰补偿的协调控制策略,以消除干扰,实现发动机的快速起动、同步;对后者引入发动机扭矩延迟变量,并利用电机扭矩补偿发动机扭矩误差,设计基于电机补偿的扭矩切换协调控制策略,实现平滑切换.仿真结果表明,该控制策略与传统控制方法相比,冲击度降低50.5%,有效减小了扭矩波动,确保了模式切换的平顺性,提高了驾驶性能.     

Design of a powered ankle-foot prosthesis with an adjustable stiffness toe joint

ABSTRACT

This paper proposes a powered ankle-foot prosthesis called PANTOE II, which includes an ankle and a segmented foot with a toe joint. The ankle and toe joints are both driven by series elastic actuators, which can reduce the required velocity and energy consumption of the actuators. The mechanical design of the ankle and toe joints makes the prosthesis more compact. In addition, PANTOE II employs a more human-like foot, which includes the heel, the mid foot, and the toe. Both the heel and the toe are made of leaf springs, and the mid foot is used to install the transmission mechanisms. The finite state control strategy is used for controlling the prosthesis. To evaluate the basic performance of PANTOE II, experiments are conducted on a subject with a transtibial amputation. Wearing PANTOE II, the amputee feels more comfortable and presents more symmetrical walking gaits.     

下肢假肢斜坡路况运动控制策略分析

为使下肢假肢在斜坡路况下配合人体健肢侧交互运动,在对下肢假肢穿戴者斜坡运动模式分析的基础上,制定针对斜坡路况的下肢运动轨迹规划方法,得到假肢膝关节的模拟运动轨迹.应用紧格式线性化方法解决下肢关节高度非线性问题的思路,采取无模型动态矩阵控制方法实现对模拟运动轨迹的追踪,结合反馈校正和滚动优化实现斜坡路况下膝关节角度的预测输出,并对控制系统的稳定性进行理论分析.仿真和运动控制平台的实验结果表明,假肢膝关节的斜坡运动轨迹可以紧紧跟随参考轨迹变化,假肢膝关节可与健肢侧协调平稳运动.     

Ankle–knee prosthesis with active ankle and energy transfer: Development of the CYBERLEGs Alpha-Prosthesis

This paper presents the development of the CYBERLEGs Alpha-Prototype prosthesis, a new transfemoral prosthesis incorporating a new variable stiffness ankle actuator based on the MACCEPA architecture, a passive knee with two locking mechanisms, and an energy transfer mechanism that harvests negative work from the knee and delivers it to the ankle to assist pushoff. The CYBERLEGs Alpha-Prosthesis is part of the CYBERLEGs FP7-ICT project, which combines a prosthesis system to replace a lost limb in parallel with an exoskeleton to assist the sound leg, and sensory array to control both systems. The prosthesis attempts to produce a natural level ground walking gait that approximates the joint torques and kinematics of a non-amputee while maintaining compliant joints, which has the potential to decrease impulsive losses, and ultimately reduce the end user energy consumption. This first prototype consists of a passive knee and an active ankle which are energetically coupled to reduce the total power consumption of the device. Here we present simulations of the actuation system of the ankle and the passive behavior of the knee module with and without the energy transfer effects, the mechanical design of the prosthesis, and empirical results from testing of the physical device with amputee subjects.     

Mechanical design of powered prosthetic leg and walking pattern generation based on motion capture data

In this paper, we describe the design procedure of an above-knee powered prosthetic leg and an algorithm to generate appropriate gait patterns that are synchronized with the movement of the user. The developed prosthetic leg has powered knee and ankle joints for transfemoral amputees, and its weight and dimensions were determined on the basis of human body data. In particular, two degrees of freedom (roll and pitch axes) were adopted in the ankle joint to achieve dynamic balance control on uneven ground, and passive toe joints using a crank-rocker mechanism and torsional springs were attached at the foot to increase the walking stability. In addition, we developed a walking pattern simulator that is able to test the walking patterns of the powered prosthetic leg in the air. By attaching two inertial sensors on both thighs of the user and measuring both thigh motions, the per cent of gait cycle is suitably calculated from the proposed algorithm, and smooth gait motions are generated according to the gait cycle percent. Finally, walking patterns of the powered prosthetic leg were successfully generated by synchronizing to the human gait, and the generated gaits were analyzed by comparing them to the human gait.     

The effects of variable mechanical parameters on peak power and energy consumption of ankle-foot prostheses at different speeds

In recent years, powered ankle-foot prostheses are developed to restore human ankle behaviour. Compared with common passive ankle prostheses, a powered ankle-foot prosthesis can provide amputees with better performance on walking gait by providing additional energy. However, the electrical peak power of powered ankle-foot prostheses at high speed is still a big challenge for the current actuation system. While most researchers focus on the energy consumption on one walking speed, we investigate the influences of several variable mechanical parameters to reduce electrical peak power during different locomotion speeds. Then we apply this concept to current ankle-foot models. It's found that the variable mechanical parameters can significantly reduce the demand of electrical peak power at different speeds. Meanwhile, the reduction of the electrical peak power does not lead to a large increment of the energy consumption. The results also show that every variable mechanical parameter has a different influence on the peak power and energy consumption of the ankle-foot prosthesis. It means the most effective and sensitive variable mechanical parameter need to be found for a specific ankle prosthesis system.     

基于自适应干扰估测器的协作机器人关节速度波动抑制方法

针对协作机器人对高载荷自重比和高精度速度控制的需求,设计了基于双定子永磁同步电机和谐波减速器的关节模块,利用双定子结构提升了电机的转矩密度。为了提高关节速度控制精度,将摩擦等低频非线性因素、电机转矩波动和谐波减速器传递误差对关节速度波动的影响等效为关节系统的输入力矩干扰,并对其进行补偿以抑制关节速度波动。为提高干扰估测精度,提出一种基于双干扰估测器与自适应算法的方法。双定子电机性能测试结果表明,相较于单定子结构,本文的双定子电机转矩密度提升11%。关节速度控制实验表明,与单纯的比例-积分速度控制器相比,采用本文方法,关节的低速稳态波动误差的均方根减小约40%～60%,中、高速稳态波动误差的均方根减小约30%～40%,速度控制精度提升。     

High Precision Constrained Grasping with Cooperative Adaptive Handcontrol

A method for high precision constrained object manoeuvering for non-redundant rigid multifinger hands is proposed. A passivity-based adaptive cooperative control scheme carries out compensation of all uncertain inertial and dynamic friction forces to guarantee asymptotic tracking of all contact forces and joint position-orientation trajectories over orthogonal force- and position-based impedance error manifolds. Optimal internal and external force trajectories are obtained to minimize the contact forces onto the constrained object while exerting a given desired contact force onto the environment. The simulation study of two robot fingers manipulating a constrained object for combined fast and slow velocity regimes shows that when the dynamic friction compensation is turned on tracking errors decrease tenfold.     

偏瘫患者辅助下肢外骨骼设计与仿真分析

针对偏瘫患者外骨骼康复机器人降低外骨骼质量的要求,设计了一种辅助下肢外骨骼机器人,采用柔索驱动的膝关节,具有结构简单,质量轻的特点。同时利用ADAMS建立了外骨骼关节柔索驱动的动力学模型,绳索模块建立了柔索驱动模型,通过Ariel生物运动分析软件,采集髋、膝、踝关节运动数据,运用Spline函数进行了仿真分析。经过仿真分析柔索驱动在上台阶运动过程中的不同拉簧预紧力和拉簧刚度下传动特性和驱动力矩,为进一步研究设计下肢外骨骼提供依据。     

主动式踝关节假肢运动轨迹的迭代学习控制

根据肢体运动轨迹的重复特性,提出主动式踝关节假肢运动轨迹的迭代学习控制方法,解决行走过程中主动式踝关节假肢与正常肢体运动轨迹的差异性。在设计主动式踝关节假肢的结构并建立其数学模型基础上,通过Matlab／Sinmulink进行仿真,其结果表明该方法能够使假肢快速跟踪期望运动轨迹,达到与正常肢体运动轨迹的匹配。     

高精度重载搅拌摩擦焊机器人设计与运动控制

针对高强度大型复杂曲面零件的高精度搅拌摩擦焊需求,研制开发了一种重载搅拌摩擦焊（friction stir welding,FSW）机器人．为使机器人具有大工作空间与灵巧作业能力,选择串联机构作为机器人构型,并阐述了高精度重载机构的设计与刚度校核方法．推导了腕关节含间隙的动力学模型,提出了双电机消隙控制方法,并对不同负载与偏置电流下的消隙效果进行了仿真分析,结果显示主动消隙方法能有效抑制传动间隙造成的位置波动与误差．为消除z轴在自重与焊接力作用下的挠度变形,提出了一种挠度主动补偿方法,构建了动力学模型与控制策略,仿真结果显示挠度补偿系统能快速有效地抑制挠度造成的轨迹误差．FSW机器人样机焊接实验表明,所提出的机器人在重载作业中能实现高精度的轨迹控制．