冶金渣制备高强人工鱼礁结构材料的试验研究

为了研究钢渣粉磨时间和矿渣钢渣复掺比例对矿渣-钢渣-熟料-石膏体系胶凝材料强度的影响,采用一次线性回归得到胶凝材料强度的变化趋势,并利用XRD和SEM方法分析钢渣粉磨和净浆的水化过程.试验表明:矿渣与钢渣的复合比为7∶1,钢渣和矿渣的比表面积分别为550和480 m2/kg,且与质量分数10%的水泥熟料和质量分数10%的脱硫石膏复合的胶凝材料具有较高的强度.以优化后的胶凝材料代替水泥,并以热闷法稳定化的钢渣颗粒为骨料,可以制备出抗压强度达到60 MPa以上,水泥熟料总用量为2%的高强人工鱼礁混凝土.研究表明,对钢渣适度粉磨能改善钢渣性能,适量加入钢渣对促进体系的水化有积极作用.     

高吸水树脂对混凝土水化及强度的影响

高吸水树脂(Super-absorbent polymer,SAP)作为混凝土内养护材料可有效抑制混凝土自收缩,提高混凝土抗裂性,但其对混凝土是否具有负面影响有待研究。利用XRD和DTA-TG研究了不同SAP掺量净浆在不同养护龄期的水化产物量,并测试其抗压强度,定量分析高吸水树脂对混凝土水化和强度的影响。实验结果表明:掺加SAP会延缓混凝土早期(0~7d)的水化反应,降低混凝土的抗压强度,但对混凝土中后期(7~28d)水化的进行及强度发展的影响不大。当高吸水树脂的掺量为1kg/m~3(占胶凝材料的质量分数为0.2%)和1.5kg/m~3(占胶凝材料的质量分数为0.3%)时,混凝土28d抗压强度可达基准组的100%和96%,56d抗压强度可达基准组的107%和96%。针对C50混凝土,推荐掺量为1kg/m~3。     

钢渣粉性能优化及制备无熟料混凝土的试验研究

为提高固体废弃物综合利用率,通过钢渣分段除铁优化试验和钢渣粉对无熟料混凝土抗压强度影响试验,研究以钢渣-矿渣-脱硫石膏作为胶凝材料制备无熟料全固废混凝土。结果表明,经分段磁选可获得金属铁含量低于0.5%的高性能钢渣粉;当钢渣粉比表面积为640m~2/kg,m(钢渣)∶m(矿渣)=1∶2.5时,无熟料混凝土同时获得较优的3d和28d强度。XRD、TG-DSC、IR和FE-SEM分析表明,在脱硫石膏的激发作用下钢渣和矿渣可以相互促进水化,水化产物以AFt(钙矾石)和C-S-H(水化硅酸钙)凝胶为主。早期钢渣水化促进矿渣的解聚并结合脱硫石膏生成AFt网状结构,随着水化反应的进行胶凝体系生成的C-S-H凝胶充填于AFt网络中使硬化浆体结构致密从而保证强度的增长。     

磷渣粉颗粒分布对水泥胶凝体系力学性能的影响

采用激光粒度仪对比表面积分别为340m~2/kg、420m~2/kg、500m~2/kg的磷渣粉颗粒粒度分布特征进行了分析,在此基础上运用灰色关联理论研究了磷渣粉颗粒分布与水泥胶凝体系3d、28d、180d力学性能的内在关联。结果表明:不同比表面积的磷渣粉具有不同的颗粒群粒度分布特征,磷渣粉颗粒分布中粒径大于20μm颗粒与水泥胶凝体系3d、28d抗折强度负关联、与180d抗折强度正关联;粒径小于20μm的磷渣粉颗粒对水泥胶凝体体系各龄期抗压强度均有促进作用,其中1~3μm的颗粒对3d抗压强度促进作用最显著、10~20μm的颗粒对28d、180d抗压强度发展促进显著。     

全尾砂-棒磨砂新型胶凝充填材料的制备

将某镍矿选矿全尾砂代替部分棒磨砂作为骨料,采用正交试验和神经网络预测模型,制备以铁矿渣粉为活性材料、以脱硫灰、生石灰为主要激发剂的全尾砂-棒磨砂新型胶凝充填材料,分析了该材料的微观结构及其水化产物。结果表明:全尾砂添加质量分数为30%时,新型胶凝充填材料3 d、7 d和28 d的抗压强度分别达到1.73 MPa、4.22 MPa和6.93MPa,比水泥分别提高了8.13%、51.8%和34.0%,满足镍矿的充填强度指标。新型胶凝充填材料的主要水化产物为C-S-H凝胶,团絮状C-S-H凝胶形成结构密实的胶凝体,将骨料紧密粘结在一起形成较高的力学强度。用这种新型胶凝充填材料可实现30%的全尾砂利用率。     

大掺量工业废渣激发制备钢渣复合胶凝材料的试验研究

在研究不同钢渣掺量胶凝体系稳定性的基础上,以40%的钢渣粉掺加15%矿渣粉、5%硅灰粉,采用自配复合激发剂成功地制备出早期抗折强度、抗压强度达到4.5MPa、18.8MPa且满足42.5强度等级的复合胶凝材料,通过其孔隙率及微观结构测试分析表明:钢渣复合胶凝材料水化产物致密,孔隙率低,后期抗压强度、抗折强度发展较好。     

碱渣、矿渣制备碱激发胶凝材料的力学性能研究

以唐山某碱厂的碱渣和邯郸某公司的矿渣微粉为原料、NaOH为碱激发剂、标准砂为细集料、添加一定量的外加剂,进行了碱激发胶凝材料的砂浆力学性能实验。采用正交试验设计与极差分析,研究了矿渣与碱渣质量比、胶砂比、水胶比、NaOH和胶凝材料质量比对砂浆的流动性、抗压强度的影响。结果表明:碱激发胶凝材料的砂浆流动度随着矿渣与碱渣质量比的增大而增大;提高水胶比对砂浆的流动性有利但对于强度的形成不利;砂浆的抗压强度随着矿渣与碱渣质量比的增大而增强,且随着龄期的增加,强度呈增长的趋势;方案2、3、6碱激发胶凝材料的砂浆试样抗压强度达到了"325水泥"抗压强度的标准;少量NaOH有利于碱渣、矿渣胶凝材料强度的形成,而高浓度NaOH抑制强度形成。     

粉磨工艺对赤泥胶结充填料性能的影响

为提高胶结充填材料的强度性能,试验研究了分别粉磨和梯级粉磨工艺对赤泥全尾砂胶结充填材料强度性能、粉体粒径以及水化过程的影响.结果表明：梯级粉磨工艺下试块的1、3、28 d最大抗压强比分别粉磨工艺下试块1、3、28 d最大抗压强度分别高出21%、16.6%、3.7%;梯级粉磨工艺使物料粉体的比表面积均高于分别粉磨工艺的粉...     

超细矿渣粉对硅酸盐水泥性能和微观结构的影响

通过掺入不同量的超细矿渣粉,研究其对普通硅酸盐水泥凝结时间、标准稠度用水量以及水泥胶砂流动性和强度的影响。结果表明,水泥浆体的初凝、终凝时间在矿渣粉掺量为5%(质量分数,下同)时有所缩短,而随着超细矿渣粉掺量的增加,初凝时间都有所延长,在掺量为20%时初凝时间最长。然而终凝时间的变化不大,只有掺量为30%时稍有延长;水泥的标准稠度用水量先减少后增加,在掺量为20%时最小;随着超细矿渣粉掺量的增大,水泥胶砂的各龄期抗折强度、3d抗压强度不断提高,7d、28d抗压强度在掺量为20%时达到最大值,之后有所降低。掺入超细矿渣粉后,能通过填充以及与水泥水化产物氢氧化钙发生反应,使水泥中氢氧化钙含量明显降低,水泥微观结构更加密实。     

脱硫石膏对大掺量粉煤灰-矿渣粉干混砂浆性能的影响

针对大掺量粉煤灰、矿渣粉导致干混砂浆早期强度和后期强度较低的问题,研究脱硫石膏对该干混砂浆性能的影响;采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜及孔结构分析等手段进行微观机理讨论。结果表明,在大掺量粉煤灰矿粉干混砂浆中掺加占胶凝材料总质量6%～8%的脱硫石膏,对和易性无不良影响,并可显著提高浆体的抗压强度及拉伸粘结强度,收缩率降低10%以上,并改善抗碳化能力,使砂浆体积更稳定;脱硫石膏对粉煤灰及矿渣粉起到激发硫酸盐和碱性的双重作用,并在一定程度上促进水泥水化;胶凝材料的水化产物改善砂浆浆体内部结构,使砂浆浆体中的孔隙大大减少。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。