米糠酸败诱导的蛋白质氧化对米糠清蛋白界面性质的影响

研究米糠酸败诱导的氧化修饰对米糠清蛋白界面性质的影响。结果显示,米糠酸败会诱导米糠清蛋白发生羰基化和巯基氧化反应。米糠清蛋白的乳化性、乳化稳定性、起泡能力和起泡稳定性与其羰基含量、α-螺旋/β-折叠呈极显著（P＜0.01）负相关,与游离巯基含量、表面疏水性、Zeta电位绝对值、溶解度呈极显著（P＜0.01）正相关。结果表明,米糠氧化酸败产物诱导米糠清蛋白通过蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用（二硫键、非二硫共价键、疏水作用力等）形成可溶性和不可溶的聚集体,导致蛋白质分子柔性和表面疏水性下降,分子间静电斥力减弱,进而对米糠清蛋白的界面性质产生负面影响。     

三聚磷酸钠对猪肉肌原纤维蛋白功能特性的影响

以猪肉肌原纤维蛋白（myofibril protein,MP）为研究对象,探讨不同质量浓度三聚磷酸钠（sodium tripolyphosphate,STP）的添加对MP乳化性、乳化稳定性、起泡性等7 个功能特性指标的影响,并进行相关性分析。结果表明：随着STP质量浓度升高,MP的乳化性、乳化稳定性、起泡性、起泡稳定性、凝胶强度和凝胶保水性均呈上升趋势,表面疏水性呈下降趋势;MP的起泡性和凝胶强度在STP质量浓度为0.3 g/100 mL时最大,乳化性、表面疏水性和凝胶保水性在STP质量浓度为0.4 g/100 mL时效果最佳;MP的起泡性、起泡稳定性和乳化性呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,乳化性与乳化稳定性呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）,乳化性、乳化稳定性、起泡性、起泡稳定性与表面疏水性呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）,与凝胶保水性呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,表面疏水性与凝胶保水性呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）,表面疏水性与凝胶强度呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）。STP可以增强MP的功能特性,其质量浓度为0.3～0.4 g/100 mL时效果最佳。改善乳化性、起泡性和表面疏水性等界面性质可以增强MP的凝胶特性。     

pH值碱性偏移结合热处理对米糠蛋白结构和功能性质的影响

研究pH值碱性偏移（pH 11）结合热处理（50、60 ℃）对米糠蛋白结构和功能性质的影响。结果表明,pH值碱性偏移促使米糠蛋白二级结构由有序向无序转化,pH值碱性偏移结合热处理使得米糠蛋白二级结构呈现折叠-去折叠-复折叠的复杂变化,并伴随巯基氧化。pH值碱性偏移促使米糠蛋白展开,随着处理时间的延长,米糠蛋白重新聚集,热处理会加剧聚集程度。pH值碱性偏移使得米糠蛋白持水性、起泡性、泡沫稳定性、乳化性和乳化稳定性显著下降,仅持油性显著改善;随着处理时间的延长,米糠蛋白持水性、起泡性、乳化性和乳化稳定性逐渐上升,其中乳化性上升幅度最大。pH值碱性偏移结合热处理可显著改善米糠蛋白的持水性、起泡性、泡沫稳定性和乳化稳定性,同时也会降低米糠蛋白的持油性和乳化性。     

Physicochemical Properties and Functionality of Rice Bran Protein Hydrolyzate Prepared from Heat-stabilized Defatted Rice Bran with the Aid of Enzymes

ABSTRACT: Molecular size, thermal properties, hydrophobicity, nitrogen solubility, and emulsifying and foaming properties were determined for protein products from heat‐stabilized defatted rice bran. The freeze‐dried and spray‐dried proteins had molecular sizes between 6.5 to 66.2 kDa; denaturation temperatures of 84.1 and 84.6 °C, enthalpies of 2.5 and 2.37 J/g, hydrophobicities of 20677 and 22611, maximum solubilities of 66.3% and 66.1% at pH 12.0, emulsifying capacities of 0.19 and 0.18, emulsion stabilities of 16.5 and 17.3 min, foam capacities of 4.0 mL and 4.2 mL, and negligible foam stabilities. These results demonstrated that the extracted rice bran protein has potential as a nutraceutical ingredient in food applications.     

Fractionation, solubility and functional properties of wheat bran proteins as influenced by pH and/or salt concentration

The content, fractionation, solubility and functional properties of wheat bran proteins as well as the effects of pH and/or NaCl concentration on some of these functional properties were investigated. The protein content of the bran was found to be 16.80%. Albumin and glutelin are the major fractions of wheat bran proteins. The minimal protein solubility was observed at pH 5.5, the maximum at pH 11.5. The emulsifying capacity, activity and emulsion stability as well as foaming capacity and foam stability were greatly affected by pH and salt concentrations. Lower values were observed at acidic pH and high salt concentration. The least gelation concentration of wheat bran proteins was found to be 16% when the proteins were dissolved in 1.0 M NaCl. The total protein was highly viscous and dispersable with water-holding capacity of 4.20 mL H2O/g protein, oil-holding capacity of 1.70 mL oil/g protein and bulk density of 0.29 g/mL while dispensability was found to be 77.30%.     

桃仁清蛋白与大豆分离蛋白功能特性比较研究

为提高桃仁清蛋白(PKA)在食品工业中的应用,将其与大豆分离蛋白(SPI)对照,研究了PKA的溶解性、持水性、持油性、起泡性及泡沫稳定性、乳化性及乳化稳定性和凝胶性等功能特性.结果表明:与SPI相比,PKA具有很好的溶解性、泡沫稳定性、乳化稳定性及较低的凝胶质量浓度,持油性略高于SPI,但起泡性、乳化性及持水性较差;PKA溶解性受溶解条件影响较小.PKA具有良好的功能性质,适合作为食品添加剂或配料.     

Functional Properties of Pork Liver Protein Fractions

The functional (emulsifying, gelling and foaming) properties of liver protein fractions as well as their molecular weight distribution and surface hydrophobicity were investigated and compared to commercial proteins. Two protein fractions were characterized: water soluble (WSLP) and WSLP combined with salt soluble liver proteins (W?+?SSLP). The effect of salt concentrations was also investigated (0, 1.8 and 3.4 % NaCl). Both WSLP and W?+?SSLP displayed good emulsifying properties and foam stability. However, their gelling properties were rather poor. An increase in salt concentration decreased the emulsifying properties of WSLP while the effect on W?+?SSLP was less pronounced. Addition of 1.8 % NaCl increased foaming ability of WSLP and W?+?SSLP while foam stability was not affected. Further increase of NaCl (3.4 %) decreased both foaming ability and foam stability and is probably attributed to refolding of the protein molecules because of the higher level of hydrophobic groups with 3.4 % NaCl. Gel forming ability of WSLP and W?+?SSLP containing 0 % was higher compared to high salt concentrations. However, higher salt concentrations shifted onset gelation temperature of WSLP and W?+?SSLP to lower temperatures probably due to partial unfolding of the proteins as indicated by an increase of the surface hydrophobicity.     

苦杏仁蛋白的功能特性

采用稀盐溶液浸提及等电点盐析相结合的方法提取制备苦杏仁蛋白,研究pH值、NaCl浓度、蛋白质量浓度和温度等因素对苦杏仁蛋白功能特性(溶解性、持水性、吸油性、乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性及起泡稳定性)的影响。结果表明：在等电点pI附近时,苦杏仁蛋白的溶解性、持水性、乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性最差;在较低NaCl浓度范围内(0～0.8mol/L)提高NaCl浓度可促进蛋白溶解性、乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性及起泡稳定性的提高,而较高的NaCl浓度对蛋白功能特性提高具有抑制作用;当蛋白质量浓度达到一定水平时(3～4g/100mL),蛋白功能特性(乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性及起泡稳定性)提高趋于平缓;在适宜的温度范围内,提高温度可有效提高苦杏仁蛋白各项功能特性,但当温度继续上升,各项功能特性持续降低。     

不同分子量海鲈鱼胶原蛋白肽组分的功能特性比较

本文采用不同截留分子量的超滤膜对海鲈鱼胶原蛋白肽溶液进行分级分离,采用碱性蛋白酶水解海鲈鱼加工副产物中提取的胶原蛋白制得的胶原蛋白肽溶液分成三个不同分子量组分SBCP1(Mw2000 u)、SBCP2(2000 uMw3000 u)和SBCP3(Mw3000 u),比较了海鲈鱼胶原蛋白肽它们的吸水性、持水性、溶解性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、起泡性和起泡稳定性等功能特性。结果显示:小分子量的SBCP1组分的吸水性和溶解性最好;大分子量SBCP3组分的持水性、乳化性和乳化稳定性以及起泡性和泡沫稳定性最好;中等分子量的SBCP2组分的吸油性最好,这个结果提示了海鲈鱼胶原蛋白肽不同分子量组分的理化特性存在显著差异,其功能特性和分子量分布有密切关系。本研究为海鲈鱼胶原蛋白肽产品的开发利用提供了指导。     

Characterization of the Composition, Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Acid Whey Protein Concentrates

Membrane-processed acid whey protein concentrates were studied for their foaming and emulsifying properties in dilute whey protein solutions and in a 30% fat emulsion. Among the compositional factors and physicochemical characters which significantly correlated with foaming and emulsifying properties were protein hydrophobicity, solubility, free-sulfhydryl content, phosphorus and β-lactoglobulin concentration. Heptane binding was negatively correlated with foam overrun and foam stability of whey protein solutions, whereas, exposed hydrophobicity was positively correlated with overrun in the whipped topping.     

Effects of isolation technique and conditions on the extractability,physicochemical and functional properties of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) protein isolates. II. Functional properties

The functional properties of pigeonpea and cowpea protein isolates were determined as a function of extraction technique and pH conditions of the extraction medium. The isolates extracted using the micellization technique (MP) showed significantly (P<0.05) higher solubility than those extracted using the isoelectric point precipitation technique (IP) and, for the latter, solubility was negatively correlated with the extraction pH. The MP isolates exhibited significantly higher water absorption than the isoelectric isolates extracted at pH 8.5 but lower than the isolates extracted at pH 11.5 and 12.5. Cowpea MP exhibited higher oil absorption than the IP but pigeonpea MP was lower in this property than the IP extracted at pH 8.5 and higher than those extracted at pH 9.5–11.5. The MP isolates exhibited better emulsifying properties than the corresponding IP isolates and this property was drastically impaired at extraction pH 12.5. Pigeonpea MP exhibited lower foam expansion than the IP isolates except for the isolate extracted at pH 12.5, but was higher in foam stability. Cowpea MP showed higher foam expansion than the IP isolates which decreased with increasing extraction pH for the latter, but foam stability was only slightly affected. The MP isolates exhibited better gelation properties than the IP isolates extracted at pH above 9.5 and the least gelation concentration increased with increasing extraction pH. The solubility and exposed hydrophobicity best predicted the whipping properties, emulsion stability, and least gelation concentration of the isolates.     

超高压对鹰嘴豆分离蛋白功能性质的影响

研究了超高压(100-600 MPa)对鹰嘴豆分离蛋白功能性质的影响。结果表明:随着压力的增大和处理时间的延长,鹰嘴豆分离蛋白(CPI)的溶解性不同程度的下降,而表面疏水性、乳化性和起泡性都显著提高。当压力大于400 MPa(乳化性)、500 MPa(起泡性、表面疏水性),或者处理时间大于10 min时,反而导致功能性质的下降。     

蛋白组分对米蛋白功能性质影响的研究

以不同配比米蛋白组分的样品为试材,比较各样品的功能性质变化,明确各蛋白组分对蛋白产品品质影响的差异,为今后进行分子设计和重组生产米蛋白产品提供理论支撑。通过各蛋白样品的溶解性,乳化特性,起泡特性,持水性/持油性等功能性质研究,结果表明,米糠浓缩蛋白的溶解性比大米浓缩蛋白高200%左右;米糠蛋白各功能性质显著优于大米蛋白,但大米蛋白的起泡稳定性比米糠蛋白提高近20%。米蛋白中的清蛋白提高产品的溶解性、持水性/持油性,降低起泡稳定性;醇溶蛋白提高产品的乳化特性;谷蛋白提高产品的起泡稳定性。蛋白产品的功能性质与蛋白组分的组成密切相关。     

高压均质对大豆分离蛋白功能性质的影响

为了了解高压均质技术对大豆分离蛋白（SPI）功能性质的影响,采用不同的均质压力、均质次数和料液比对大豆分离蛋白溶液进行了高压均质处理,并分析处理前后SPI功能性质的变化.结果表明：高压均质可在一定程度上提高SPI的溶解性、乳化活性及其稳定性和起泡性及泡沫稳定性.均质压力在0～70 MPa的范围内升高时,SPI的溶解性、乳化稳定性、起泡性和泡沫稳定性得到了相应的改善,而乳化活性在压力为40 MPa时达到最高;均质次数由1次向3次增加时,SPI的乳化稳定性、起泡性及泡沫稳定性得到了提高,而溶解性和乳化活性则降低;均质物料料液比在1∶16～1∶8 （g∶mL）的范围内逐步增大时,SPI的各项功能性质均有不同程度的提高,并在料液比为1∶8时达到了最高值.     

Functional properties of protein isolates,globulin and albumin extracted from Ginkgo biloba seeds

In this study, the functional properties of Ginkgo seed protein isolate (GPI), Ginkgo seed globulin protein (GGP) and Ginkgo seed albumin protein (GAP) extracted from Ginkgo biloba seeds were investigated. The protein contents of GPI, GGP and GAP were 91.0%, 93.4% and 87.8%, respectively in the samples in which the sugar, polyphenol and crude fibre were removed by the preparation procedure. For functional properties of Ginkgo seed proteins in the natural state, GAP showed the highest oil-absorption capacity (9.3 ml/g), foaming capacity (67.8%), emulsifying capacity (65.4%) and emulsion stability (90.6%); while GPI showed the highest water absorption capacity (1.93 ml/g), and GGP showed the highest foam stability (55.5%). The differences of the chemical components, surface hydrophobicity, disulphide bond (SS) and sulfhydryl group (SH) contents of GPI, GGP and GAP, which were correlated significantly with functional properties of Ginkgo seed proteins, were also investigated. The improved functional properties, such as water absorption capacity, solubility, foaming properties and emulsifying properties of Ginkgo seed proteins were observed in a pH range of 8.0–10.0 or sodium chloride concentration of 0.5–0.75 M.     

Effect of Partial Proteolysis and Succinylation on Functionality of Corn Germ Protein Isolate

Corn germ protein isolate (CGPI) was partially hydrolyzed with trypsin and pepsin and succinylated at three levels. Various functional and electrophoretic properties of the native and modified protein were determined. Water absorption and foaming properties of CGPI were Improved by partial hydrolysis with trypsin; emulsifying capacity and nitrogen solubility were reduced; oil absorption was increased only slightly. CGPI pepsin hydrolyzate has decreased oil absorption, nitrogen solubility and emulsifying capacity but improved foaming properties; water absorption was unchanged. Treatment of CGPI with succinic anhydride improved water and oil absorption, nitrogen solubility and foaming capacity but decreased emulsifying capacity; foam stability was unchanged. Succinylation retarded electropohoretic mobility while hydrolysis altered band intensities.     

Functional properties of barinas nut flour (Caryodendron orinocense Karst., Euphorbiaceae) compared to those of soybean

Protein solubility studies showed that the protein of Caryodendron orinocense flour was soluble at both acidic and basic pH, and NaCl (0.5 m) increased the solubility of all flours tested. The water absorption capacity was less, while the oil absorption was higher for Caryodendron flour than soybean flour. Both flours presented similar emulsion capacity and stability, while the foaming capacity was much smaller for Caryodendron flours than soybean flour; NaCl increased the foaming capacity of soybean flour; these results might be due to differences in protein concentration. NaCl concentrations greater than 0.25 m increased the emulsifying activity in Caryodendron flours, but did not influence the emulsion stability. The lowest gelation concentration and temperature of gelling were similar to that of soybean flour. These results suggest that Caryodendron flour might have some similar uses as soybean flour in the food industry.     

限制性酶解结合大孔树脂吸附对葵花籽蛋白色泽及功能特性的影响

以低温脱脂葵花籽粕为原料提取葵花籽蛋白,对其分别进行大孔树脂吸附脱色和限制性酶解结合大孔树脂吸附脱色处理,对比不同处理的葵花籽蛋白白度值、绿原酸含量及功能特性(溶解性、乳化性、乳化稳定性、起泡性、泡沫稳定性、持油性、持水性和凝胶性)的差异。结果表明:限制性酶解10 min结合大孔树脂吸附脱色的葵花籽蛋白白度值(L^*)为86.3,绿原酸含量为0.16 mg/g,溶解性为77.60%,起泡性为20.87%,乳化性为3.44 m²/g,乳化稳定性为118.51 min,均显著优于葵花籽蛋白和大孔树脂吸附脱色葵花籽蛋白(P <0.05),持水性为1.94 mL/g,显著优于葵花籽蛋白,但与大孔树脂吸附脱色葵花籽蛋白相当,持油性和泡沫稳定性分别为4.40 mL/g和69.62%,显著低于葵花籽蛋白和大孔树脂吸附脱色葵花籽蛋白,限制性酶解10 min结合大孔树脂吸附脱色葵花籽蛋白展现出较好的凝胶性。研究表明,经限制性酶解结合大孔树脂吸附脱色后,葵花籽蛋白色泽显著改善,其溶解性、乳化性、起泡性、持水性和凝胶性均显著提高。     

FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF HIGH HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE-TREATED WHEY PROTEIN

Surface hydrophobicity, solubility, gelation and emulsifying properties of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP)‐treated whey protein were evaluated. HHP treatment of whey protein buffer or salt solutions were performed at 690 MPa and initial ambient temperature for 5, 10, 20 or 30 min. Untreated whey protein was used as a control. The surface hydrophobicity of whey protein in 0.1 M phosphate buffers treated at pH 7.0 increased with an increase in HHP treatment time from 10 to 30 min. HHP treatments of whey protein in salt solutions at pH 7.0 for 5, 10, 20 or 30 min decreased the solubility of whey proteins. A significant correlation was observed between the surface hydrophobicity and solubility of untreated and HHP‐treated whey protein with r = ?0.946. Hardness of HHP‐induced 20, 25 or 30% whey protein gels increased with an increase in HHP treatment time from 5 to 30 min. An increase in the hardness of whey protein gels was observed as whey protein concentration increased. Whey proteins treated in phosphate buffer at pH 5.8 and 690 MPa for 5 min exhibited increased emulsifying activity. Whey proteins treated in phosphate buffer at pH 7.0 and 690 MPa for 10, 20 or 30 min exhibited decreased emulsifying activity. HHP‐treated whey proteins in phosphate buffer at pH 5.8 or 7.0 contributed to an increase in emulsion stability of model oil‐in‐water emulsions. This study demonstrates that HHP treatment of whey protein in phosphate buffer or salt solutions leads to whey protein unfolding observed as increased surface hydrophobicity. Whey proteins treated in phosphate buffers at pH 5.8 and 690 MPa for 5 min may potentially be used to enhance emulsion stability in foods such as salad dressings, sausage and processed cheese.     

储藏温度对大米蛋白功能特性的影响

为了探究储藏温度对不同大米蛋白功能特性的影响,本实验以中国东北地区‘稻花香二号’‘辽星’和‘盐丰’大米为对象,以大米蛋白的溶解性、持水性、持油性、起泡性质和乳化性质为指标,分析其在4、30 ℃和70 ℃储藏期间的变化情况,以期为优质大米储藏过程中蛋白品质控制提供参考。结果表明,蛋白持水性和起泡性在不同储藏温度下随时间延长总体呈下降趋势,而持油性总体呈上升趋势。‘稻花香二号’和‘辽星’蛋白的泡沫稳定性在不同储藏温度下随时间延长总体呈上升趋势,而‘盐丰’蛋白总体呈下降趋势。在4 ℃储藏期间,3 种大米蛋白的乳化稳定性总体呈下降趋势,‘稻花香二号’和‘辽星’的蛋白溶解度和乳化性总体呈下降趋势,而‘盐丰’的蛋白溶解度和乳化性呈显著上升趋势（P＜0.05）。在30 ℃储藏期间,3 种大米蛋白溶解度总体呈下降趋势,而乳化性和乳化稳定性总体显著上升（P＜0.05）。在70 ℃储藏期间,3 种大米蛋白的溶解度和‘辽星’蛋白的乳化稳定性总体显著下降（P＜0.05）,而‘稻花香二号’蛋白乳化性总体呈上升趋势。综上,在不同温度储藏期间,3 种大米蛋白的功能特性均发生显著变化。