Original article: Antifungal activities of cinnamon oil against Rhizopus nigricans,Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium expansum in vitro and in vivo fruit test

The postharvest pathogens such as R. nigricans, A. flavas and P. expansum are the causal agents of jujube or orange fruit, therefore, in vitro and in vivo antifungal activities of cinnamon oil to inactivate these fungi were investigated. Cinnamaldehyde is the main constituent of cinnamon oil. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of cinnamon oil against Rhizopus nigricans, Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium expansum were 0.64% (v/v), 0.16% (v/v) and 0.16% (v/v), respectively. The antifungal activity of cinnamon oil against A. flavus and P. expansum was stronger than that against R. nigricans and the activity was improved with increasing its concentration. In an in vivo study, cinnamon oil with concentrations of 2.0% (v/v) and 3.0% (v/v) showed complete control the growth of fungi in wound‐inoculated Lingwu Long Jujube and Sand Sugar Orange fruits. These results revealed that cinnamon oil has a good potential to be as a natural antifungal agent for fruit applications.     

Antifungal Coatings on Fresh Strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa) to Control Mold Growth During Cold Storage

ABSTRACT: Chitosan (2%) -based or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) (1%) -based coatings were applied on fresh strawberries to evaluate their antifungal efficacies against Cladosporium sp. and Rhizopus sp. Potassium sorbate (PS) was also incorporated into coating formulas to evaluate any additional inhibitory effects on mold inhibition. Strawberries were inoculated with Cladosporium sp. or Rhizopus sp. at a level of approximately 10³ log colony-forming units (CFU) /g, coated with 2% chitosan, 2% chitosan containing 0.3% PS, or 1% HPMC containing 0.3% PS, and stored at about 5°C and about 50% RH up to 23 d for enumeration of mold, yeast, total aerobes, and coli forms. To assess antifungal activity of the coating materials in vitro, coating solutions were embedded into agar plates and the diameters of radial mold growth were measured after inoculation. In addition, weight loss of coated strawberries and water vapor permeability of the coatings were measured. No significant combined inhibitory effects between chitosan and PS on fungal growth on fresh strawberries were detected. However, significant combined inhibition activity was observed in in vitro testing when PS was formulated into chitosan. Antifungal activity of chitosan against Cladosporium sp. and Rhizopus sp. was not affected by the autoclaving process of coating solutions. Coating treatment also reduced total aerobic count, coliforms, and weight loss of strawberries during storage. Hence, chitosan can be used as a natural antimicrobial coating on fresh strawberries to control the growth of fungi, thus extending shelf-life of the fruits.     

Biocontrol of Salmonella Typhimurium in RTE foods with the virulent bacteriophage FO1-E2

Antimicrobial agents can be incorporated into edible films to provide microbiological stability, since films can be used as carriers of a variety of additives to extend product shelf life and reduce the risk of microbial growth on food surfaces. Addition of antimicrobial agents to edible films offers advantages such as the use of small antimicrobial concentrations and low diffusion rates. The aim of this study was to evaluate inhibition by vapor contact of Aspergillus niger and Penicillium digitatum by selected concentrations of Mexican oregano (Lippia berlandieri Schauer), cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) or lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oils (EOs) added to amaranth, chitosan, or starch edible films. Essential oils were characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. Amaranth, chitosan and starch edible films were formulated with essential oil concentrations of 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 2.00, or 4.00%. Antifungal activity was evaluated by determining the mold radial growth on agar media inoculated with A. niger and P. digitatum after exposure to vapors arising from essential oils added to amaranth, chitosan or starch films using the inverted lid technique. The modified Gompertz model adequately described mold growth curves (mean coefficient of determination 0.991 ± 0.05). Chitosan films exhibited better antifungal effectiveness (inhibition of A. niger with 0.25% of Mexican oregano and cinnamon EO; inhibition of P. digitatum with 0.50% EOs) than amaranth films (2.00 and 4.00% of cinnamon and Mexican oregano EO were needed to inhibit the studied molds, respectively). For chitosan and amaranth films a significant increase (p<0.05) of lag phase was observed among film concentrations while a significant decrease (p<0.05) of maximum specific growth was determined. Chitosan edible films incorporating Mexican oregano or cinnamon essential oil could improve the quality of foods by the action of the volatile compounds on surface growth of molds.     

肉桂精油-玉米淀粉基抗菌膜的制备及其性能

为研究新型抗菌降解包装材料,筛选肉桂精油等4?种植物精油,以玉米淀粉、壳聚糖和魔芋葡甘露聚糖为成膜基质,甘油为增塑剂,吐温-80为表面活性剂,研究肉桂精油添加对复合膜机械性能、光学性能、阻水性能和抑菌性能的影响。结果表明：4?种精油对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和沙门菌的抗菌活性依次为肉桂精油＞牛至精油＞百里香精油＞迷迭香精油。随着肉桂精油质量浓度增加,复合膜的抗拉强度和水蒸气透过系数降低,断裂伸长率和不透明度升高。当肉桂精油质量浓度在15.0～20.0?g/L时,复合膜色泽指数a*值无明显差异（P＞0.05）,L*值显著降低,b*值和ΔE值显著增加（P＜0.05）。添加肉桂精油显著提高了玉米淀粉基膜的抗菌能力（P＜0.05）,精油与吐温-80相互作用对革兰氏阴性的大肠杆菌具有协同作用,而对革兰氏阳性的金黄色葡萄球菌具有拮抗作用。当肉桂精油质量浓度为20.0?g/L时,膜具有较好的物理性能和抗菌效果。本研究可为肉桂精油-玉米淀粉基可降解抗菌膜生产工艺参数的进一步优化提供参考。     

保鲜剂与低温气调处理对甜椒贮藏品质的影响

以甜椒为考察对象,采用品质比较法对壳聚糖肉桂精油涂膜保鲜剂结合低温气调综合处理的保鲜性能进行了研究。结果表明：保鲜剂＋低温气调处理能够有效降低样品失重率,减少Vc损失,控制SOD、CAT和POD酶活性,可较好地保持甜椒的营养价值。     

Natural Formation of Styrene by Cinnamon Mold Flora

ABSTRACT:  Tests on 106 dried pure cinnamon samples of diverse origins showed that some samples were naturally contaminated with high levels of styrene, up to 524 μg/g. Styrene taint can be associated with high water activity levels and thus with microorganism growth. The mold flora of a Korintji cinnamon sample in which styrene had been found at a 50 μg/g concentration was analyzed and 5 species of mold were isolated. An investigation into the ability of the 5 species of mold to produce styrene showed that 3 of them—namely,  Penicillium citrinum ,  Penicillium oxalicum ,  Aspergillus niger —produced styrene  in vitro  in buffered peptone water at 25 °C within 5 d in the presence of several natural cinnamon volatile constituents containing the styrene structure. The conversion of these compounds into styrene by these 3 cinnamon fungal species has never been previously reported. A standardized inoculation with the 3 mold species was carried out on 10 g cinnamon samples of various origins followed by a 10-d incubation and highlighting styrene production except for Sri Lanka origin.     

蜂胶提取物处理对柑橘诱导抗病性的影响

以柑橘为材料,对蜂胶提取物诱导柑橘抗青霉病的表达时间以及蜂胶提取物处理对柑橘果实抗病性相关物质及酶的影响进行研究。结果显示,蜂胶提取物处理后48h 人工接种意大利青霉,柑橘所表现出的抗病性最强。蜂胶提取物处理增加了柑橘果皮中酚类物质的含量,提高了柑橘果皮中苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、几丁质酶(CHT)与诱导抗病性密切相关的酶的活性。这表明蜂胶提取物可增强柑橘果实的防御系统,降低果实贮藏期间的发病率,对柑橘表现出良好的保鲜效果。     

Chitosan Controls Postharvest Decay and Elicits Defense Response in Kiwifruit

Chitosan is an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic fungicides for managing postharvest decay of fruits and vegetables. The ability of chitosan to enhance resistance to postharvest gray (Botrytis cinerea) and blue mold (Penicillium expansum) in kiwifruit was investigated. The gene expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes, and total phenolic compounds were determined. Results showed that chitosan at 5 g/L significantly inhibited gray and blue mold in kiwifruit stored at 25 and 4 °C. Chitosan significantly induced the gene expression of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and ascorbate peroxidase, as well as increased the enzyme activity. Moreover, chitosan markedly increased the content of total phenolic compounds in kiwifruit. Importantly, chitosan also exhibited beneficial effects on fruit quality. Taken together, the ability of chitosan to reduce mold in stored kiwifruit may be associated with the elicitation of host defense response. These results have practical implications for the application of chitosan to reduce postharvest losses.     

Effects of chitosan coating on postharvest life and quality of longan fruit

The effects of chitosan coating in extending postharvest life of longan fruits and maintaining their quality were investigated. The fruits were treated with aqueous solutions of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% chitosan, respectively, and then stored at 2°C and 90% relative humidity. Changes in respiration rate, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, colour, eating quality, and weight loss were measured. The effect of chitosan coating on disease incidence was also evaluated. The application of chitosan coating reduced respiration rate and weight loss, delayed the increase in PPO activity and the changes in colour, and eating quality, and partially inhibited decay of fruit during storage. Furthermore, increasing the concentration of chitosan coating enhanced the beneficial effects of chitosan on postharvest life and quality of the fruit.     

含肉桂精油的壳聚糖涂层对冷藏草鱼片的保鲜作用

通过在草鱼片上添加含肉桂精油(CIN)的壳聚糖(chitosan,Ch)涂层,研究含肉桂精油的壳聚糖涂层对草鱼片(4±1)℃ 冷藏16 d期间品质的影响.涂层分别采用质量浓度20 g/L Ch和Ch+CIN[质量浓度20 g/L Ch+1.5％(体积分数)CIN]配方溶液,对未添加涂层和添加不同配方涂层鱼片样品的微生物...     

壳聚糖复合磷酸钠处理对苹果青霉病的影响及部分机理

以“金冠”苹果为试材,研究不同浓度壳聚糖复合0.5 mg/mL磷酸钠浸泡处理对损伤接种扩展青霉(Penicillium expansum)果实病斑扩展的影响,研究最佳复合处理对果实抗氧化酶活性及苯丙烷途径关键酶活性和产物积累的影响。结果表明,1.0%壳聚糖复合磷酸钠处理对果实青霉病的控制效果最佳,处理显著降低病斑直径,激活过氧化物酶和苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性,促进果实总酚、类黄酮及木质素的积累。此外,复合处理可提高果实过氧化氢含量、过氧化氢酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶和谷胱甘肽还原酶活性。由此表明,壳聚糖复合磷酸钠处理抑制苹果果实青霉病的发生与提高抗氧化能力和激活苯丙烷代谢途径密切相关。     

壳聚糖复合涂膜对鲜切冬枣安全性与贮藏品质的影响

以残次冬枣为实验材料,通过正交试验,以VC 的损失为指标确定了一种新型壳聚糖复合涂膜剂。结果表明：复合涂膜剂的最佳配方为1.0% 壳聚糖+1% 柠檬酸+2% 乳清蛋白+0.3% CaCl2。经该复合涂膜剂处理后的冬枣,在2℃下的贮藏品质明显提高。结果显示涂膜处理显著抑制了贮藏中微生物(细菌、霉菌及酵母、大肠杆菌)数量的上升(p ＜ 0.05),从而在一定程度上防止了微生物腐败的发生;降低了冬枣中营养物质的降解和转化,总糖及可溶性蛋白含量均被显著降低。此外抗氧化酶(CAT、POD、SOD)活性的检测结果也在一定程度上证明了复合涂膜处理对于冬枣品质的保护作用。     

Botryticidal Activity of Nanosized Silver‐Chitosan Composite and Its Application for the Control of Gray Mold in Strawberry

Botrytis cinerea Pers, the gray mold fungus, is among the most dangerous plant pathogens that cause great losses in agricultural crops. The botryticidal activities of nanosized silver (nano Ag), fungal chitosan (CTS) irradiated fungal chitosan (IrCTS), and nano Ag‐IrCTS composite were investigated. All of the examined materials exhibited powerful antifungal activity against B. cinerea. The most effective compound was nano Ag‐IrCTS composite with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 125 μg/mL. The microscopic examination, of treated B. cinerea with the composite, revealed that an obvious alteration in mycelial shape was appeared accompanied and moderate lysis in fungal hyphae. With the prolongation of treatment, most of the fungal mycelia were lysed into small and elastic fragments. The consequence of strawberries coating, with antifungal composite based solution, was the disappearance of gray mold infection signs in 90% of the contaminated fruits after 7 d of storage, treated fruits had a fresh‐like appearance at the end of storage. Coating with nano Ag‐IrCTS solution could be highly recommended regarding its efficiency in prohibiting B. cinerea growth, preventing gray mold decay and enhancing the overall quality of coated strawberry fruits.     

A COMBINATION OF HEAT TREATMENT AND CHITOSAN COATING DELAYS RIPENING AND REDUCES DECAY IN “GALA” APPLE FRUIT

ABSTRACT

Apples (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Gala) were heat‐treated at 38C for 4 days (heat treatment [HT]) before or after coated with 1% chitosan (CTS). Following treatment, apples were stored at 0C for 8 weeks and 20C for 7 days as shelf life. The effectiveness of the combined treatments on the ripeness, quality and decay development caused by Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea was evaluated. Severe heat damage was observed on the fruits heat‐treated after CTS coating (CTS + HT), appeared as external decay and internal brown after treatment. However, no damage on fruits heated before CTS coating (HT + CTS) during the whole storage. Besides the completely control of blue mold and gray mold on artificially inoculated fruits during storage, the HT + CTS treated fruit showed the lowest respiration rate, ethylene evolution, malondialdehyde and membrane leakage, and the highest firmness and consumer acceptance among the treatments. At the same time, this combined treatment could inhibit the lost of green color, titratable acidity and weight loss compared with HT alone.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

“Gala” apple fruits become more popular in the world because of its high productivity and good quality. Hot air treatment alone has been used to delay ripening of Gala but caused the loss of peel green, titratable acidity and weight. This work investigated the effects of hot air treatment combined with chitosan (CTS) coating on the ripening, quality and decay development for Gala apple fruits. Compared with fruits heat‐treat alone, fruits heat‐treated before CTS coating (heat treatment + CTS) preserved original peel color, maintained titratable acidity and weight, completely control decay development and showed the highest consumer acceptance after storage. The information obtained from this study suggested that this combined treatment may be a suitable method for the commercial application on Gala apple fruits.     

复合防腐剂对百合青霉病抑制效果的研究

在单因素试验的基础上,采用Box-Behnken二次多项式回归方程模型进行响应面分析,研究硅酸钠、硼砂、壳聚糖复合处理组合对百合鳞茎青霉病的控制效果。结果表明：3 种单一试剂均能有效地控制百合鳞茎青霉病的扩展,对病斑直径的影响程度依次为：硅酸钠＞壳聚糖＞硼砂,复合处理组合202 mg/L硅酸钠＋0.98 g/100 mL硼砂＋0.60 g/100 mL壳聚糖的抑制效果最好,病斑直径仅为对照组的51%,显著地抑制了青霉病的扩展。     

茉莉酸甲酯提高膜醭毕赤酵母对杨梅果实采后绿霉病生防效力的研究

研究了茉莉酸甲酯(Methyl jasmonate,MeJA)复合膜醭毕赤酵母(Pichia membranaefaciens)处理对"乌种"杨梅果实由桔青霉(Penicillium citrinum)引起的绿霉病的抑制效果,同时分析了MeJA对酵母菌和病原菌生长以及果实抗病性的影响。结果显示:MeJA可有效提升P.membranefacien生防效力,10μmol/L MeJA与1×109CFU/mL P.membranefacien菌悬液的复合处理比单一处理能更有效抑制杨梅果实绿霉病的发生;该复合处理也更为显著的诱导了杨梅果实抗病相关酶活性的上升;此外,MeJA还可直接提高P.membranaefaciens在NYDB培养基和杨梅果实伤口处的数量,但MeJA对病原菌P.citrinum生长无抑制效果。这些结果表明,MeJA主要是通过直接促进拮抗酵母生长以及间接诱导果实抗病性来提升P.membranaefaciens生防效力,从而起到有效抑制杨梅果实采后腐烂的作用。     

Effect of gelatin coating incorporated with cinnamon oil on the quality of fresh rainbow trout in cold storage

Cinnamon essential oil was used in gelatin coatings to maintain the quality of refrigerated rainbow trout fillets over a period of 20 days. Fish fillets were coated with a solution of 4% gelatin incorporated with cinnamon essential oil and then stored in refrigerator (4 ± 1 °C). Coating’s preservative effect was assessed periodically (every 5 days) by microbial analyses (aerobic plate count and psychrotrophic count), chemical determinations (total volatile basic nitrogen, thiobarbituric acid, free fatty acid) and sensory characteristics. When gelatin coating with cinnamon applied to the preservation of trout fillets, a reduction in the growth of total bacteria was observe after 15 days of storage. Fish fillets with gelatin coating containing 1%, 1.5% and 2% v/v cinnamon oil produced significantly lower (P < 0.05) total volatile basic nitrogen then gelatin‐coated fillets and control until 15 days of storage period (35, 22.86, 30.33, 57.76 and 53.26 mg per 100 g of fillet, respectively). The obtained results indicate that gelatin in the form of coating enriched with cinnamon oil is suitable for the preservation of rainbow trout fresh fillets and to efficiently maintain the quality attributes to an acceptable level during storage.     

植物精油对果蔬霉菌的抑制及在果蔬保鲜中的应用

精油是一类植物源的次生代谢产物,是萃取于植物的叶、花、根、茎或果实等不同组织部位的具有挥发性油状液体的芳香类物质,因其具有广谱的抑菌活性,在果蔬贮藏保鲜中得到广泛应用。该文综述了植物精油对果蔬中霉菌的抑菌效果及其抑菌机理,简要分析了精油采前喷洒法、精油浸渍法、精油熏蒸处理、精油微胶囊包埋法、精油复合涂膜和精油保鲜纸等多种用于果蔬保鲜的处理方法及作用效果,最后对植物精油的发展前景作出展望,为植物精油在果蔬保鲜中的研究和应用提供理论基础。     

Synergistic effect of chitosan and Cryptococcus laurentii on inhibition of Penicillium expansum infections

This study was conducted to determine the efficacy of chitosan at different concentrations with various intrinsic viscosities alone, and in its combination with a yeast antagonist Cryptococcus laurentii in reducing the blue mold rot caused by Penicillium expansum in apple fruit. The results indicated that application of chitosan alone was effective in inhibiting the blue mold rot in apple fruit wounds, especially with the high concentrations and low viscosities. But its efficacy was declining with the incubation time so that chitosan alone could not provide enduring protection of apple fruit from P. expansum infections. When applied at the concentration range from 0.001 to 0.1% (wt/vol), chitosan did not influence the population growth of C. laurentii in vivo, whereas it markedly repressed the yeast growth as its concentrations were increased up to 0.25% (wt/vol) or higher. Moreover, combination of chitosan and C. laurentii resulted in a synergistic inhibition of the blue mold rot, being the most effective at the optimal concentration of 0.1% of chitosan with the lowest viscosity (12 cP). The possible mode of action of the combination of chitosan and C. laurentii was discussed.     

甜橙精油纳米乳液的制备及其抑菌作用研究

采用相转变点法制备甜橙精油纳米乳液和D-柠檬烯纳米乳液,采用抑菌圈法和最低抑菌浓度法研究甜橙精油纳米乳液及其主要成分D-柠檬烯纳米乳液对大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)和桔霉菌(Penicillium citrinum)的抑菌作用。结果表明,甜橙精油纳米乳液和D-柠檬烯纳米乳液均有较好的抑菌效果,且同等浓度的D-柠檬烯纳米乳抑菌效果比甜橙精油的抑菌效果好,14%甜橙精油纳米乳液对大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和桔青霉的抑菌圈直径直径分别为11.7、14.0、9.7和9.0 mm,而D-柠檬烯纳米乳液对大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和桔青霉的抑菌圈直径直径分别为19.0、23.7、13.0和12.0 mm。甜橙精油纳米乳液对枯草芽孢杆菌的抑菌作用最强,其最低抑菌浓度(MIC)约为7.7%,对金黄色葡萄球菌和桔青霉的抑菌作用较弱,其对这两种微生物的MIC均约为11%,对大肠杆菌的MIC介于7.7%~11%之间。甜橙精油和D-柠檬烯制成纳米乳液后均具有良好的抑菌作用,为纳米乳液在食品中的抑菌应用提供了理论依据。