静电纺丝和炭化法制备纳米纤维素储能材料研究进展

为促进纳米纤维素材料在储能领域的应用,综述了以其为原料,采用静电纺丝和炭化技术以及2种方法结合制备用于电池和超级电容器等电极材料和隔膜材料的工艺。通过分析发现:静电纺纳米纤维素材料具有电化学性能优异、柔性较好等优点,可用作增强材料与导电材料复合使用;炭化处理纳米纤维素材料具有独特微孔结构,比表面积大等特点,其存在的形态主要有气凝胶、纳米纤维膜及薄膜等;重点分析了2种方法叠加制备纳米纤维素材料在储能领域应用中存在的问题;提出构建环保、形态结构多样的天然基材储能器件是未来的发展方向,指出静电纺丝和炭化制备纳米纤维素材料在柔性储能器件和小巧型移动端储能设备中具有较好应用前景。     

制备纳米纤维素基复合相变材料的研究进展

相变储能是解决目前能源短缺的一种有效方式,相变材料（PCM）在相变过程中具有较大的储热容量,并在接近恒温的状态下具有潜在的热能存储能力。纳米纤维素是一种具有纳米级尺寸、较高热稳定性、丰富的亲水性羟基和表面活性位点的材料,作为复合相变材料的基材具有广泛的应用前景。本研究针对相变材料在相变过程中易泄漏和形状不稳定等问题,围绕纳米纤维素在复合相变材料中的作用,综述了纳米纤维素基气凝胶、纳米纤维素基微胶囊和其他纳米纤维素基复合相变材料的制备方法,展望了纳米纤维素基复合相变材料未来的研究方向。     

基于纳米纤维素的电催化与储能材料的研究进展

纳米纤维素是由植物纤维或细菌制备的新型生物质纳米材料,具有高比表面积、优异的物理化学性能、良好的生物相容性。由于纳米纤维素的诸多优点,可发展其在电催化及储能材料中的应用。本文主要介绍了不同种类纳米纤维素的制备方法,以及纳米纤维素基复合材料在电催化与储能材料中的研究进展,并对其应用前景进行了讨论。     

超级电容器中纳米纤维素基水凝胶电极的研究进展

纳米纤维素表面含有大量羟基且长径比高，具有较好的润湿性和分散电活性材料的能力，是一种较好的电极材料基底，可作为超级电容器电极材料的优先选择。但是其缺点在于导电性不高，需要加入导电材料进行提升。本文归纳了纳米纤维素基水凝胶电极的分类，探讨了纳米纤维素基水凝胶电极的合成方法，对比分析了不同导电材料的纳米纤维素基水凝胶电极的电化学性能，并对其在未来应用领域的发展前景进行了展望。     

纳米纤维素/MXene柔性电子器件的制备及应用研究进展

纳米纤维素/MXene复合材料兼顾MXene优异的导电性能、丰富的表面官能团和超高比表面积,以及纳米纤维素基材料优良的力学性能和机械稳定性,成为应用于柔性传感、电磁屏蔽、能源储存等领域的热门材料。本文对纳米纤维素/MXene复合材料的制备方法进行论述,重点阐述其作为柔性电子器件在压力传感器、电磁屏蔽材料、超级电容器中的性能及最新研究进展,归纳总结纳米纤维素/MXene复合材料所面临的挑战,并对其未来发展趋势进行展望。     

纤维素基纳米复合材料在储能领域的应用研究进展

纳米纤维素是一种通过物理、化学或生物手段从原纤维材料中分离出的直径为纳米级的纤维素材料。因制备工艺的不同,纳米纤维素材料具有不同的性质特点,在未来储能领域具有更加广阔的应用前景。本文概述了近年来各类纳米纤维素基复合材料在储能领域的新进展（包括超级电容器、锂离子电池（LIB）、锂硫（Li-S）电池）,并展望了其发展前景。     

纳米纤维素的制备策略及应用实践

纳米材料因其具有比表面积大、力学强度高、热性能好等独特优势,还具有原料可再生、产品可降解、生物相容性好等特点,因此成为研究的热点。对纤维素纳米晶体(CNC)、纤维素纳米纤丝(CNF)和细菌纳米纤维素(BNC)3种主要纳米纤维素的结构特征,不同纳米纤维素的制备策略作了介绍,结合纸基材料、复合材料、储能材料、医学材料等领域的发展现状,综述纳米纤维素在新兴领域的应用研究进展,并对纳米纤维素的未来发展趋势进行展望。     

纳米纤维素基气凝胶的制备及其吸附分离应用研究进展

纤维素基功能材料的产业化是传统造纸行业转型升级的重要发展方向。纳米纤维素基气凝胶是一种基于纳米纤维素制备而成的轻质固体材料,具有孔隙率高、比表面积大、低密度和可生物降解等优点,在吸附分离领域有广泛的应用。本文对纳米纤维素基气凝胶的制备方法进行了总结,探讨了制备过程对纳米纤维素基气凝胶结构的影响,综述了纳米纤维素基气凝胶在吸附分离领域中的应用进展,并展望了其应用前景。     

纳米纤维素基导热复合材料的研究进展

从导热填料与纳米纤维素间的界面变化、填料的分布、尺寸及负载量等方面,讨论了影响纳米纤维素基导热复合材料性能的因素,总结了纳米纤维素基导热复合材料的最新研究进展,梳理了纳米纤维素基导热材料的发展方向,以期为相关研究者提供借鉴和参考。     

纤维素基柔性导电材料的研究进展

纤维素基柔性导电材料具有良好的柔韧性、对环境友好、较高的导电率等优点,因而在智能可穿戴设备中具有很大的应用潜力。文中列举了纤维素基导电材料的制备方法,详细阐述了纤维素与碳材料、导电聚合物复合得到的柔性导电材料的特点,同时诠释了在纤维素基中掺入N、P、S、B等杂原子以及金属化合物对其导电性能的影响。并提出基于纤维素基柔性导电材料存在的问题和未来发展方向。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.