低温低压电弧等离子体渗氮处理316不锈钢的耐腐蚀性能

在低温下对316奥氏体不锈钢进行低压电弧等离子体渗氮处理,研究了渗氮处理对不锈钢耐腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明:渗氮层有两个子层,由纳米晶扩张奥氏体和少量的Cr N化合物组成的外表层和单一结构的扩张奥氏体内层。由于低压电弧等离子体浓度高,在400℃渗氮1 h得到的渗氮层厚度达到15μm,表现出很高的渗氮速率。纳米晶外表层是渗氮不锈钢耐腐蚀性能的关键,促进了钝化膜的生成,渗氮后试样表面形成的钝化膜厚度达到27 nm,比原始不锈钢钝化膜的2倍还多。渗氮不锈钢试样的腐蚀电流(3.55×10~(-8)A/cm~2)比基材的腐蚀电流(1.99×10~(-7)A/cm~2)降低一个数量级,表明渗氮后试样的耐腐蚀性能提高了。     

低/高温对暖通用SUS301L不锈钢离子渗氮层结构与耐磨性能的影响

为了提高暖通用SUS301L不锈钢表面的综合性能,在低温(500℃)和高温(900℃)2种温度下对其表面实施渗氮形成离子渗氮层,通过试验测试的方式分析了离子渗氮层的微观组织与耐磨特性.结果 表明:500℃渗氮处理后基体表面形成了约7 μm的离子渗氮层和平直分布的白亮组织,组织中只溶入了很低比例的氮;900℃进行渗氮处理后基体表面形成了23μm厚的离子渗氮层,该离子渗氮层的XRD谱中形成了CrN与N的衍射峰.经过500℃与900℃渗氮后试样都发生了硬度的大幅提升,硬度最大的是900℃下制得的离子渗氮层.500℃下制得的离子渗氮层的硬度随着载荷的提高而不断减小.相对于SUS301L不锈钢基体,离子渗氮层的摩擦系数更加稳定,表明离子渗氮层具有更优的摩擦磨损特性.离子渗氮层的磨痕深度与宽度相比基体均明显降低,900℃渗氮后的试样获得了比500℃渗氮后的试样更高的磨损量.     

等离子熔覆铁基涂层的组织及冲蚀磨损研究

采用等离子熔覆法制备了铁基涂层.研究了涂层的组织结构,测试了涂层的显微硬度及耐冲蚀磨损性能,并利用扫描电镜对涂层显微组织、冲蚀表面形貌进行了分析.结果表明:涂层显微硬度是基体材料不锈钢1Cr18Ni9Ti的2倍,最高达到550,涂层冲蚀后质量损失是不锈钢对比试样1Cr18Ni9Ti和0Cr13Ni5Mo的1/2左右.     

不锈钢与碳钢的液固两相流冲刷腐蚀磨损研究

利用液固两相流冲刷腐蚀磨损实验机模拟了不同的冲刷腐蚀磨损工况,并研究了1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢和T8钢在不同实验条件下的冲刷腐蚀行为.研究结果表明:提高冲刷速度和浆料温度都加剧了材料的损伤和破坏,T8钢冲刷腐蚀失重率远大于1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢,因此在酸性浆料中,要使材料具有优良的耐冲刷腐蚀性能,材料首先必须具备优良的耐蚀性,同时应兼有优良的耐磨性,两者合理的配合尤为重要.1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢和T8钢冲刷腐蚀失重率均在冲蚀角度为45°时出现极大值,表明冲蚀角度在45°时,对材料产生的损伤强度最大,因此在设计管道时应尽量避免45°冲蚀角结构.     

氮化温度对24Cr2Ni4MoV钢离子氮化显微组织的影响

为了提高24Cr2Ni4MoV钢零件的表面硬度和耐磨性,对24Cr2Ni4MoV钢进行了离子氮化工艺试验研究,应用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜等仪器对520,550,570℃共3个温度离子氮化试样的显微组织、氮化层深度、表面硬度、表面渗氮层脆性、脉状组织等进行了检测分析,并应用能谱仪对渗氮层中氮化物成分进行了分析。结果表明:24Cr2Ni4MoV钢具有良好的氮化效果,其最佳离子氮化温度为550℃;试样在550℃氮化后,不仅氮化层的各项性能均满足标准技术要求,而且提高了渗氮速率,缩短了渗氮时间。     

离子渗氮X80管线钢表面的腐蚀行为

随着我国石油、天然气的大力发展,对高级别管线钢的耐蚀性能要求也越来越高。在不同温度下对X80管线钢进行离子渗氮处理,利用D/max-RB型X射线衍射仪、TESCAN VEGA3型扫描电镜观察、动电位极化曲线及阻抗谱测量,对比研究了X80钢及经离子渗氮后在3.5%NaCl溶液中的电化学腐蚀行为。结果表明:当渗氮温度为550℃和600℃时,表层硬度约为X80管线钢的3倍;自腐蚀电流密度和自腐蚀电位显著提高,X80钢经离子渗氮处理后在表面形成了Fe4N层,能显著提高其耐蚀性。     

40Cr钢表面涂敷层的磨损和腐蚀磨损研究

用掺有 10 %(w)CeO2 粉末的及未掺的KF 2 0 1铁基高强度耐磨合金粉末 ,对淬火态 40Cr钢材表面进行喷涂、喷熔和激光涂敷等表面处理 ,考察了用这 3种工艺制作的 6种涂层的显微组织、硬度分布、无润滑磨损和腐蚀磨损。结果表明 ,涂层的磨损抗力和腐蚀磨损抗力都比 40Cr钢基底的大为提高。激光涂敷层的磨损抗力达到淬火态 40Cr钢基底的 5倍以上 ,在 5 %盐水 +石英砂内进行腐蚀磨损试验 ,激光涂敷层的腐蚀磨损抗力达到 40Cr钢基底的 2倍以上。在KF 2 0 1粉末中掺入CeO2 ,Ce能使涂层组织细化 ,涂层磨损抗力与腐蚀磨损抗力得到进一步的提高。     

1Cr12Ni2W1Mo1V不锈钢表面等离子堆焊司太立熔覆层的组织及性能

为提高1Cr12Ni2W1Mo1V不锈钢的耐水蚀性能,采用等离子堆焊方法在其表面制备司太立熔覆层。研究了涂层的显微组织和显微硬度分布,分析了涂层的抗微粒冲蚀性能和耐水蚀性能。结果表明:司太立熔覆层与基体材料冶金结合良好,熔覆层组织细小、分布均匀,基体为枝晶状Co-Cr固溶体,枝晶间较均匀地分布着黑色碳化物,主要为M7C3和少量WC颗粒;司太立熔覆层的平均显微硬度(382.38 HV4.9 N)约为基材平均硬度(195.29HV4.9 N)的1.96倍,最高硬度值达到了421.00 HV4.9 N;堆焊第2层的硬度明显高于第1层的;司太立熔覆层合金的抗微粒冲蚀性能优于基材,其水蚀速度比基材小,在基材1Cr12Ni2W1Mo1V上堆焊司太立合金能有效提高其耐水蚀性能。     

表面纳米化预处理对316L不锈钢渗氮层摩擦学性能的影响

为改善奥氏体不锈钢的表面硬度和耐磨性,采用超声滚压与离子渗氮复合工艺对316L不锈钢表面进行了表面强化处理。利用扫描电镜(SEM)、硬度计、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和能谱仪以及摩擦磨损试验机等测定了渗氮层的硬度、深度、含氮量和物相组成,研究了表面晶层组织结构对离子渗氮行为和渗氮层在润滑油条件下摩擦学性能的影响。结果表明:直接渗氮和超声滚压/渗氮试样表层组织均由S、γ'、ε和Cr N相组成,渗氮层厚度均为20μm,直接渗氮层以S相为主,超声滚压后渗氮层以ε和γ'相为主,组织结构较为致密;超声滚压/渗氮层的平均渗氮含量是直接渗氮层的2.88倍,摩擦系数降低了0.04,显微硬度和耐磨性是直接渗氮层的1.15倍和2.76倍;超声滚压处理诱使316L不锈钢表面形成的纳米晶层组织结构增强了渗氮试样表面的催渗效能和对渗氮层的支撑强度,超声滚压后渗氮试样的表面耐磨性能最好。     

预氧化对1Cr11Ni2W2MoV不锈钢渗氮层质量的影响

为了研究渗氮前预氧化处理对1Cr11Ni2W2MoV材料制件渗氮层质量的影响,对调质后的试样在渗氮前进行不同预氧化处理和吹砂处理。目视观察预氧化薄膜颜色,采用金相显微镜和硬度计检测渗氮层的组织、深度、硬度和脆性等。结果表明：渗氮前对该材料在550℃下预氧化5～20 min,可以破坏不锈钢制件表面的钝化膜,使该材料制件渗层的硬度、深度及组织符合渗氮技术要求,且其渗层均匀性及渗氮速度均优于渗氮前仅进行吹砂处理的试样。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.