Influence of Ca Content on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Extruded Mg-Al-Ca-Mn Alloys

Herein, the effects of Ca content on microstructure, texture and mechanical properties of extruded Mg-3Al-0.4Mn-xCa (x = 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 wt%) rods are systematically investigated. The results reveal that the alloy, with Ca content of 0.8 wt%, exhibits the highest strength and ductility, possessing an ultimate tensile strength of 267.57 MPa and elongation (EL) of 16%. This is mainly due to the gradual transformation of typical fiber texture into a texture with a [10-11] component parallel to the extrusion direction (ED), which increases the Schmid factor of pyramidal slip and enhances the activation rate of pyramidal ⟨c + a⟩ slip. Simultaneously, the as-formed spherical phases and segregation of Ca at grain boundaries render a significant influence on the strength and ductility of the alloy.     

Improving Ductility and Anisotropy by Dynamic Recrystallization in Ti/Mg Laminated Metal Composite

Ti/Mg laminated metal composites (LMCs) were processed by hot roll bonding and subsequent annealing at 200 °C and 300 °C for 1 h, and the effect of dynamic recrystallization on the microstructure and anisotropy behavior was investigated in detail. The results revealed that, in both as-rolled and annealed Ti/Mg LMCs, the inhomogeneous distribution in the microstructure of Mg layers near the interface and near the center was related to the effect of friction between the roller and sheet surface and uncoordinated deformation between constituent layers. With increasing annealing temperature, Ti/Mg LMCs exhibited excellent elongation without sacrificing strength properties, which was mainly due to the improvement in bonding strength and the increasing strain gradient at the interface between soft and hard layers after annealing treatment. Besides, the increasing Schmid factors (SFs) of prismatic <  a > slip and pyramidal <  c +  a > slip in Mg layers contributed to the improved plastic deformation ability of Ti/Mg LMCs. The experimental analysis indicated that the presence of Mg alloys resulted in the microstructure and mechanical properties of LMCs were different along various loading directions, and annealing treatment can effectively inhibit the anisotropic behavior of Ti/Mg LMCs resulting from the weakening of basal texture in the Mg layer.     

In Situ Electron Backscatter Diff raction Analysis for Microstructure Evolution and Deformation Models of Mg–Ce Alloy During Uniaxial Loading

Previous studies showed that signifi cant increases in elongation in Mg–Ce alloys due to the Ce addition and the solute drag eff ect by Ce addition were ascribed to the non-basal dislocation slip activating and the texture altering. The microstructure evolution and deformation models of extruded Mg-0.5 wt%Ce alloy rods under uniaxial tension have been studied using in situ electron backscatter diff raction. The basal and non-basal slips were characterized by using slip line trace analysis. The results provide evidence for that pyramidal slip activated during deformation, besides basal slip and extension twinning, which contributes to the texture weakening and ductility increasing in Mg-0.5 wt%Ce alloy.     

High Strength and Ductility of a MgAg/MgGdYAg/MgAg Sandwiched Plate Produced by High-Pressure Torsion

Due to their unique precipitation behavior, magnesium-rare earth (Mg-RE) alloys exhibit excellent strength and high thermal stability. However, owing to the negative blocking effect of precipitation on dislocation slipping, the plasticity and ductility of Mg-RE alloys become deteriorate after aging treatment. In this work, a novel strategy to improve the combination of strength and ductility by designing a laminate heterostructured Mg alloy is proposed. High-pressure torsion (HPT) processing is employed to fabricate a clean and well-bonded interface between MgGdYAg and MgAg alloys. The two alloys have huge differences in precipitation hardening, and ductility is improved due to two facts. For one thing, the density of the second phases in the MgAg alloy is much lower than that of MgGdYAg alloy; for another, the non-basal 〈c + a〉 slipping is continuously activated during deformation. Through this mechanism, the uniform elongation of the heterostructured MgAg/MgGdYAg/MgAg alloy is improved to 7.1%.     

Application of texture simulation to understanding mechanical behavior of Mg and solid solution alloys containing Li or Y

The viscoplastic self-consistent model was used to interpret differences in the mechanical behavior of hexagonal close packed magnesium alloys. There are only subtle differences in the compression textures of magnesium and its solid solution alloys containing lithium or yttrium. However, the plane strain compression textures of the alloys showed an increasing tendency for the basal poles to rotate away from the “normal direction” towards the “rolling direction”. Texture simulations enabled these distinctions to be attributed to the increased activity of the non-basal c+a slip mode. The alloys had improved compressive ductilities compared to pure magnesium, and the increased c+a slip mode activity provides a satisfying explanation for this improvement, since it can accommodate c-axis compression within individual grains. Accounting for individual deformation mode hardening enabled the flow curves to be simulated and the anisotropic plastic response of textured wrought alloys to be mechanistically understood and predicted.     

Dependence of Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties on Loading Direction for AZ31 Magnesium Alloy Sheet with Non-basal Texture During In-Plane Uniaxial Tension

In-plane uniaxial tension of AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet with non-basal texture has been conducted in order to demonstrate the effects of loading direction on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties at ambient temperature. Loading axes are chosen to be along five directions distributed between rolling direction (RD) and transverse direction (TD), allowing various activities in involved slip and twinning modes to take place. As for twinning modes, electron backscattered diffraction observations confirm that the contribution of ${{\{ 10\overline{1}1\} }}$ compression twinning is minimal to the plastic deformation of all deformed samples. By comparison, ${{\{ 10\overline{1}2\} }}$ extension twinning (ET) not only serves as an important carrier on sustaining and accommodating plastic strain but also contributes to the emergence of TD-component texture with the progression of plastic strain. In terms of slip modes, analysis on Schmid factor demonstrates that the increasing tilted angle between loading direction and RD of sheet is unfavorable to the activation of basal <a> slip, whereas it contributes to the activation of prismatic <a> slip. These observations consequently explain the increasing tendency of 0.2% proof yield stress. Moreover, the activations of basal <a> slip and ${{\{ 10\overline{1}2\} }}$ ET collectively contribute to the concentration of two tilted basal poles toward normal direction. With increasing angle between loading direction and RD, the activations of basal <a> slip and ${{\{ 10\overline{1}2\} }}$ ET are gradually weakened. This leads to a weakening tendency about concentration of two tilted basal poles, a generally increasing tendency about Lankford value (r-value) and a generally decreasing tendency about strain-hardening exponent (n-value).     

稀土Nd对α相Mg-Li合金热挤压织构的影响

研究了挤压态Mg-5Li-3Al-2Zn-XNd(X=0,0.4,2.0,质量分数,%)合金的显微组织及其织构演变情况。结果表明,Nd的加入有利于合金在变形过程中启动非基面滑移。当Nd添加量为2.0%时,(0002)极图中显示出了Mg合金中罕见的非基面织构类型(ND向TD右侧偏转约30°)。非基面滑移系的出现一方面与加入Nd后合金的c/a值进一步减小有关,又与大量弥散分布在合金中的Al-RE相对基面织构的弱化有关。另外,由于稀土元素的加入对Mg合金的层错能的改变也有一定作用。     

Effects of Zinc and Calcium Concentration on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Hot-Rolled Mg–Zn–Ca Sheets

Four kinds of Mg alloys with different Zn and Ca concentration were selected to analyze the effect of Zn and Ca concentration on the microstructure and the mechanical properties of Mg–Zn–Ca alloys. It was found that Zn and Ca concentration has a great influence on the volume fraction, the morphology and the size of second phase. The Mg–1.95Zn–0.75Ca(wt%) alloy with the highest volume fraction, continuous network and largest size of Ca2Mg6Zn3 phase showed the lowest elongation to failure of about 7%, while the Mg–0.73Zn–0.12Ca(wt%) alloy with the lowest volume fraction and smallest size of Ca2Mg6Zn3 phase showed the highest elongation to failure of about 37%. It was suggested that uniform elongations of the Mg–Zn–Ca alloys were sensitive to the volume fraction of the Ca2Mg6Zn3 phases, especially the network Ca2Mg6Zn3phases; post-uniform elongations were dependent on the size of the Ca2Mg6Zn3 phase, especially the size of network Ca2Mg6Zn3 phase. Reduction in Zn and Ca concentration was an effective way to improve the roomtemperature ductility of weak textured Mg–Zn–Ca alloys.     

Deformation Mechanism and Hot Workability of Extruded Magnesium Alloy AZ31

Using the flow stress curves obtained by Gleeble thermo-mechanical testing, the processing map of extruded magnesium alloy AZ31 was established to analyze the hot workability. Stress exponent and activation energy were calculated to characterize the deformation mechanism. Then, the effects of hot deformation parameters on deformation mechanism,microstructure evolution and hot workability of AZ31 alloy were discussed. With increasing deformation temperature, the operation of non-basal slip systems and full development of dynamic recrystallization(DRX) contribute to effective improvement in hot workability of AZ31 alloy. The influences of strain rate and strain are complex. When temperature exceeds 350 °C, the deformation mechanism is slightly dependent of the strain rate or strain. The dominant mechanism is dislocation cross-slip, which favors DRX nucleation and grain growth and thus leads to good plasticity. At low temperature(below 350 °C), the deformation mechanism is sensitive to strain and strain rate. Both the dominant deformation mechanism and inadequate development of DRX deteriorate the ductility of AZ31 alloy. The flow instability mainly occurs in the vicinity of 250 °C and 1 s-1.     

Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr合金在压缩变形中的滑移系激活规律和塑性变形不均匀性（英文）

为了定量和统计地了解高性能铸造Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr(质量分数,%,GW103)合金在室温单轴压缩变形中滑移系的激活规律和塑性变形不均匀性,对时效状态的该合金进行详细的滑移迹线分析和基于取向差的电子背散射衍射(EBSD)分析。在2%塑性应变后,根据鉴别的滑移迹线的相对比例,激活的滑移模式首先为基面滑移(73.3%),其次是柱面滑移(15.8%),然后是二级角锥面滑移(6.9%),最后是一级角锥面滑移(4%)。尽管大多数激活的滑移系表现出较大的施密特因子(m)值(>0.3),但值得注意的是,一些硬取向(m<0.1)的滑移系也被激活。对于大多数表现出极大几何必需位错(GND)密度的晶界,至少满足以下条件之一：晶界取向差角(GBMA)较大;相邻晶粒间特定滑移模式m_max之差较大。晶粒的塑性变形不均匀性(GND密度的大小/分布)与是否能观察到滑移迹线无关。晶内取向分布(GOS)和/或平均GND密度与m_max (对于特定滑移模式)没有明显的相关性。     

Ti3Al基合金室温塑性的改善方法

结合Ti3Al基合金室温塑性的主要影响因素，总结了Ti3Al基合金改善塑性的方法，这些方法包括：合金化、细化晶粒、热处理、控制间隙元素含量等。合金化元素主要包括Mo，V，Nb3种，它们的加入稳定了塑性相。提高了合金塑性。细化晶粒一方面可缩短滑移带长度，减少晶界的应变集中，使裂纹形核变得困难；另一方面由于细晶材料的塑性变形协调性较好，有利于更多滑移系的开动。热处理通过控制组织达到改善塑性的目的。间隙元素严重影响合金塑性，控制其含量是改善塑性的重要手段。     

Coupled Influence of Temperature and Strain Rate on Tensile Deformation Characteristics of Hot-Extruded AZ31 Magnesium Alloy

To explore the coupled effect of temperature T and strain rate_e on the deformation features of AZ31 Mg alloy,mechanical behaviors and microstructural evolutions as well as surface deformation and damage features were systematically examined under uniaxial tension at T spanning from 298 to 523 K and_e from 10-4to 10-2s-1. The increase in T or the decrease in_e leads to the marked decrease in flow stress, the appearance of a stress quasi-plateau after an initially rapid strain hardening, and even to the occurrence of successive strain softening. Correspondingly, the plastic deformation modes of AZ31 Mg alloy transform from the predominant twinning and a limited amount of dislocation slip into the enhanced non-basal slip and the dynamic recrystallization(DRX) together with the weakened twinning. Meanwhile, the cracking modes also change from along grain boundaries(GBs) and at twin boundaries(TBs) or the end of twins into nearby GBs where the DRX has occurred. The appearance of a stress quasi-plateau, the formation of large-sized cracks nearby GBs, and the occurrence of continuous strain softening, are intimately related to the enhancement of the non-basal slip and the DRX.     

Sr元素对Mg-Zn-Ca合金非晶形成能力和耐蚀性的影响

为改善Mg-Zn-Ca合金的非晶形成能力,采用铜模喷铸法制备了不同Sr含量的Mg-Zn-Ca-Sr合金,其直径为2和4mm棒材试样。利用XRD、SEM、DSC和电化学测试方法研究了Sr元素对Mg-Zn-Ca合金非晶形成能力和在模拟体液中耐蚀性的影响。结果表明,Mg_(65)Zn_(30)Ca_(5-x)Sr_x(x=0,0.5,1.0,1.5,原子分数%,下同)合金直径为2 mm棒材试样组织均为非晶态,而直径为4mm棒材试样均是由非晶和晶体相(Mg和MgZn相)组成,但晶体相的体积分数和尺寸随着Sr元素添加量的增加而减少,即合金的非晶形成能力提高,其中,Mg_(65)Zn_(30)Ca_4Sr_1合金非晶形成能力最强。电化学腐蚀测试结果表明,随着Sr含量增多,合金的腐蚀电位向正向移动,腐蚀电流密度减小,合金的耐蚀性逐渐增强,2 mm棒材试样中Mg_(65)Zn_(30)Ca_(4.5)Sr_(0.5)合金的耐蚀性最好,直径为4 mm棒材试样中Mg_(65)Zn_(30)Ca_4Sr_1合金的耐蚀性最强。     

Comparative study of the deformation behavior of hexagonal magnesium–lithium alloys and a conventional magnesium AZ31 alloy

Specimens of a conventional magnesium AZ31 alloy and a binary α-solid solution Mg4Li alloy with similar starting textures and microstructure were subjected to plane strain deformation under various deformation temperatures ranging from 298 K to 673 K. Lithium addition to magnesium exhibited remarkable room temperature ductility improvement owing to enhanced activity of non-basal slip, particularly, 〈c + a〉-slip mode. Furthermore, the addition of lithium to magnesium seemed to reduce the plastic anisotropy, typical for commercial magnesium alloys. This was evident in the flow curves and texture development obtained at 200 °C and 400 °C. At 400 °C prismatic slip gains strong influence in accommodating the imposed deformation. In terms of thermal stability against microstructure coarsening at elevated temperatures, the lithium containing alloy undergoes significant grain growth following recrystallization.     

Plastic deformation of single crystals of TiSi2

Compression experiments have been performed at high temperatures for single crystals of TiSi₂ with the C54 (oF24) structure. Compression axes chosen are -, b- and c-axes, and intermediate directions between a- and c-axes, and b- and c-axes. Based on the slip line observation and the geometrical consideration, it has been concluded that one of the three slip systems, (001)[110], ( 10)[130] and (0 1)[011], is activated depending on the compression axis; in the former two systems dislocations are assumed to be dissociated into superpartials, i.e. 1/2[1101→1/3[100]1+1/6[130] and 1/2[130]→3 × 1/6[130]. The (001)[110] slip is active at room temperature and the other two slip systems are active only above 1000 K. The thermal-activation analysis of the plastic deformation has shown that the deformation is controlled by the Peierls mechanism for the three slip systems; the total activation enthalpy is 1.5 eV for the (001)[110] slip and 4–5 eV for the ( 10)[130] and (0 1)[011] slips. An asymmetry of the Peierls potential is suggested for the (3 0)[130] slip.     

Investigating deformation processes in AM60 magnesium alloy using the acoustic emission technique

Microstructure changes in an AM60 magnesium alloy were monitored using the acoustic emission (AE) technique during tensile tests in the temperature range from 20 to 300 °C. The correlation of the AE signal and the deformation processes is discussed. It is shown, using transmission electron and light microscopy, that the character of the AE response is associated with various modes of mechanical twinning at lower temperatures, whereas at higher temperatures also the influence of c + a non-basal dislocations on the AE response must be taken into account.     

大晶粒纯镁疲劳变形过程中交叉滑移迹线的分析

在室温条件下研究了大晶粒纯镁疲劳变形过程中有可能激活的滑移系统及滑移迹线。结果表明,经过疲劳变形后大量的纵横交叉滑移迹线在样品表面产生,基于晶粒取向与滑移迹线方向的综合判定,这种纵横交叉滑移迹线是由反复疲劳变形过程中基体的基面滑移与同一区域内｛102｝孪生过程中所再次产生的基面滑移而形成。通过实验观察到最有可能发生的锥面滑移系统为在｛101｝面上所产生的<113>锥面滑移,但总体上来说,基面的滑移迹线比锥面的滑移迹线更密集,这说明锥面滑移在整个疲劳变形过程中被抑制。     

Warm deformation mechanism of hot-rolled Mg alloy

Tension attachment of high temperature microscopy was proposed to research the microstructure evolution and plastic behavior of AZ31 magnesium,alloy in a temperature range of 473-523 K and a load range of 80-160 N.Transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was utilized to observe the morphology of twins after deformation process.The results show that as Zener-Hollomon parameter Z increases(temperature falls,strain rate rises),the peak stress obviously increases,while the ductility tends to become worse.A grea...     

Effect of Forging on Microstructure,Texture, and Uniaxial Properties of Cast AZ31B Alloy

The effect of open-die hot forging on cast AZ31B magnesium alloy was investigated in terms of the evolution of microstructure, texture, and mechanical properties. A refined microstructure with strong basal texture was developed in forged material. A significant increase in tensile yield and ultimate strengths by 143 and 23%, respectively, was determined as well. When tested in compression at room temperature, the forged alloy displayed significant in-plane asymmetry and unchanged yield strength compared to the cast alloy owing to the activation of \(\left\{ {10\bar{1}2} \right\}\left\langle {10\bar{1}1} \right\rangle\) extension twins in both the cast and forged conditions. However, the ultimate compressive strength for the forged material increased by 22 percent compared to the as-cast material. Microstructure and texture analysis of the fracture samples confirmed that the deformation of the forged samples was dominated by slip during tension and twin in compression. In comparison, both slip and twin were observed in the cast samples for similar testing conditions. The increase in strength of forging was attributed to the refinement of grains and the formation of strong basal texture, which activated the non-basal slip on the prismatic and pyramidal slip systems instead of extension twin.