Noise analysis of a Howland current source

We present a detailed noise analysis of a Howland current source that can supply up to 25 mA output current with a current gain of approximately 20. A modified topology is also considered which includes an additional compensation resistor at the non-inverting terminal of the amplifier to balance the input impedance when the amplifier is used with current gain. A lowest measured current noise of 13 pA/√Hz (for f > 40 Hz) is obtained for the balanced configuration. We find that the addition of a compensation resistor improves the thermal stability of the amplifier and this agrees well with theoretical predictions. Some care must be taken when matching the resistance ratios of the Howland current source as matching at the level of 1% results in a theoretical output impedance of approximately 22 kΩ for our design.

The analytical expressions developed in this work should allow noise analysis to be performed for general resistance combinations.     

1～4GHz 80W GaN超宽带功率放大器

基于南京电子器件研究所0.25μmGaN HEMT工艺平台,设计了一款工作频率为1~4GHz,连续波输出功率大于80W的超宽带功率放大器.放大器采用低通L-C匹配网络实现管芯输入输出阻抗到实阻抗的变换;并利用切比雪夫变换器结构实现超宽带匹配;以单路输入输出端口匹配到100Ω后,两路直接电路合成到50Ω的方法实现了大功率超宽带功放的功率合成.放大器偏置电压32V,静态电流0.4A.测试结果显示,在1~4GHz带宽内,放大器连续波输出功率大于49.05dBm （80.3W）,最高输出功率为50.6dBm （114.8W）,饱和功率增益大于9dB,功率平坦度小于±0.8dB,最大漏极效率为62.5%.     

用于W-LAN的5.8GHz InGaP/GaAs HBT MMIC线性功率放大器

介绍了一种应用于W-LAN系统的5.8 GHz InGaP/GaAs HBT MMIC功率放大器。该功率放大器采用了自适应线性化偏置电路来改善线性度和效率,同时偏置电路中的温度补偿电路可以抑制直流工作点随温度的变化,采用RC稳定网络使放大器在较宽频带内具有绝对稳定性。在单独供电3.6 V电压情况下,功率放大器的增益为26 dB,1 dB压缩点处输出功率为26.4 dBm,功率附加效率(PAE)为25%。三阶交调系数(IMD3)在输出功率为26.4 dBm时为-19 dBc,输出功率为20 dBm时低于-38 dBc,在1 dB压缩点处偏移频率为20 MHz时邻道功率比(ACPR)值为-31 dBc。     

一种优异温度稳定性Ka波段上变频放大模块

研究了Ka波段变频放大电路的设计及其温度补偿技术,分析了上变频放大模块的基本原理,分别对射频增益及检波电压进行了温度补偿,提出了一种优异温度稳定性、高线性度、高增益稳定性的总体设计方案。该变频放大模块由放大电路、温补电路、混频电路、滤波电路及功率放大器等单元电路组成。运用Agilent ADS软件完成了模块的整体电路设计。同时,介绍了一种基于场仿真软件和实测相结合的方法,建立毫米波多芯片组件中互连的键合线模型,将键合线的寄生电感融入了上变频放大模块电路设计中,显著提高键合线互连电路的频率响应。采用多芯片组装工艺制作了高性能的变频放大模块,实现了在Ka波段输出功率＞于30.6 dBm,全温范围功率波动＜0.8 dB,全温检波电压指示波动＜0.2 V,测试结果与仿真结果一致。     

一款用于驱动耳机的低噪声低功耗音频功率放大器的设计

报道了一款低噪声、低功耗、增益可调的音频功率放大器的设计.该功率放大器在电源电压为5V,输入信号频率为1kHz,驱动负载为16Ω,输出功率为120mW时的总谐波失真仅为0.1%.此音频功率放大器的增益允许以每台阶为1.5dB在+12～-34.5dB之间变化,共32个台阶,内部的放大器电路是该用于驱动耳机的音频功率放大器的核心.介绍了功率放大器的电路结构、放大器的主要模块、最终版图和测试结果,最后此电路在上华0.6μm双层多晶硅、双层金属的CMOS工艺上实现.     

Class D audio power amplifier with fine hysteresis control

A new simple and efficient control method for a class D audio power amplifier is presented. The new fine hysteresis control method can control the switching frequency freely and guarantees stability for any load condition without having any outside compensation circuit at all.     

音频功放环路频率响应的测试

音频功放的稳定性是由环路频率响应的增益与相位曲线决定的。在设计时可以通过仿真软件分析,在实际测试时由于测试误差和动态范围的限制很难得到准确的结果。本文以AB类音频功放为例,介绍了一种采用网络分析仪的增益和相位端口,测试环路频率响应的方法。     

S 波段GaN HEMT 宽带逆F 类高效率功率放大器设计

提出一种宽频带GaN HEMT 逆F 类功率放大器设计方法,并完成S 波段高效率功率放大器的研制。首先对改进的GaN HEMT Angelov 大信号缩放模型进行分析,确定功放管栅宽模型参数;然后通过输出电容补偿、负载牵引技术获得最佳输入、输出阻抗,设计谐波控制网络实现对谐波阻抗的峰化;最后基于宽频带、高效率原则完成电路仿真版图优化。为验证该方法,基于国产GaN HEMT(栅宽1. 25mm)设计了一款中心频率2. 9GHz,带宽大于40% 的高效率逆F 类功放,测试结果表明频带内输出功率均大于3W、漏极效率达到60%。     

带温度补偿的Ka波段CMOS堆叠功率放大器设计

介绍了一款基于55 nm CMOS工艺,带温度补偿电路的Ka波段堆叠高效功率放大器（power amplifier,PA）.采用了一种新型的针对晶体管堆叠结构的温度补偿电路,该补偿电路由两个二极管和四个电阻组成,结构简单,易于实现.通过调整堆叠放大器各个栅极偏置电路中的电压,使得PA随温度变化的增益和输出功率得到有效补偿,增强了电路的可靠性和热稳定性.基于Agilent ADS软件的版图仿真结果显示:电路的最大输出功率为20.1 dBm,频带内功率附加效率（power additional efficiency,PAE）为20%~30%,大信号功率-1 dB带宽为15 GHz（46%）.在-40℃到125℃的温度范围内,采用新型温补偏置电路与传统偏置电路相比,小信号增益的温度波动从2.2 dB改善到0.1 dB,显著提高了功放的热稳定性,证明了所提出的温度补偿电路对于在宽温度范围内校正功率放大器增益变化的有效性.     

基于接地式开关的三波段可重构功率放大器的设计

采用基于接地式开关的单频可重构阻抗变换网络,设计了一款可以工作在三个波段的可重构功率放大器。与其他可重构功率放大器相比,该功放输出匹配电路的设计复杂度相对较低,对各个工作频率的跨度要求很小,同时有效节约了频谱资源。为了验证方案的可行性,采用型号为CGH40010F 的GaN 晶体管设计了一款工作在1.75 GHz、2.1 GHz 和2.6 GHz 的可重构功率放大器,制作实物并进行测试。测试结果表明该结构使功放在工作的三个频段上具有良好的输出功率、效率及增益,各个频段之间的切换更加方便。     

UHF power amplifier of class E with a series forming circuit

The E-class mode of a power amplifier with a series (to the switch) forming circuit is investigated. An analysis of such an amplifier model is given. Formulas for the equivalent circuit elements are obtained. The load impedances of its switches on a fundamental frequency and on its harmonics are determined for the considered amplifier and for the device which forms a dual pair with it. The fundamental frequency compensation possibility for the capacitive part on the transistor switch output impedance is demonstrated. With the help of the described approach, the amplifier is developed for a frequency of 915 MHz with a drain efficiency of about 73.2% (PAE is about 71%) and the output power is about 7.32 W.     

直接式数字功放技术

音响用的数字功放,普遍由开关电源模块和数字功放模块这两部分组成。非常多的科技人员在研究一个课题:用声频信号调制开关电源模块,开关电源不再输出直流电压,而是直接输出放大的声频信号,进而免去数字功放模块。介绍了一种将开关电源直接设计成数字功放的技术,能简化电路,提高稳定性,能为数字功放带来开关电源软开关技术所具有的优点。     

防破音D类音频功放的设计与应用

随着多媒体便携设备的普及,音频功放已经成为音频部分的标准配置,D类功放以其高品质高效的特点得到了越来越广泛的应用。在便携产品中,音频功放由于输入音乐信号过大或者电源电压过低,会产生削顶失真。采用防破音技术,可以通过自动增益调节技术来提供一个完美的解决方案。文章介绍了常见的防破音技术,提出了一种改进的AGC(自动增益控制)技术在D类功放中的设计与应用。改进的AGC技术通过对PWM输出的采样来判断失真程度,依据失真程度用防破音电路产生的PWM波形来自动调节运放增益,实现最大功率的无失真输出。     

A New Design of Doherty Amplifiers Using Defected Ground Structure

In this letter, a new Doherty power amplifier having the ideal harmonic termination condition that has been usually ignored is proposed. A defected ground structure (DGS) is adopted on the ground pattern of the output lambda/4 impedance inverter of the carrier amplifier and output offset transmission line of the peaking amplifier that are essential for proper load modulation operation of a conventional Doherty amplifier. As a result of the second and third harmonic termination, excellent improvement in power added efficiency (PAE), gain, maximum output power as well as linearity is obtained. The acquired improvements in gain, maximum output power (P_{1 dB}), PAE, and adjacent channel leakage ratio to wideband code division multiple access 2FA signal are 0.33 dB, 0.42 dB, 12.7%, and 5.1 dB, respectively. Moreover, physical length of microstrip line is shortened fairly by DGS, therefore the whole amplifier circuit size is considerably reduced     

基于音频功率放大器的电路设计

音频功率放大器是音响设备的重要组成部分,功率放大器各级电路的设计、元器件的选用对功率放大器的性能会产生重要影响。实践证明,通过引入差动放大器、渥尔曼电路(Cascode)、晶体管与场效应管混合电路、多管并联输出电路的设计,采用音响专用元器件,对改善放大器的高频响应、瞬态响应、转换速率、减少瞬态互调失真、提高功率放大器的稳定性和控制力等方面取得明显的效果。     

An efficient CMOS line driver for 1.544-Mb/s T1 and 2.048-Mb/s E1 applications

A CMOS operational amplifier (OPAMP) for use as a line driver for high-speed T1/E1 data communication link is described. The differential output swing, using a single 3.3-V power supply, is 5.2-V peak-to-peak on a 20-/spl Omega/ load. Novel circuits are used to control the closed-loop output impedance, quiescent bias current, and frequency compensation to ensure stable operation over varying temperature and load conditions. A special circuitry tristates the output in case of power-supply failure. The OPAMP achieves a unity-gain bandwidth of 35 MHz with only 10 mA of quiescent current. A new output-current-sense circuitry is used to provide a current feedback to adjust the output impedance for proper line termination as well as to provide short-circuit protection from excessive output currents. Using 0.35-/spl mu/m n-well CMOS technology, the amplifier occupies 0.69 mm/sup 2/ of area.     

基于新型输出结构的宽带高效率功率放大器

提出一种具有新型匹配网络的宽带高效率功率放大器,以及利用开路扇形微带线构成的紧凑型输出匹配网络,并给出了阻抗推导过程。该输出匹配网络在一定带宽条件下能满足晶体管的高效率所对应的阻抗设计空间要求。为了进一步拓展带宽,采用阶跃式阻抗匹配方法设计输入匹配网络。通过理论分析与仿真,最后设计并制作了一款频段为1~3.1 GHz的宽带高效率J类功率放大器。测试结果表明,在该频段内漏极效率为61.4%~70.2%,输出功率为39.3~41.7 dBm,增益为9.3~11.7 dB。     

Integrated electrically tuned X-band power amplifier utilizing Gunn and IMPATT diodes

A totally integrated X-band power amplifier for FM and PM communication system applications having 1-W output power and 30-dB gain is described. The amplifier consists of two electrically tuned injection-locked oscillator stages taht are tunable over a 500-MHz range with 250-MHz minimum locking bandwidth. A Gunn diode is utilized in the first stage and a silicon IMPATT diode in the second stage oscillator for the best overall FM noise, AM/PM conversion, output power, and efficiency. The FM noise and AM/PM conversion of the separate stages are presented in relation to overall amplifier performance. The amplifier design includes a combined power monitor and `out-of-lock' detection circuit. In addition, temperature-compensated current and voltage regulators and automatic interface circuitry to shut off the amplifier when out of lock occurs are described. Temperature compensation for the free-running frequency of each stage over the temperature and frequency range is discussed.     

基于水声器耦合的低频功率放大器的设计

低频功率放大器作为电子设备的后级放大电路,它的主要作用是将前级的音频信号进行功率放大以推动负载工作,获得良好的声音效果。基于此,设计了水声信号发生系统中的低频功率放大电路,该电路以前级放大芯片NE532、功率放大,TDA2030芯片和直流稳压电源为核心,实现了对小信号的功率放大,经multisim仿真,该电路工作稳定正常,输出波形无失真,在输出功率以及放大增益等方面均满足设计要求。     

5～12 GHz新型复合管宽带功率放大器设计

利用一种新型HBT复合晶体管结构设计了一款宽带功率放大器,有效抑制了HBT的大信号Kink效应。采用微波仿真软件AWR对电路结构进行了优化和仿真,结果显示,在5～12 GHz频带内,复合晶体管结构的输出阻抗值更稳定,带宽得到有效扩展,最高增益达到11 dB,带内波动<0.5 dB,在9 GHz工作频率时,其1 dB压缩点处的输出功率为26 dBm。