Cross-reactivity of some commercially available deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) immunoaffinity columns to DON- and ZEN-conjugated forms and metabolites

Seven commercially available deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) immunoaffinity columns (IACs) were tested for cross-reactivity to conjugated forms (3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, DON-3-glucoside, DON-3-glucuronide, ZEN-glucosides, ZEN-glucuronide) and metabolites (de-epoxydeoxynivalenol, α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol) and nivalenol (NIV), using a semi-quantitative multi-mycotoxin ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. The DON IACs showed cross-reactivity for nearly all DON derivatives tested. The ZEN IACs showed limited cross-reactivity to some of the ZEN derivatives. The IACs were evaluated for their potential use as sample clean-up for mycotoxins in serum.     

Cross-reactivity features of deoxynivalenol (DON)-targeted immunoaffinity columns aiming to achieve simultaneous analysis of DON and major conjugates in cereal samples

Immunoaf?nity columns (IACs) are a well-established tool in the determination of regulated mycotoxins in food and feed commodities. However, they also have the potential to become attractive pre-concentration and clean-up materials for the determination of masked (also called modified) mycotoxins, which have been recognised as important contributors to the toxicological hazard deriving from fungal spoilage of goods. However, the information available in the literature concerning the cross-reactivity of DON-IACs against the major conjugates (DON-3-G, 15-AcDON and 3-AcDON) is incomplete and often contradictory. We have carried out a detailed characterisation of the cross-reactivity of the four main IACs brands against DON and its conjugates as well as an assessment of the competition among the analytes. Only one IAC enabled the simultaneous analysis of all relevant DON forms while two missed 15-AcDON and the fourth one missed DON-3-G and 3-AcDON. In the case of the multivalent IAC, the analytes modified at the C-3 position compete for the antibody binding with preference for 3-AcDON (less spatially hindered) while DON-3-G has the more-hindered access to the active sites. Taking into consideration the levels of DON conjugates existing in real samples, the cross-reactivity of one DON-IAC allows a quantitative analysis of all of these analytes. Important but rather neglected aspects such as the continuous supply of IACs with identical characteristics, and of columns which are strictly blank, are also addressed in this paper.     

Transfer of Fusarium mycotoxins and 'masked' deoxynivalenol (deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside) from field barley through malt to beer

The fate of five Fusarium toxins--deoxynivalenol (DON), sum of 15- and 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (ADONs), HT-2 toxin (HT-2) representing the main trichothecenes and zearalenone (ZON) during the malting and brewing processes--was investigated. In addition to these 'free' mycotoxins, the occurrence of deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3-Glc) was monitored for the first time in a beer production chain (currently, only DON and ZON are regulated). Two batches of barley, naturally infected and artificially inoculated with Fusarium spp. during the time of flowering, were used as a raw material for processing experiments. A highly sensitive procedure employing high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was validated for the analysis of 'free' Fusarium mycotoxins and DON-conjugate in all types of matrices. The method was also able to detect nivalenol (NIV), fusarenon-X (FUS-X) and T-2 toxin (T-2); nevertheless, none of these toxins was found in any of the samples. While steeping of barley grains (the first step in the malting process) apparently reduced Fusarium mycotoxin levels to below their quantification limits (5-10 microg kg(-1)), their successive accumulation occurred during germination. In malt, the content of monitored mycotoxins was higher compared with the original barley. The most significant increase was found for DON-3-Glc. During the brewing process, significant further increases in levels occurred. Concentrations of this 'masked' DON in final beers exceeded 'free' DON, while in malt grists this trichothecene was the most abundant, with the DON/DON-3-Glc ratio being approximately 5:1 in both sample series. When calculating mass balance, no significant changes were observed during brewing for ADONs. The content of DON and ZON slightly decreased by a maximum of 30%. Only traces of HT-2 were detected in some processing intermediates (wort after trub removal and green beer).     

玉米赤霉烯酮和脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇双特异性抗体的制备及检测方法构建

玉米赤霉烯酮（zearalenone,ZEN）和脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（deoxynivalenol,DON）是粮食中常见的真菌毒素,长期的饮食暴露会对生物体造成严重危害。目前针对ZEN和DON同步免疫检测分别依赖各自对应的单克隆抗体,而传统单克隆抗体制备周期长、成本高。作者利用重组抗体表达技术在短时间内获得了可同时识别ZEN和DON的双特异性抗体（Bis-scFv）,并构建了基于Bis-scFv的间接竞争酶联免疫检测方法（indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,IC-ELISA）,获得ZEN和DON标准曲线的半数抑制质量浓度（IC₅₀）分别为20.64 ng/mL和132.29 ng/mL;Bis-scFv具有良好的特异性,与其他真菌毒素均无显著的交叉反应。同时,将IC-ELISA方法对玉米中的ZEN和DON进行加标回收实验,其回收率为86.02%～108.14%。本研究证明了所开发的Bis-scFv未来可应用于粮食样本中ZEN与DON的同步快速检测方法的开发。     

Stability of DON and DON-3-glucoside during baking as affected by the presence of food additives

The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most common mycotoxins of cereals worldwide, and its occurrence has been widely reported in raw wheat. The free mycotoxin form is not the only route of exposure; modified forms can also be present in cereal products. Deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3-glucoside) is a common DON plant conjugate. The mycotoxin concentration could be affected by food processing; here, we studied the stability of DON and DON-3-glucoside during baking of small doughs made from white wheat flour and other ingredients. A range of common food additives and ingredients were added to assess possible interference: ascorbic acid (E300), citric acid (E330), sorbic acid (E200), calcium propionate (E282), lecithin (E322), diacetyltartaric acid esters of fatty acid mono- and diglycerides (E472a), calcium phosphate (E341), disodium diphosphate (E450i), xanthan gum (E415), polydextrose (E1200), sorbitol (E420i), sodium bicarbonate (E500i), wheat gluten and malt flour. The DON content was reduced by 40%, and the DON-3-glucoside concentration increased by >100%, after baking for 20 min at 180°C. This confirmed that DON and DON-3-glucoside concentrations can vary during heating, and DON-3-glucoside could even increase after baking. However, DON and DON-3-glucoside are not affected significantly by the presence of the food additives tested.     

Transfer of Fusarium mycotoxins and ‘masked’ deoxynivalenol (deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside) from field barley through malt to beer

The fate of five Fusarium toxins — deoxynivalenol (DON), sum of 15- and 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (ADONs), HT-2 toxin (HT-2) representing the main trichothecenes and zearalenone (ZON) during the malting and brewing processes — was investigated. In addition to these ‘free’ mycotoxins, the occurrence of deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3-Glc) was monitored for the first time in a beer production chain (currently, only DON and ZON are regulated). Two batches of barley, naturally infected and artificially inoculated with Fusarium spp. during the time of flowering, were used as a raw material for processing experiments. A highly sensitive procedure employing high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was validated for the analysis of ‘free’ Fusarium mycotoxins and DON-conjugate in all types of matrices. The method was also able to detect nivalenol (NIV), fusarenon-X (FUS-X) and T-2 toxin (T-2); nevertheless, none of these toxins was found in any of the samples. While steeping of barley grains (the first step in the malting process) apparently reduced Fusarium mycotoxin levels to below their quantification limits (5–10 µg kg^?1), their successive accumulation occurred during germination. In malt, the content of monitored mycotoxins was higher compared with the original barley. The most significant increase was found for DON-3-Glc. During the brewing process, significant further increases in levels occurred. Concentrations of this ‘masked’ DON in final beers exceeded ‘free’ DON, while in malt grists this trichothecene was the most abundant, with the DON/DON-3-Glc ratio being approximately 5:1 in both sample series. When calculating mass balance, no significant changes were observed during brewing for ADONs. The content of DON and ZON slightly decreased by a maximum of 30%. Only traces of HT-2 were detected in some processing intermediates (wort after trub removal and green beer).     

Analysis of deoxynivalenol, masked deoxynivalenol, and Fusarium graminearum pigment in wheat samples, using liquid chromatography-UV-mass spectrometry

Tolerable limits set for deoxynivalenol (DON) do not consider DON conjugates such as DON-3-glucoside. Conjugates may be metabolized in vivo to DON. Such masked mycotoxins and the potentially toxic Fusarium pigment are not routinely analyzed in cereals. We quantified DON, DON-3-glucoside, and a red Fusarium pigment in hard red spring wheat, using a new liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Extraction protocols using centrifugation and shaking, and methanol-methylene chloride (50:50 [vol/vol]) or acetonitrile-water (84:16 [vol/vol]) were assessed. Purposively and randomly selected hard spring wheat samples were extracted with solvent filtered through a C18 column and analyzed using liquid chromatography-UV-mass spectrometry. Isocratic mobile phase (70% methanol) was used. Recoveries were 96.4% (DON) and 70.0% (DON-3-glucoside), while limits of detection were 1 microg/kg (MS) and 10 microg/kg (UV), and limits of quantification were 1 microg/kg (UV) and 0.5 microg/kg (MS), respectively. The pigment limits of quantification and limits of detection on the MS were 4.3 and 0.0005 microg/kg, respectively. The purposively selected samples had DON, DON-3-glucoside, and pigment averages of 3.4 +/- 4.0 microg/g, 3.8 +/- 8.3 microg/g, and 0.31 +/- 3.71 g/kg, respectively. The randomly selected spring wheat had lower mean levels of DON (1.4 +/- 2.3 microg/g), DON-3-glucoside (0.2 +/- 1.0 microg/g), and pigment (147.93 +/- 247.84 microg/g). Analytical tools such as this new liquid chromatography-UV-mass spectrometry method can be used to quantify masked and parent mycotoxins, plus a potentially toxic pigment for risk assessment.     

Deoxynivalenol,zearalenone and T-2 in grain based swine feed in Hungary

Fusarium genera can produce trichothecenes like deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN) and T-2 toxin, which can occur in feed cereal grains. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) tests of different Hungarian swine feedstuff proved that these mycotoxins were present. In this survey, 45 feed samples from 3 significant Hungarian swine feedstuff manufacturers were tested. ELISA methodology validation showed mean recovery rates in ranges from 85.3% to 98.1%, with intermediate precision of 86.9-96.9% and variation coefficients of 3.4–5.7% and 5.9–7.1%, respectively. The results showed that among Fusarium toxins, generally DON was present in the highest concentration, followed by T-2 and finally ZEN in all tested swine feeds. Each of the mycotoxins was found above the limit of detection in all swine feedstuffs. Boars feed’s DON (average ± standard deviation was 872 ± 139 µg kg^?1) and ZEN (172 ± 18 µg kg^?1) results of one of the manufacturers were above the guidance values. It indicates the necessity for efficient monitoring of DON, ZEN and T-2 mycotoxins in swine feeds.     

Ozone treatment to reduce deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) contamination in wheat bran and its impact on nutritional quality

Wheat bran is an important source for human and animal feed. Its nutritional aspects include a high content of fibre and minerals, as well as phenolic compounds that help prevent chronic diseases. However, wheat can be susceptible to contamination by fungus, which can produce mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN), causing adverse health effects. Therefore, methods should be developed to reduce possible contamination. Ozone can be used for this purpose as it is considered safe and environmental friendly. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reduction of DON and ZEN concentrations in wheat bran using the ozonation process as well as to evaluate the effect of ozonation on the nutritional quality of bran. Considering this, wheat bran naturally contaminated with both DON and ZEN was processed using ozone at different conditions. The nutritional quality of the bran was evaluated after processing considering the following aspects: the total phenolic content and the bran antioxidant capacity (by using both DPPH and ABTS radicals). The results showed that the degradation of ZEN was higher and faster than the degradation of DON, which could be explained by their molecular structures. The total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of the bran were not affected by the ozonation process, which is preferable from a nutritional point of view. Therefore, ozonation was demonstrated to be a possible method for reducing mycotoxins in wheat bran, although more studies are needed in order to better understand and optimise processing and product quality.     

超导体包被免疫荧光试纸法同时测定玉米中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇和玉米赤霉烯酮适用性研究

为了能同时快速测定玉米中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol,DON)和玉米赤霉烯酮(Zearalenone,ZEN)两种毒素,采用基于超导体包被的免疫荧光快速定量检测技术,检测了多个玉米样品,结合加标回收率、稳定性、检出限、精密度等指标,并与液相色谱法的检测结果进行比较分析,评估方法的适用性。结果表明,超导体包被的免疫荧光试纸法检测DON含量在100～2 500μg/kg,检测ZEN含量在5～200μg/kg的范围内线性良好。DON在500～2 000μg/kg添加水平范围内,回收率为103.72%～108.17%,ZEN在50～150μg/kg添加水平范围内,回收率为97.81%～111.27%。该方法于液相色谱法检测结果对比,DON相对偏差在3.72%～8.17%,ZEN相对偏差在2.19%～11.27%,均低于液相色谱法允许偏差23%和15%,超导体包被的免疫荧光试纸法是一种有效、实用、快速、定量的分析方法,能满足同时检测玉米中DON和ZEN的要求。     

The coexistence of the Fusarium mycotoxins nivalenol, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in Korean cereals harvested in 1983

A survey for the occurrence of nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) in Korean cereals (totalling 53 samples) harvested in 1983, showed that 96%, 72% and 57% of the samples were contaminated with NIV, DON and ZEN, respectively. Average concentrations (micrograms/kg) in unpolished barley were 546 (NIV), 117 (DON) and 110 (ZEN), and those in polished barley were 130 (NIV) and 21 (DON). The ZEN levels were below the detection limit (1 microgram/kg). Malt, wheat and rye were also heavily contaminated with these Fusarium mycotoxins. The results of this survey show that Korean cereals harvested in 1983 were significantly contaminated with NIV, DON and ZEN, and the incidence and levels, where observed, are similar to those reported in Japan.     

Stability and kinetics of leaching of deoxynivalenol,deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside and ochratoxin A during boiling of wheat spaghettis

The stability of deoxynivalenol (DON), deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3-glucoside) and ochratoxin A (OTA) during spaghetti production and cooking was investigated. Initial mycotoxin concentration, boiling time and use of egg as ingredient were assayed as factors. DON was stable during kneading and drying, but a consistent reduction of DON (> 40%) was observed in boiled spaghettis. According to our results, DON was transferred to broth, where it was not degraded, and boiling time determined the extent of the transfer. A DON leaching model was fitted to data with a high goodness of fit (r² = 0.99). This model can be used for prediction of final DON concentration in cooked pasta, and a useful tool in risk assessment models. DON-3-glucoside is totally stable through the pasta making process; moreover DON-3-glucoside is slightly released from pasta components and it is leached to broth. Similarly, OTA is also stable during pasta making; however, it is scarcely transferred to broth during boiling. The presence of egg as ingredient did not affect the final mycotoxin concentration in pasta in any case.     

Aflatoxin B1, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol in feed ingredients and complete feed from central China

Between 2012 and 2014, 2528 feed ingredient and complete feed samples were collected from central China. Numbers of 2083, 255 and 190 samples were analysed for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZEN) and deoxynivalenol (DON), respectively, by high-performance liquid chromatography in combination with UV or fluorescence detection. The incidence rates of AFB1, ZEN and DON contamination of feed ingredients and complete feeds were 33.9%, 90.2% and 77.4%, respectively. The percentage of positive samples for AFB1 ranged from 13.1% to 97.1%. Cottonseed meal presented the most serious contamination by AFB1. ZEN and DON contamination levels of feeds ranged from 50% to 100%, indicating serious contamination over the studied 3-year period. This study demonstrates that AFB1, ZEN and DON contamination of feeds in central China is serious and differs over the years. Feeds are mostly contaminated with ZEN, followed by DON and AFB1.     

河北地区面制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇及其衍生物和玉米赤霉烯酮污染水平调查与分析

目的了解河北地区面制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol,DON)及其衍生物3-ADON、15-ADON和玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone,ZEN)污染状况。方法对河北地区79份烘烤食品(饼干、面包)、87份生面制品和89份馒头样品进行调查分析。样品经乙腈:水(84:16, V:V)溶液超声离心提取后,通过多功能固相萃取柱进行净化处理,采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法进行检测。结果 255份样品中,3A-DON、15A-DON和ZEN检出率均不高;DON检出率较高,共检出阳性样品252份,检出率为98.8%,超标样品10份,超标率为3.9%。4种真菌毒素污染较为严重的样品为饼干样品,其检出率和超标率明显高于其他面制品。结论在面制品中,主要的污染物为DON,污染最严重的样品类别为饼干样品,其污染状况应引起关注。     

Effect of gaseous ozone treatments on DON,microbial contaminants and technological parameters of wheat and semolina

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is an important mycotoxin produced by several species of Fusarium. It occurs often in wheat grain and is frequently associated with significant levels of its modified form DON-3-glucoside (DON-3-Glc). Ozone (O₃) is a powerful disinfectant and oxidant, classified as GRAS (Generally Recognised As Safe), that reacts easily with specific compounds including the mycotoxins aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, trichothecenes and zearalenone. It degrades DON in aqueous solution and can be effective for decontamination of grain. This study reports the efficacy of gaseous ozone treatments in reducing DON, DON-3-Glc, bacteria, fungi and yeasts in naturally contaminated durum wheat. A prototype was used to dispense ozone continuously and homogeneously at different concentrations and exposure time, in 2 kg aliquots of durum wheat. The optimal conditions, which do not affect chemical and rheological parameters of durum wheat, semolina and pasta, were identified (55 g O₃ h^?1 for 6 h). The measured mean reductions of DON and DON-3-Glc in ozonated wheat were 29% and 44%, respectively. Ozonation also produced a significant (p < 0.05) reduction of total count (CFU/g) of bacteria, fungi and yeasts in wheat grains.     

Simultaneous detection of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone by dual-label time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay

BACKGROUND: The health risks of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) necessitate the development of analytical methods for widespread food and feed screening. We sought to establish a rapid, economic and sensitive dual‐label time‐resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TRFIA) to detect DON and ZEN simultaneously. Eu³⁺‐ and Sm³⁺‐labelled antibodies were used, as lanthanides are more stable and have narrower emission spectra than most fluorescent dyes. RESULTS: The limit of detection was 0.0194 ng mL^?1 for DON (range: 0.0194–100 ng mL^?1) and 0.37 ng mL^?1 for ZEN (range: 0.37–50 ng mL^?1). DON recovery in spiked cereal samples was 88–107%, and for ZEN was 83–108%, with both intra‐ and inter‐assay coefficients of variation (CVs) less than 5%. The dual‐label TRFIA results correlated well with ELISA results (correlation coefficients: 0.9733 for DON and 0.9784 for ZEN). CONCLUSION: The dual‐label TRFIA is a simple, fast and sensitive method for high‐throughput screening of DON and ZEN in food and feedstuff. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Development and application of analytical methods for the determination of mycotoxins in organic and conventional wheat.

The aim of this study was to develop a multicomponent analytical method for the determination of deoxynivalenol (DON), ochratoxin A (OTA) and zearalenone (ZEN), nivalenol (NIV), 3-acetyl-DON (3-acDON), 15-acetyl-DON (15-acDON), zearalenol (ZOL) and citrinin (CIT) in wheat. It also aimed to survey the presence and amounts of DON, OTA and ZEN in Belgian conventionally and organically produced wheat grain and in wholemeal wheat flours. After solvent extraction, an anion-exchange column (SAX) was used to fix the acidic mycotoxins (OTA, CIT), whilst the neutral mycotoxins flowing through the SAX column were further purified by filtration on a MycoSep cartridge. OTA and CIT were then analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using an isocratic flow and fluorescence detection, while the neutral mycotoxins were separated by a linear gradient and detected by double-mode (ultraviolet light fluorescence) detection. The average DON, ZEN and OTA recovery rates from spiked blank wheat flour were 92, 83 and 73% (RSDR = 12, 10 and 9%), respectively. Moreover, this method offered the respective detection limits of 50, 1.5 and 0.05 microg kg-1 and good agreement with reference methods and inter-laboratory comparison exercises. Organic and conventional wheat samples harvested in 2002 and 2003 in Belgium were analysed for DON, OTA and ZEN, while wholemeal wheat flour samples were taken from Belgian retail shops and analysed for OTA and DON. Conventional wheat tended to be more frequently contaminated with DON and ZEN than organic samples, the difference being more significant for ZEN in samples harvested in 2002. The mean OTA, DON and ZEA concentrations were 0.067, 675 and 75 microg kg-1 in conventional samples against 0.063, 285 and 19 microg kg-1 in organically produced wheat in 2002, respectively. Wheat samples collected in 2003 were less affected by DON and ZEN than the 2002 harvest. Organic wholemeal wheat flours were more frequently contaminated by OTA than conventional samples (p < 0.10). The opposite pattern was shown for DON, organic samples being more frequently contaminated than conventional flours (p < 0.10).     

Aerobic and anaerobic in vitro testing of feed additives claiming to detoxify deoxynivalenol and zearalenone

Deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) are mycotoxins produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium which frequently contaminate maize and grain cereals. Mycotoxin-contaminated feed endangers animal health and leads to economic losses in animal production. Several mycotoxin elimination strategies, including the use of commercially available DON and ZEN detoxifying agents, have been developed. However, frequently there is no scientific proof of the efficacy of such adsorbents and degrading products. We therefore tested 20 commercially available products claiming to detoxify DON and/or ZEN either by biodegradation (4 products) or a combination of degradation and adsorption (16 products) under aerobic and anaerobic conditions at approx. pH 7. Under the applied conditions, a complete reduction of DON and consequent formation of the known non-toxic metabolite DOM-1 was exclusively observed in samples taken from the anaerobic degradation experiment of one product. For all other products, incubated under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, a maximum DON reduction of 17% after 72 h of incubation was detected. Aerobic and anaerobic incubation of only one tested product resulted in complete ZEN reduction as well as in the formation of the less-toxic metabolites DHZEN and HZEN. With this product, 68–97% of the toxin was metabolised within 3 h. After 24 h, a ZEN reduction ≥ 60% was obtained with four additional products during aerobic incubation only. Six of the 20 investigated products produced α- and/or β-ZEL, which are metabolites showing similar oestrogenic activity compared to ZEN. Aerobic and anaerobic degradation to unknown metabolites with unidentified toxicity was obtained with 10 and 3 products, respectively. The results of our study demonstrate the importance of in vitro experiments to critically screen agents claiming mycotoxin detoxification.     

Contents of Fusarium toxins in Finnish and imported grains and feeds

The aim of the present study was to investigate the levels of trichothecenes in representative samples of Finnish and imported cereals and feeds from the 1987 and 1988 crops. Trichothecene concentrations were determined in samples as trimethylsilylether derivatives by a gas chromatograph equipped with a mass selective detector (GC-MSD) using selected ion monitoring (SIM) which proved to be a reliable and sufficiently sensitive technique. Representative samples of Finnish and imported oats, wheat, barley, rye, maize gluten, soy granules, rapeseed, turnip rapeseed, fish meal, poultry feed and pig feed were analysed employing 19-nortestosterone as an internal standard. Almost all grain and feed samples contained deoxynivalenol (DON) from 7 to 300 micrograms/kg and smaller amounts (13-120 micrograms/kg) of 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON). The most toxic trichothecenes, T-2, HT-2 toxins and nivalenol (NIV) and also zeralenone (ZEN) were found at low concentrations in some samples. Six lots of oats containing 1.3-2.6 mg/kg of DON and 0.2-0.6 mg/kg of 3-AcDON were found in the Finnish grain samples. Silo samples of almost all imported grains contained DON but at levels below 50 micrograms/kg. Imported grains contained no other trichothecenes. DON, 3-AcDON and ZEN were found in imported feedstuffs at low concentrations.     

安徽河南粮食中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇和玉米赤霉烯酮的污染调查

目的：调查安徽、河南两省粮食中镰刀菌毒素污染情况。方法：以玉米、小麦为材料,分别采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)和高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测了脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)和玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)的含量,采用SPSS软件对检测结果进行统计学分析。结果：安徽河南两省玉米、小麦中的DON和ZEN含量平均值分别为424.0μg/kg和187.2μg/kg,检出率分别为76.7%和75.3%。其他省份的玉米、小麦中DON和ZEN含量的平均值为52.2μg/kg和24.1μg/kg,检出率分别为60%和70%。结论：和其他省份相比,安徽、河南两省的粮食受镰刀菌毒素污染程度更严重。根据现有的国家限量标准,ZEN的超标率比DON更高。