合金元素Nd对AZ系镁合金牺牲阳极材料耐腐蚀和电化学性能的影响

目前,关于稀土元素Nd对镁合金阳极耐腐蚀性和电化学性能影响的报道较少。向AZ31和AZ63镁合金中加入稀土元素Nd,测试了AZ31和AZ63镁合金加入Nd元素前后在3.5%NaCl溶液中的静态析氢腐蚀速率、失重腐蚀速率、极化曲线和电流效率,观察了镁合金试样的显微组织与腐蚀形貌;研究了合金元素Nd对AZ31、AZ63镁合金牺牲阳极的耐腐蚀与电化学性能的影响。结果表明:合金元素Nd的加入能使AZ31、AZ63镁合金晶粒细化、组织均匀,自腐蚀速率降低、电流效率提高;加入Nd元素后,AZ31,AZ63镁合金的阳极极化没有明显增加。     

2种不同形态的Mg-0.12Ca-0.08Ba镁合金的腐蚀行为研究

镁合金的应用受到其变形能力差、耐腐蚀性差的制约。为推广镁合金应用，采用低合金化设计并制备了新型Mg-0.12Ca-0.08Ba合金，通过NaCl溶液浸泡试验、SEM、EDS分析和电化学测试等手段考察了其在3.5%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为。实验结果表明：随着腐蚀时间的延长，挤压态及挤压退火态Mg-0.12Ca-0.08Ba合金表面由局部点蚀变为大范围面腐蚀，腐蚀产物逐渐增多，腐蚀产物主要为MgO、Mg(OH)₂,合金表面的线粗糙度、面粗糙度明显增大，析氢速率逐渐减小。与挤压态镁合金相比，退火态合金析氢速率较慢，开路电位更高，腐蚀电流更小，表明退火态合金耐腐蚀性能较好。     

AZ31镁合金基Cu-MOF-SA超疏水膜的制备及其耐腐蚀性能研究

腐蚀是影响镁及其合金大规模应用的关键技术难题之一,因可有效隔离金属基底与腐蚀介质的直接接触,从而降低腐蚀速率,制备超疏水表面成为提高镁合金耐蚀性的有效途径。通过一步电沉积方法,在AZ31镁合金基底上成功制备了铜-金属有机骨架-硬脂酸(Cu-MOF-SA)超疏水膜,并对超疏水膜的耐腐蚀性、化学稳定性和耐热性进行了综合研究。结果表明,表面的水接触角可达158°,超疏水膜覆盖的试样在3.5%NaCl溶液中表现出良好的耐腐蚀性能,相比AZ31镁合金基底,其腐蚀电位正移了0.24 V,腐蚀电流密度降低了1个数量级。在pH值为1～14的溶液中浸润24 h后,超疏水膜的水接触角仍可达135°以上,浸泡在pH=1的溶液24 h的超疏水膜的腐蚀电位比AZ31镁合金基底高0.21 V。在20～90℃空气中保温24 h后,超疏水膜的水接触角仍保持在154°以上,80℃下保温24 h后其腐蚀电位比AZ31镁合金基底的高0.22 V,腐蚀电流密度比AZ31镁合金基底的小1个数量级。结果表明,本研究制备的Cu-MOF-SA疏水膜具有良好的超疏水性和耐腐蚀性。     

塑性变形对铸态AZ31镁合金组织和性能的影响

为了研究塑性变形对铸态镁合金组织和性能的改善作用,用铸态AZ31镁合金进行了等温压缩实验,并测试了原始试样和变形后试样的组织和性能.结果表明:铸态AZ31合金通过塑性变形可以显著细化晶粒;随变形温度的升高,变形所得试样抗拉强度下降;在同一温度下变形所得试样抗拉强度随变形程度的增加而升高,变形程度达到一定值后,抗拉强度不再升高并有下降的趋势;铸态AZ31合金低温变形(210～240℃)后,可大幅度提高其抗拉强度.     

镁合金在NaCl溶液中的腐蚀电化学行为

为了提高镁合金材料的耐蚀性能,用电化学方法对比研究了AZ31,AZ61和AZ91镁合金在3.5%NaCl溶液中的电化学行为及缓蚀剂亚硝酸钠(NaNO2)对AZ61腐蚀电化学行为的影响。结果表明:3种镁合金的腐蚀速度大小依次为AZ31>AZ61>AZ91,其中AZ31的活化性能最高;NaNO2能抑制AZ61的析氢腐蚀速度,腐蚀表面较均匀,腐蚀电流密度J corr降低,腐蚀电位E corr发生正移;NaNO2属于阳极型缓蚀剂,其含量为2.0%时,对AZ61的缓蚀率高达85.1%。     

Mg-Al-Pb及Mg-Al-Pb-Zn合金在3.5% NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为（英文）

采用电化学测试法、浸泡实验法以及表面形貌观察法研究了Mg-Al-Pb和Mg-Al-Pb-Zn合金在3.5%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为。结果表明:两种合金的腐蚀过程中都存在一个腐蚀速率很低的孕育期,长时间浸泡后合金的腐蚀达到稳定状态。对于固溶处理的合金,腐蚀起始于晶界处,Zn的添加会抑制Mg-Al-Pb合金在孕育期内的腐蚀,但是在浸泡较长时间后反而会加速其腐蚀过程。对于铸态合金,腐蚀过程起始于第二相周围,并且在浸泡较长时间后第二相会对腐蚀起到阻碍作用。经过长时间的浸泡后,Mg-Al-Pb和Mg-Al-Pb-Zn合金的腐蚀达到稳定状态,此时氢气析出速率会随着腐蚀合金表面粗糙度的增加而线性增加。     

压铸镁合金的腐蚀行为研究

研究了压铸镁合金AZ91D在去离子水和3.5%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为.采用失重法测定镁合金的腐蚀速率,扫描电子显微镜观察腐蚀后试样的表面形貌,分别测定其在去离子水和3.5%NaCl溶液中20℃和50℃下的开路电位及极化曲线.结果表明,随着温度的升高压铸镁合金的开路电位降低,耐蚀性能下降,相同温度下其在含有C1-溶液中的开路电位低于无Cl-溶液中的开路电位.在3.5%.NaCl溶液中,随着温度升高压铸镁合金的腐蚀电位明显负移,耐蚀性降低;AZ91D的腐蚀形貌以点蚀为主,腐蚀速率随时间的延长而降低.     

高能喷丸对AZ31镁合金耐腐蚀性及硬度的影响

采用高能喷丸对AZ31镁合金棒材端面进行表面自纳米化处理,利用失重法研究了AZ31镁合金喷丸试样和未喷丸试样在中性5%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量色谱仪(EDS)对塑性变形层腐蚀后的表面形貌、元素分布进行了表征,利用微观硬度计测试了由喷丸表面到基体的硬度变化。结果表明,喷完后AZ31镁合金试样的腐蚀速率明显大于未喷丸的试样,随着腐蚀时间的延长,喷丸试样的腐蚀率急剧减小,然后缓慢降低,在喷丸表面形成了1层厚度约150μm的塑性变形区,在喷丸表面有裂纹存在。晶粒细化显著提高了母材表面的微观硬度,喷丸表面的微观硬度最高达到135HV,是母材的2倍多。     

AZ91铸态镁合金中Mn含量对其微观组织及耐蚀性能的影响

目前,关于Mn对AZ91铸态镁合金耐蚀性能影响的研究并不充分,尤其是腐蚀机制方面仍不清楚。采用静态失重、电化学及盐雾腐蚀法研究了Mn含量对AZ91铸态镁合金微观组织及耐腐蚀性能的影响。利用金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)观察AZ91铸态镁合金的微观组织和腐蚀形貌,采用能谱(EDS)仪、X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析了其物相组成。结果表明:AZ91铸态镁合金中的Mn主要以颗粒状的低电化学活性物质Al2Mn形式存在,阻碍了其腐蚀过程的进行;Mn能使AZ91铸态镁合金中的有效腐蚀相β-Mg17Al12减少,分布更弥散,从而使合金的腐蚀电位升高,腐蚀电流降低,腐蚀速率降低,耐腐蚀性能增强;含0.8%Mn的铸态镁合金的耐腐蚀性能最好。     

挤压AZ63镁牺牲阳极的组织和电化学性能

为了给挤压AZ63镁阳极的工程应用提供理论参考,研究了挤压温度对挤压AZ63镁阳极组织特征和电化学性能的影响,并与铸态AZ63镁阳极的组织特征和电化学性能进行对比分析。结果表明:当挤压温度较低时,晶内偏析形成的Mg_(17)Al_(12)相不均匀地残留在晶界上,且再结晶程度较低,使镁阳极产生严重的不均匀自腐蚀,降低其电化学性能;提高挤压温度能够使Mg_(17)Al_(12)相在晶界几乎消失,并提高再结晶程度,使阳极的电化学性能相对于铸态镁阳极显著提高;铸态AZ63镁阳极中的Mg_(17)Al_(12)相在晶界呈现出接近连续网状分布,体积分数较大,晶粒粗大。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。