翼缘板钢非对称冷轧及再结晶退火实验研究

对翼缘板钢采用非对称冷轧,在压下率78%时,对轧件进行微观显微组织观察,结果表明:随着异速比增大,晶粒长度和宽度比值也增大;提出了在异步轧制条件下,晶粒长宽比值可以反映轧件所受附加剪切变形的大小.对冷轧后的轧件进行拉伸实验与不同温度的退火实验,并进行透射电镜观察,结果表明:随着异速比增加,规定非比例延伸强度增加,退火后...     

中厚板头部翘曲的有限元模拟分析

利用二维非对称轧制有限元模型对引起中厚板头部翘曲的主要影响因素进行模拟研究,结果表明送入角、变形区几何形状系数与轧件头部翘曲方向及翘曲程度具有一定的关系和规律,并从外端、变形特点、质点流动以及附加应力方面对所得结果进行了分析讨论。此有限元模拟结果对实际生产具有一定的参考价值。     

入口侧辊板非对称接触轧制时的变形效应

针对中厚板轧制时前端部板形翘曲这一生产中常见的技术问题,在轧机上通过静态压缩、轧制试验,观察、分析了入口侧辊板非对称接触对轧制过程的影响.探讨了轧制时变形区几何形状系数l/对轧件前端部翘曲的影响规律.指出入口侧辊板非对称接触轧制时,金属沿高向变形与流动、应力分布呈非对称状态,使金属沿高向上的纵向流动不均匀,这是导致轧件出辊缝后前端部翘曲的主要因素之一.     

具有初始翘曲缺陷冷轧薄带钢板形瓢曲变形行为研究

针对薄带钢冷轧生产过程中出现的翘曲复合瓢曲板形缺陷,应用扁壳理论和伽辽金虚位移原理,建立了非均匀载荷作用下屈曲变形解析计算模型,求解获得了具有初始翘曲缺陷的带钢再发生瓢曲变形的屈曲临界载荷和临界波长,讨论分析了初始翘曲对瓢曲变形的影响规律。计算结果表明,随着带钢翘曲程度的增大,瓢曲变形的屈曲临界载荷增大,即越难出现瓢曲缺陷;当翘曲为C翘缺陷时,中浪型瓢曲的屈曲临界波长随翘曲值的增大而增大,边浪型瓢曲的屈曲波长则随翘曲值的增大而减小;当翘曲为L翘和四角翘时,中浪和边浪型瓢曲的临界波长随着翘曲值的增大而减小。在实验轧机上进行轧制实验研究,通过设计工况在铝板轧制中获得了翘曲复合瓢曲的板形缺陷模态,验证了解析计算方法的正确性。同时,运用ANSYS有限元法对实验轧制工况进行仿真分析,获得了与实验结果基本一致的翘曲复合瓢曲的板形缺陷模态,和与解析计算结果吻合良好的屈曲临界条件,进一步证明了解析计算结果的准确性。     

轧制制备铝/镁复合板数值模拟和翘曲变形控制

目的 选用5052铝合金与AZ31B镁合金作为复合材料进行热轧复合,研究铝/镁复合板轧制过程的数值模拟和翘曲变形控制.方法 对铝/镁复合板在不同轧制温度、轧制压下率和轧辊预加热轧制工艺下的热轧过程进行模拟.对轧制变形区铝/镁复合板的应力分布进行分析,讨论其对铝/镁复合板变形协调性的影响.最后在不同轧制工艺下进行单道次热轧实验,制备铝/镁(5052/AZ31B)复合板并与模拟结果进行对比.结果 有限元模拟和热轧实验结果表明,随着轧制压下率的增大和轧制温度的升高,铝/镁复合板的翘曲增大;将靠近铝基体侧轧辊预加热后,可以有效改善铝/镁复合板的翘曲问题.以轧制温度450℃为例,轧制压下率逐渐增大时,复合板的延伸性逐渐增大,复合板的翘曲也逐渐增大.将下轧辊预加热到50℃,其余轧制参数不变,轧制后复合板整体较为平直,翘曲明显比轧辊未预加热时小.结论 通过轧辊预加热轧制工艺可以有效控制铝/镁复合过程中的翘曲变形问题.     

三辊斜轧空心减径的辊形设计及实验验证

以三辊斜轧空心减径过程中辊形对轧制过程的影响规律为研究对象,对无缝钢管三辊斜轧空心减径过程进行分析研究,建立了辊型的数学模型.利用有限元软件分析辊形曲线对成形过程的影响,并在某三辊实验轧机上进行实验分析,将实验结果与有限元模拟结果进行对比和分析.结果表明,当减径量小于10 mm时,入口锥角为2.5°的辊型对应的轧件在接近均整变形区金属流动十分平缓和均匀,轧件前端面也从三角形截面逐步变为圆截面;当减径量在14 mm左右,采用入口锥角为3.5°的辊型时轧件的质量较好.     

低能斜入射离子束诱导单晶硅纳米结构与光学性能研究

为了研究低能Ar+离子束在不同入射角度下对单晶硅表面的刻蚀效果及光学性能,使用微波回旋共振离子源,对单晶Si(100)表面进行刻蚀,采用原子力显微镜、非接触式表面测量仪和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对刻蚀后硅片的表面形貌、粗糙度和光学透过率进行了测量.实验结果表明:当离子束能量为1000 eV、束流密度为265μA·cm-2、刻蚀时间为30min时,离子束入射角度从0°增加到30°,样品表面出现条纹状结构.入射角度在0°～15°,随着角度增加,样品表面粗糙度增加,条纹周期减小,光学透过率提高;而在15°～ 30°范围内,随着角度增加,粗糙度开始减小,条纹周期增大,同时光学透过率降低.继续增加入射角度,条纹状结构逐渐消失,入射角度到45°时,粗糙度和光学透过率达到最小值;增加入射角度到55°,样品表面出现自组织点状结构,表面粗糙度急剧增大,光学透过率随着角度增加开始增加;继续增加离子束入射角度到80°,表面粗糙度和光学透过率继续增加,样品表面呈现出均匀有序的自组织柱状结构;此后,随着入射角度的增加,表面粗糙度又开始减小,光学透过率降低.自组织条纹结构到柱状结构的转变是溅射粗糙化和表面驰豫机制相互作用的结果.     

径-轴向辗环机轴向轧制机构结构分析

采用三维造型软件SolidWorks建立了某型号径-轴向辗环机轴向轧制机构的实体模型。以有限元软件ANSYS为分析平台,通过合理处理接触、约束和载荷等边界条件,建立了有限元分析模型,对轴向轧制机构进行了三维弹性接触分析,得到了轴向轧制机构及主要部件的等效应力、位移变形、等效应变。对变形角进行了定义,提出了求解变形角的方法。计算结果表明,变形角为0.041°时,各部件的最大等效应力均小于屈服极限,轴向轧制机构刚度符合设计要求,各部件满足强度要求。     

复合成形轧制铜极薄带变形局部化的晶体塑性有限元模拟

随极薄带厚度的进一步减薄，轧制极薄带变形由于轧件厚度/晶粒尺寸比值小的尺寸效应和变形程度导致各向异性与局部化已完全不同于轧制厚件时的变形特性。采用具有拉拔-压缩-剪切复合成形功能的微型异步轧机开展系列厚度铜极薄带的箔轧实验，结果表明复合成形轧制工艺和极薄带尺寸显著影响轧制力能参数与箔材质量。宏观有限元理论已不再适用出现这些新现象的极薄带轧制变形的建模。将嵌入初始晶粒形貌和取向等微观组织结构信息的介观晶体塑性有限元模型(CPFE)用于复合成形条件下铜极薄带轧制变形局部化的模拟与分析，指导箔轧工艺优化和提高箔材质量。晶粒层次的晶体塑性有限元模型，准确预测了单层晶铜极薄带轧制变形局部化的现象和趋势，模拟与实验的轧制力吻合较好，尤其是各向异性。随上下工作辊异速比的增大，箔材厚度方向剪切变形增强，变形带、滑移带形成且局部化趋势显著。晶粒变形局部化的差异，对轧制制备极薄带材的控形控性造成困难。     

压下率对轧制单层晶极薄带晶界滑移特性的影响

采用退火态单层晶轧制铜箔为原料,进行不同压下率的箔轧.以多晶体位错滑移及塑性流动机制为基础,建立了考虑潜在硬化和晶格转动效应的率相关晶体滑移本构模型,分析了压下率对轧制单层晶极薄带晶界附近区域变形分布特性、取向演化和滑移系激活规律的影响,并探讨其机理.确定了合理的材料本构参数,铜箔拉伸实验与晶体塑性有限元模拟得到的应力-应变曲线一致.所建立的晶体塑性有限元模型,可很好的模拟最大压下率达到80%时轧制单层晶铜箔的变形过程.结果表明:1)由于晶粒形状、晶界及晶粒取向的作用导致晶内-晶间变形分布非均匀性;2)由于晶粒间复杂的相互作用导致晶粒取向主要绕横向(TD)进行旋转,且旋转角度和取向分散度随压下率的增加而增大;3)在晶内-晶间不同区域的滑移系启动存在显著差异,启动滑移系随压下率的增加而增多,当压下率小于等于60%时,在晶粒表层和晶界处,滑移系成对发生启动,当压下率达到80%时,表层和晶界处为多滑移系启动情形;4)滑移最先从晶粒表层和晶界处开始,然后向晶粒内部延伸.     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.