低温驱动沸石-水吸附式制冷机的性能研究

本文研究的合成沸石-水吸附式制冷机采用FAMZ01沸石作为吸附剂,吸附床选择翅片涂抹式吸附床,通过实验研究该制冷机的制冷功率、制冷性能系数(COP)随热源温度、冷冻水进口温度的变化规律。结果表明,该吸附式制冷机在55℃的热源下就可以稳定输出制冷量,并在驱动热源为65℃左右展现其较佳的性能。     

低温热源驱动的二级吸附冷冻循环实验研究与性能分析

在冷冻应用方面,传统的吸附式制冷工质对在热源温度低于90℃、冷凝温度高于25℃的条件下,很难实现-10℃以下的冷冻。为了实现100℃以下的太阳能或废热利用,这里提出了二级吸附式制冷循环,建立了性能测试实验台。采用CaCl2-BaCl2-NH3作为工质对,利用85℃热源驱动,测试不同蒸发温度与冷凝温度下吸附剂的吸附与解吸性能。结果表明,二级吸附式制冷能够实现-20℃下的冷量输出,同时,冷却水温度为25℃时,氯化钙的循环吸附量、二级吸附式制冷COP与SCP分别为0.598kg/kg,0.24,106.6W/kg。     

吸附制冷系统中固化吸附剂性能的实验研究

在吸附制冷系统中,常用的吸附剂为粉末或颗粒形态,吸附剂颗粒之间的热阻和吸附剂与传热面之间的接触热阻很大,而采用固化吸附剂可以有效提高吸附剂的导热性能。本文以硫化膨胀石墨(ENG-TSA)为基质制备了固化活性炭(AC)吸附剂和固化氯化钙(Ca Cl2)吸附剂,针对固化吸附剂设计了无翅片的吸附床结构,并建立了一个低压蒸气驱动的吸附式制冷系统。通过实验对固化吸附剂的性能进行了测试,分析了吸附剂的传热性能、循环时间和蒸发/冷凝温度对吸附制冷系统性能的影响。结果表明:采用AC/ENG-TSA吸附剂,系统COP、SCP和体积制冷密度分别达到0.140,86.1 W/kg和16.11 k W/m~3;采用CaCl_2/ENGTSA吸附剂,系统COP、SCP和体积制冷密度分别达到0.279,288.6 W/kg和54.03 k W/m~3,性能较传统的吸附剂有明显的提高。     

以膨胀硫化石墨为基质的氯化钙/氯化钡-氨两级复合吸附式制冷循环实验研究

相对于单级吸附式制冷,两级吸附式制冷对热源温度和环境冷却温度适用范围更广。本文采用膨胀硫化石墨为基质,研制了氯化钙/氯化钡-氨两级吸附式制冷系统并进行了实验研究。吸附床采用传热传质强化后的新型固化吸附剂,利用新型非翅片式填充方式,有效降低了吸附系统的质量,增加了紧凑性。结果表明:两级吸附式制冷系统可以很好地适应热源温度低于100℃的工况,其性能在多数工况下高于单级吸附式制冷,系统COP与SCP随氯化钙解吸时间先增加后减小,COP最大可达0.27,SCP最大可达132.5 W/kg。     

分体式双床连续型吸附制冷系统的设计开发

本文设计开发了一种吸附式制冷系统,采用分体式双床结构,以85~100℃的低品位热水作为驱动热源,通过两个吸附床对制冷剂-水的交替吸附和解吸,实现连续制冷。吸附床采用翅片管式换热器,翅片表面涂覆了新型研制的13X分子筛-氯化钙复合吸附剂,涂覆厚度仅0.15 mm,加速了吸附/解吸速率以及传热速率。蒸发器采用盘管和水盘结构,且从上而下呈阶梯状间隔分布,保证蒸发时换热管表面均进行高效的沸腾换热。冷凝器的设计上增加了不凝气体排放装置,可在系统运行的过程中随时抽取不凝性气体,维持了冷凝器的高换热效率。还从强度、密封性以及装配结构紧凑性等方面对各个换热器箱体结构进行了优化设计。此外,所述吸附制冷系统循环中引入了回质和回热过程。基于此循环模式,对系统性能进行了测试可知:以85℃的热水作为解吸热源时,系统制冷功率为7.7 k W,性能系数COP为0.467,SCP为380 W/kg,平均耗电量1.23 k W。     

基于13X沸石分子筛/MgCl_2的复合吸附剂性能实验研究

复合吸附剂的吸附性能是吸附制冷循环过程中的一个重要参数,基于测试整体成型复合吸附剂吸附性能的需要,本文设计搭建了一种整体成型吸附剂性能测试装置,对复合吸附剂MgCl_2-13X进行了吸附性能测试实验。结果表明:该实验装置中吸附床外侧底部的温度变化速率较接近吸附床内部底部吸附剂的温度变化速率,二者温度变化速率相差0.01~1.9℃/min,整个吸附和脱附过程二者温度的平均值相差约3.24%,能够满足吸附剂性能测试实验的要求。吸附剂性能测试实验及电镜下吸附剂的微观结构表明:浸泡法制备的复合吸附剂的吸附性能与MgCl_2溶液的浓度有关,MgCl_2能够改善13X沸石分子筛的吸附性能,本实验测得当MgCl_2溶液的浓度为15%时所制得复合吸附剂MX3性能最优,其最大吸附量为0.32 g/g,最大吸附速率0.59 g/min,相比单一吸附剂13X沸石分子筛提高了20%。     

非平衡吸附特征的吸附床传热传质特性

建立椰壳活性炭-甲醇吸附式制冷系统吸附床传热传质数学模型,应用该模型进行具有非平衡吸附特性的吸附床传热传质研究,利用数值方法对数学模型进行求解,讨论了吸附床在冷却过程中吸附剂温度、吸附速率、吸附量、制冷系数以及单位质量吸附剂制冷功率与时间的关系,吸附床在加热过程中吸附剂温度、脱附速率及脱附量与时间的关系.研究结果表明:吸附床在整个吸附过程中的吸附速率存在一个峰值0.001 2 ks/s,吸附床在整个脱附过程中的脱附速率存在一个峰值0.001 7ks/s,吸附剂温度变化率在换热阶段趋于平缓,制冷系数值在吸附阶段近似呈线性增长,而单位质量吸附荆制冷功率在吸附阶段存在一个峰值35 kW/kW.     

联合除湿式低温低湿恒定装置的试验研究

目前在除湿工程中冷冻方式较为普遍，但是在低温低湿所要求的温湿度条件下，纯冷冻的除湿方式使蒸发器在结霜工况下工作，制冷系统的COP较低，能耗较高。笔者设计了一套双蒸发器切换的联合除湿制冷系统，分别进行了吸附-冷却式和吸附-冷却-吸附式的试验研究，对试验结果进行了对比分析。结果表明吸附-冷却-吸附式方案具有良好的低温低湿性能。吸附冷却方式可以简化冷冻除湿制冷系统，有很强的抗干扰能力，而且蒸发温度高，系统的COP值增加。     

储热型吸附式空气取水器吸附剂与储热材料的选择

本文针对太阳能储热型吸附式空气取水器吸附剂和储热材料的选择,分别研究了以膨胀硫化石墨(ENG-TSA)和以活性炭纤维(ACF)毡为基质的复合吸附剂的导热系数和吸附性能,硬脂酸/膨胀硫化石墨(ENG-TSA-SA)复合相变储热材料的导热系数与DSC测试。结果表明:ENG-TSA-LiCl复合吸附剂的导热系数最大可达5.67 W/(m·K),吸水量最大可达1.54 g/g。真空浸渍法获得的ACF-LiCl复合吸附剂的吸水量比大气浸渍法高。ASLi40固化吸附剂的吸水量为1.59 g/g,适用于大批量生产。ENG-TSA-SA的径向导热系数为22.2 W/(m·K),相变温度区间为65.9~77.1℃,适用于太阳能等低品位热能。储热器的添加明显延缓了解吸温度降低的趋势。     

基于太阳能空气取水复合吸附剂硅胶-CaCl_2吸附特性研究

本文介绍了一种太阳能吸附式空气取水方式,并利用粗空型硅胶及氯化钙粉末合成了硅胶-CaCl_2复合吸附剂,使用四种不同质量分数氯化钙分别制成复合吸附剂样品A、B、C、D,并测试了其在相对湿度相同,不同温度的三个阶段的开式吸附性能,实验结果表明:随着复合吸附剂中氯化钙含量的增加,其吸附速率和吸附量明显的增加,浸泡CaCl_2的浓度为54.18%的复合吸附剂,其吸附量达到48.22%。随着吸附温度的升高,各吸附剂的吸附速率明显增高,浸泡CaCl_2的浓度为54.18%的复合吸附剂,在50℃60%的吸附速率约为10℃60%的5.42倍。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。