9Ni钢断裂过程中的裂纹扩展行为

采用SEM和TEM对9Ni钢断裂过程中裂纹的扩展行为进行了研究,讨论了逆转变奥氏体在断裂过程中的作用。SEM观察表明,基体的塑性对裂纹尖端形状有重要影响,基体塑性较差时裂纹前端尖锐,加剧了应力集中,基体塑性较高时裂纹前端呈"钝角",使应力集中松弛。TEM观察显示,9Ni钢裂纹的扩展有两种形式:一种是在带状薄区中呈"Z"形扩展,另一种是遇到逆转变奥氏体后偏离原来的扩展方向。研究结果也显示在两种条件下获得的逆转变奥氏体,经变形后又发生相变。这表明稳定性高的逆转变奥氏体能够在变形过程中保留下来,阻碍裂纹扩展提高9Ni钢低温韧性,而稳定性较低的逆转变奥氏体则在变形过程中很快发生相变。     

逆转变奥氏体对9Ni钢低温冲击韧度的影响

对经淬火+回火(QT)与淬火+两相区淬火+回火(QLT)工艺处理后的9Ni钢中的逆转变奥氏体含量和其对原位拉伸时裂纹形成和扩展时所起到的作用进行了观察和分析。结果表明:经QT工艺处理的钢中的逆转变奥氏体含量为2%,在裂纹扩展过程中,裂纹尖端成锐角,加剧了应力集中;经QLT处理后,钢中的逆转变奥氏体含量提高为6%,在裂纹扩展的过程中,裂纹尖端成钝角,弱化了应力集中。逆转变奥氏体并不能直接阻碍裂纹的扩展,通过提高基体的韧性,间接地阻碍裂纹的扩展,从而优化实验钢的低温韧性。     

逆转变奥氏体对中Mn钢低温冲击断裂过程的影响

对超低碳7%Mn钢进行了不同温度的回火处理,测定了组织中的逆转变奥氏体含量及其在-60、-100 ℃下的冲击吸收能量,并观察了冲击断口附近的显微组织,进而讨论了逆转变奥氏体含量及稳定性对试验钢低温冲击断裂过程的影响。结果表明:逆转变奥氏体对试验钢低温韧性的影响具有两面性,一方面能够通过相变缓解裂纹尖端的应力集中,改善钢的低温韧性,另一方面,当其稳定性较低时易于在应力作用下大量发生马氏体相变,导致钢低温韧性降低。冲击断口附近产生明显塑性变形的区域都较小,表明在冲击断裂过程中难以通过大范围的TRIP效应实现韧化。     

残留/逆转变奥氏体对改善高强度不锈钢-196℃超低温冲击性能的影响

采用力学性能测试、SEM和XRD等手段研究了淬火+低温回火处理的0Cr16Ni6高强度不锈钢和过时效处理的00Cr11Ni11MoTi马氏体时效不锈钢,并分析了残留/逆转变奥氏体对试验钢超低温缺口抗拉强度和冲击性能的影响。结果表明,在两种试验钢室温强韧性相近的情况下,0Cr16Ni6钢在超低温下(-196 ℃)的缺口抗拉强度和冲击性能显著优于00Cr11Ni11MoTi钢。根据冲击试样远离断口和断口附近马氏体/奥氏体衍射峰的相对强度分别定量计算的残留/逆转变奥氏体含量,发现在裂纹形成和扩展过程中0Cr16Ni6钢有接近90%的残留奥氏体通过应变诱发相变生成马氏体,显著改善了超低温韧性;而过时效00Cr11Ni11MoTi钢形成的逆转变奥氏体具有较高的稳定性,难以发生应变诱发马氏体相变,改善超低温韧性作用程度有限。     

回转奥氏体对9Ni钢低温断裂机制的影响

采用示波冲击法测定了9Ni钢冲击过程中裂纹萌生、扩展等阶段所消耗的能量,并通过测定钢中回转奥氏体含量,研究了冲击断裂过程中回转奥氏体的作用机制。结果表明:随着回转奥氏体含量的增加,裂纹形核功不断上升,但趋势减缓,而裂纹扩展功则先快速上升后又大幅下降,峰值与回转奥氏体稳定性的峰值重合,表明稳定性差的回转奥氏体会导致扩展功大幅下降。由于裂纹形核功随回转奥氏体稳定性的变化相对平缓,扩展功的变化则更为剧烈,因此提高回转奥氏体稳定性进而增加扩展功是改善9Ni钢低温韧性的有效手段。     

一种C-Mn-Al-Si-Nb钢在不同工艺下的组织及力学性能

采用三种不同热加工工艺进行了一种C-Mn-Al-Si-Nb钢的轧制,借助扫描电镜、X射线衍射及拉伸实验研究了它的组织及力学行为。结果表明:在控制冷却TRIP(相变诱发塑性)钢工艺、动态相变TRIP钢工艺及贝氏体等温处理工艺下,实验钢分别获得了以较粗大铁素体、细晶铁素体和板条贝氏体为基体,并含有一定残余奥氏体的多相组织。控制冷却TRIP钢强度最低,但同时残余奥氏体稳定性较低,变形过程中转变最多,加工硬化能力较强,延伸率也最高。动态相变TRIP钢中细晶铁素体提高了基体强度,残余奥氏体稳定性较高,变形初期加工硬化能力不足。贝氏体钢基体强度最高,但残余奥氏体稳定性也较高,变形过程中转变量最少,对塑性提升作用有限。     

基于动态相变热轧TRIP钢塑性断裂的实验研究

通过热模拟压缩实验,研究了基于动态相变热轧C-Mn-Al-Si系TRIP钢塑性断裂后不同部位的组织。结果表明,实验钢组织中尺寸较大的残留奥氏体,在塑性过程中很快就会发生马氏体相变,从而导致孔洞或裂纹的起源或萌生;而且,裂纹的起源和扩展与组织的铁素体/残留奥氏体（马氏体）密切相关。减小残留奥氏体的晶粒尺寸,提高残留奥氏体的稳定性,不让其在形变初期快速转变为马氏体,有利于TRIP钢强度及塑性的提高。     

基体组织对800 MPa级双相钢强塑性机制的影响

采用两种热处理工艺制度,得到不同基体组织的800 MPa级双相钢,并系统地研究了基体微观组织特征及其对强塑性机制的影响。结果表明,基体组织对800 MPa级双相钢的塑性变形机制有显著影响,从而导致性能产生差异。(F+M)双相钢由多边形铁素体和约28%的第二相马氏体组成,屈强比0.540,而伸长率达到23.3%;(BF+γ)双相钢由贝氏体铁素体基体组织和约24%的第二相残留奥氏体组成,其屈强比为0.702,同时扩孔率达到56%。(BF+γ)双相钢在塑性变形过程中,厚度约为60~150 nm的γ相可有效分解裂纹尖端的应力集中,消耗裂纹扩展能量,同时诱导残留γ发生马氏体相变引起的体积膨胀还可弥合微裂纹产生的缝隙,在α相BF和残留γ两相的协调变形机制作用下,有益于提高其强度、塑性和扩孔性能。此外,(BF+γ)双相钢大角度晶界所占比例增加至63.1%,同时基体中存在较高的位错密度,均可有效弱化微裂纹扩展的驱动能,增加其继续扩展所需能量,缓解其在变形或扩孔过程中产生的应力集中。     

低碳-硅-锰系TRIP钢的组织演变规律研究

采用彩色金相、SEM、TEM和X射线衍射技术研究了低碳-硅-锰TRJP钢在单向拉伸状态下的组织演变规律.结果表明,TRIP钢变形前的组织为F、B和残余奥氏体,经拉伸变形后部分残余奥氏体在应变作用下转变为孪晶结构的马氏体,提高了钢的强度;TRIP钢的断裂为韧性断裂,位于F晶界处的残余奥氏体发生相变从而松弛了应力,延缓了断裂的产生,使TRIP钢板获得高塑性.     

变形对超高强贝氏体钢组织和力学性能的影响

采用低温奥氏体预变形+等温贝氏体相变相结合的工艺,研究了变形对中碳贝氏体钢相变和组织的影响,利用热模拟实验、SEM、TEM、XRD和拉伸实验等分析了变形影响残余奥氏体的微观机理及其对强塑性的影响规律.结果表明,过冷奥氏体在300℃变形20％,不仅可以加速随后等温贝氏体相变,细化贝氏体组织,同时还能增加室温组织中的残余奥氏体及其稳定性.残余奥氏体稳定性同时受C含量和位错密度影响,延长等温时间可以增加奥氏体中C含量;变形可以使奥氏体中位错密度增加,有利于获得稳定性较高的残余奥氏体,从而优化超高强贝氏体钢综合性能,制备的中碳超高强贝氏体钢抗拉强度为1733 MPa,延伸率达到15.7％.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

THERMODYNAMICS STUDY ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHROMITE WITH KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DAMPING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MAGNESIUM WROUGHT ALLOY AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.