镍纳米颗粒填充碳纳米管的制备和表征

采用阳极弧放电等离子体技术制备了Ni纳米颗粒填充的碳纳米管,并利用高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、拉曼光谱(Raman)和X射线能量色散分析谱仪(XEDS)等测试手段对样品的化学成分、形态和物相结构等特征进行了表征。结果表明,采用本实验的方法能获得大量的被纳米金属颗粒填充的碳纳米管,内部填充物为fcc结构的Ni纳米颗粒,外围薄层为石墨碳层。碳纳米管的外径在30~40nm范围内,壁厚5~8nm,内部填充的纳米颗粒呈球形和椭球形,粒径均匀。     

十六烷基三甲基溴化铵修饰的单壁碳纳米管和寡核苷酸的结合及细胞毒性(英文)

应用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)作为表面活性剂修饰单壁碳纳米管,研究CTAB修饰后的单壁碳纳米管的分散情况和表面电荷情况;观察在场发射扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜下的形貌,同时还研究CTAB修饰后的单壁碳纳米管与小干扰RNA结合的最佳浓度配比,以及CTAB功能修饰后的碳纳米管对培养的人脐静脉内皮细胞的毒性。结果表明:CTAB修饰后的单壁碳纳米管分散良好,CTAB吸附到单根或成束的碳纳米管管壁上,表面带正电荷;与带负电荷的寡核苷酸分子小干扰RNA可以结合,并且CTAB-SWNT与小干扰RNA结合比例达到1:1.5到1:2之间时基本饱和;缺乏CTAB的单壁碳纳米管不能结合小干扰RNA;没有分散的单壁碳纳米管具有更大的细胞毒性,CTAB可以改善SWNTs的分散性,从而减轻单壁碳纳米管的细胞毒性。     

Synthesis of manganese oxide/carbon nanotube nanocomposites using wet chemical method

Novel material with peculiar properties can be obtained by introducing foreign materials into the inner cavity of carbon nanotubes. It has been suggested that the materials encapsulated into the hollow regions of carbon nanotubes could result in a significant change of the properties of these small particles, forming new hybrid composites with extraordinary properties. In this short communication, filling of carbon nanotubes with manganese oxide by wet chemical method is demonstrated. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) result showed the hollow structure of carbon nanotubes were filled with manganese oxide. Energy dispersive X-rays (EDX) spectra elucidate the presence of manganese oxide in the filled carbon nanotubes whereas SEM result showed that manganese oxide is not crystallized at the outer surface of carbon nanotubes.     

Polypyrrole/MWNT nanocomposites synthesized through interfacial polymerization

Polypyrrole/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) composites were synthesized by dispersion of organically modified multiwall carbon nanotubes during an interfacial polymerization of pyrrole. During the polymerization, the carbon nanotubes are entrapped by the polymer chains and the nanocomposite is formed in the interphase between two immiscible solvents. The method favours a better dispersion of the nanotubes in the polypyrrole offering enhanced electrical properties. The characterisation of the composite material has been established by XRD, TGA analysis and electron microscopy techniques.     

激光熔铸多壁纳米碳管增强铝基复合材料

利用激光熔铸技术制备多壁纳米碳管增强铝基复合材料,并使用SEM、XRD对其熔铸成形性以及纳米碳管与基体金属界面结合行为进行观察和分析.结果表明,在单位面积激光能量为800×105J/m2时,纳米碳管增强铝基复合材料能够熔合而不破坏纳米碳管结构;在该复合材料中适量添加表面张力较低的金属Mg,可降低基体铝的表面张力,进而降低铝-纳米碳管的液固界面能,改善铝合金和纳米碳管的润湿性;当纳米碳管含量为5%(质量分数)时,并添加3%(质量分数)合金化元素Mg,激光熔铸的复合材料熔合性较好,铸块致密,在复合铸块的断口上能观察到增强体纳米碳管.     

电子束辐照对多壁碳纳米管的影响（英文）

在室温下采用透射电子显微镜中汇聚的电子束辐照多壁碳纳米管。结果表明,在能量为100 keV的电子束辐照下除了碳纳米管管壁有一些弯曲外没有其他结构被破坏;当电子能量增加到200 keV时,纳米管有明显的损伤,可以观察到纳米管的无定型化、纳米管外壁的凹坑和缺口。200 keV的电子束辐照还能形成碳洋葱和2根多壁纳米管的焊接。多壁碳纳米管的离位阀能为83~110 keV。能量超过阀能的电子束可以很轻易地损伤纳米管而低于阀能的电子束则很难损坏纳米管,其损伤机理为溅射和原子离位。     

碳纤维表面生长纳米碳管及其增强的炭/炭复合材料

采用化学气相沉积工艺在碳纤维表面生长了纳米碳管,将此种碳纤维作为增强材料,以中间相沥青为基体炭前驱体采用浸渍炭化工艺制备了炭/炭复合材料.观察了所得复合材料断口的微观形貌,测试了抗弯强度及热物理性能.结果表明,碳纤维表面的纳米碳管可以有效地提高纤维与基体的粘结力,复合材料的抗弯性能提高了50%,而对复合材料的导热性能影响较小.     

HRTEM studies of cobalt-filled carbon nanotubes

Cobalt-filled carbon nanotubes were synthesized at high temperature and high gas pressure. A high-resolution transmission electron microscopy study demonstrates that the product of the synthesis contains cylindrical carbon nanotubes whose cores are filled with cobalt nanoparticles or nanorods. It is shown that cobalt appears inside the nanotubes in three basic modifications: face-centered cubic (fcc) lattice, hexagonal close-packed (hcp) lattice and disordered polytypic structure. The fcc lattice is often twinned, with two or more non-parallel twinning planes being observed. The orientations of the fcc and hcp cobalt particles with respect to the nanotubes were investigated. The authors believe that the variety of cobalt modifications inside the nanotubes is due to the process of segregation of the closely packed structures from the melt.     

SWNTs coated by conducting polyaniline: Synthesis and modified properties

Conducting polyaniline (PaN) was synthesized onto single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) by using the in situ polymerization method. Elemental analysis (EA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), electron spin resonance (ESR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were used to characterize the resulting complex nanotubes (SWNTs–PaN) structure. We observed no significant interaction chemically between the PaN and SWNTs. The physical properties of the complex nanotubes were measured and also showed that the SWNTs were modified by conducting polyaniline.     

Carbon nanotube/polyaniline core-shell nanowires prepared by in situ inverse microemulsion

By the in situ inverse microemulsion, we prepared multi-walled carbon nanotubes/polyaniline composites (MWNTs/PANI). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the nanotubes were coated with a PANI layer. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra suggested that the π-bonded surface of the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) interact strongly with the conjugated structure of the PANI shell layer. The thermal stability and electrical conductivity of the MWNTs/PANI composites were examined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and conventional four-probe method. In comparison with the pure PANI, the decomposition temperature of the MWNTs/PANI (1 wt% MWNTs) composites increased from 360 to 400 °C and the electrical conductivity of MWNTs/PANI (1 wt% MWNTs) composites was increased by one order of magnitude.     

Novel Al-matrix nanocomposites reinforced with multi-walled carbon nanotubes

Novel Al-based nanocomposites reinforced with multi-walled carbon nanotubes were produced by mechanical milling followed by pressure-less sintering at 823 K under vacuum. The interface between Al matrix and the multi-walled carbon nanotubes was examined using transmission electron microscopy. These observation showed that the multi-walled carbon nanotubes were not damaged during the preparation of the nanocomposite and that no reaction products were detected after sintering. The mechanical properties of sintered nanocomposites specimens were evaluated by a compression test. The yield stress (σ_y) and the maximum strength (σ_max) obtained were considerably higher than those reported in the literature for pure Al prepared by the same route. The values for σ_y and σ_max increase as the volume fraction of multi-walled carbon nanotubes increases. The milling time and the concentration of multi-walled carbon nanotubes have an important effect on the mechanical properties of the nanocomposite.     

Electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole films over each of well-aligned carbon nanotubes

Polypyrrole (PPy) films were uniformly electropolymerized over each carbon nanotube of the well-aligned carbon nanotube arrays. For comparison, PPy films were also coated on flat metallic titanium (Ti) and platinum (Pt) substrates by the same technique. The synthesis and the redox performance of the PPy films were conducted by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The structural characterization including the thickness and uniformity of the PPy films was carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It is observed that the coating of the PPy film over carbon nanotubes is much faster than that on flat Ti/Pt surface. Furthermore, the redox performance of the PPy-coated carbon nanotube electrodes over flat Ti/Pt electrodes was significantly improved due to the high accessible surface area of the carbon nanotubes in the aligned arrays, especially in large film formation charge (Q_film). It is very promising that the electrode developed in this study could be used as high performance electrode in rechargeable batteries.     

Microwave-assisted synthesis and magnetic properties of size-controlled CoNi/MWCNT nanocomposites

Size-controlled CoNi alloy nanoparticles with average diameters in the range of 15-48 nm attached on the multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were prepared to form CoNi/MWCNT nanocomposites by microwave-assisted method. The size of CoNi alloy nanoparticles can be controlled through adjusting the atomic ratios of metals to carbon nanotubes in the mixed acetate solution. The as-prepared nanocomposites have been characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), energy-disperse X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The results show that CoNi alloy nanoparticles are face-centered cubic structure, quasi-spherical and disperse uniformly on the surface of MWCNTs. Magnetic measurement shows that both the coercivity and the saturation magnetization of the samples increase with the increase of the particle size from 15 to 37 nm, and decrease from 37 to 48 nm.     

Synthesis of vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes on stainless steel by water-assisted chemical vapor deposition and characterization of their electrochemical properties

We demonstrate synthesis of carbon nanotubes on stainless steel by water-assisted chemical vapor deposition using an Al/Fe bimetallic catalyst. A forest of vertically-oriented carbon nanotubes with a length of a few hundreds of micrometers were grown on the substrates. Electrical measurement confirmed that the carbon nanotubes were electrically connected to the stainless steel. Owing to the carbon nanotubes, electrochemical properties such as faradaic current and electron transfer were considerably improved. Carbon nanotubes grown on the stainless steel substrates would potentially be useful for various applications including electrochemical energy conversion and storage.     

Electrochemical deposition of a carbon nanotube-poly(o-phenylenediamine) composite on a stainless steel surface

Electrodeposition of a nano-composite made of oxidized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and a conductive polymer such as poly(o-phenylenediamine) (PoPD) on a stainless steel surface from aqueous solution was carried out by cyclic voltammetry. The presence of the CNTs enhanced the deposition of the PoPD and this enhancement was more significant in the presence of single walled carbon nanotubes (sCNT) by comparison to multi-walled carbon nanotubes (mCNT). Scanning electron microscope images indicated the incorporation of the CNTs in the PoPD layer. The nano-composite layer as well as the pure PoPD layer keeps the stainless steel in a passive state in acidic solution. The oxide film underneath the nano-composite layer is unique and showed high corrosion resistance in concentrated chloride solutions, which was confirmed by the presence of high contents of iron and chromium components. These findings suggest that the CNTs indirectly assist the passivation of the stainless steel by catalyic oxygen reduction and polymer oxidation process.     

Effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on tribological properties of lubricant

After purified by mixture of sulfuric acid and nitric acid, the multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWNTs) were modified with stearic acid(SA). The modified carbon nanotubes as lubricant additive were utilized to prepare lubricant, and the effects of carbon nanotubes on the tribological properties were investigated by using a pin-on-plate wear tester. The surface structure of MWNTs was examined by transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy. The results show that the surfaces of MWNTs are coated with a modified layer of SA. Furthermore, the modified MWNTs as lubricant additive can effectively improve the friction-reduction and antiwear ability of lubricant. The friction coefficient of base lubricant decreases by about 10% and the wear loss of base lubricant decreases by 30%-40% when the concentration of modified MWNTs in lubricant is 0.45 %. In addition,the mass ratio of SA to MWNTs influences the friction-reduction and anti-wear ability of the modified MWNTs as lubricant additive. The optimum mass ratio of MWNTs to stearic acid is about 3 : 8 - 1 : 2.     

Effect of Carbon Nanotube Dispersion on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum-Silicon Alloy Matrix Composites

This study has been carried out to reinforce the commonly believed fact that the dispersion of carbon nanotubes in a composite has a profound effect on the properties of the composite. In this study, ball milling was carried out using two different parameters to obtain distinctly different degrees of dispersion of carbon nanotubes (4 wt.%) in Al-9 wt.% Si powders. Composite disks, 80 mm in diameter, having good and bad dispersions of carbon nanotubes were obtained by hot pressing. Optical micrographs and Raman spectroscopy images showed the presence of larger carbon nanotube clusters in the bad dispersion sample. Transmission electron microscopy images confirmed the presence of large clusters in the bad dispersion sample, while the good dispersion sample showed individual carbon nanotubes in the Al matrix. Nanoindentation results indicated a 41% increase in the hardness and a 27% increase in the elastic-to-plastic work ratio, while compression tests indicated a 185% increase in compression yield strength and a 109% increase in fracture strength with improvement in carbon nanotube’s dispersion.     

Multiwalled carbon nanotube nucleated crystallization and reinforcement in poly (vinyl alcohol) composites

One of the fastest growing areas of nanotube research is the study of polymer-nanotube composite materials. These materials utilize the excellent strength of carbon nanotubes that has been evident but difficult to harness in the past and show impressive increases in strength relative to the polymer. It is suspected that many of the physical properties observed in these composites are related to the formation of crystalline polymer coatings around the nanotubes in solution. The work presented here addresses this issue by doping a semi-crystalline polymer, poly (vinyl alcohol), with multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) measurements of thin films identified a three- to five-fold increase in the Young's modulus of the polymer depending on nanotube type. Dynamic differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of thin films shows that the increase in modulus is accompanied by an increase in polymer crystallinity. In addition, the results verify that multiwalled carbon nanotubes nucleate crystallization of the polymer and a link between polymer crystallinity and composite reinforcement is established. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images confirm an excellent dispersion and wetting of the nanotubes in the polymer solution providing visual evidence of matrix reinforcement.     

INFLUENCES OF DENSITY AND DIMENSION OF CARBON NANOTUBES ON THEIR FIELD EMISSION

The influences of density and dimension of carbon nanotubes on their electron emission from arrays are studied. The tip electric field of nanotubes, electric field enhancement factor, and optimum nanotube density are expressed by analytic equations. The theoretical analyses show that the field enhancement factor is sensitive to nanotube density, and can be sharply improved at a specific and optimum density. Some experiments have demonstrated these. Owning to electrostatic screening effect, the length of carbon nanotubes has little effect on their emission. A uniformly-distributed carbon nanotube array model is set up, and applied to analysis of carbon nanotube arrays. The results obtained here are in good agreement with the experimental data.     

结构钢残余应力的电磁法测量优化研究

采用万能试验机、金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪及电磁应力仪，研究了电磁法测残余应力灵敏系数与层深之间的关系， 对相应工件不同层深残余应力进行测量，并提出了使用线性拟合法取得更合适的灵敏系数，最后使用X射线衍射法进行了验证。结果表明：灵敏系数随着层深增加，先增大后减小；工件近表层残余应力分布与深层有着显著区别，在0.6 mm以上更深层处的残余应力差异较小；使用线性拟合法取得的灵敏系数更加契合实际灵敏系数，能一定程度上减小电磁法测量误差。