光伏组件封装EVA的热空气老化研究

对光伏组件封装EVA胶膜进行了热空气老化研究。将EVA胶膜置于不同温度下进行热空气老化,测试了老化过程中EVA的抗拉强度、透光率和黄度指数,采用FT-IR、GPC、DSC技术对老化后的EVA进行分析。结果表明,随着老化的进行,EVA的抗拉强度快速下降,老化温度越高,抗拉强度下降越快,甚至完全失效,失去弹性;老化过程中EVA会变黄,透光率逐渐下降;老化失效原因主要是发生氧化降解,EVA的交联网状结构破坏,进而失去力学性能。     

光伏EVA封装胶膜交联体系的研究

主要研究了光伏组件用EVA封装胶膜的交联体系。通过对EVA封装胶膜硫化曲线的分析,研究了EVA胶膜中交联剂、助交联剂、硅烷偶联剂的含量对胶膜硫化曲线的影响,并推断出交联剂、助交联剂及硅烷偶联剂对EVA胶膜交联性能的影响。实验证明通过调整上述3个助剂的含量能够实现对EVA胶膜交联能力的控制。     

光伏组件封装用EVA材料的老化研究进展

光伏组件封装用EVA材料的耐老化性是光伏系统能否长期稳定输出电能的关键。本文综述了乙烯醋酸乙烯共聚物(EVA)封装材料的老化研究进展,包括EVA材料老化对光伏组件性能的影响,比如EVA老化引起的光伏组件的褪色、分层、起泡;以及EVA材料的抗老化研究进展,包括添加无机颗粒抗老化、添加助剂抗老化和交联抗老化。     

高反光率EVA胶膜的制备与性能研究

文章介绍了高反光率EVA胶膜的制备过程,并将其与常规EVA胶膜以及双玻组件用EVA胶膜进行封装组件功率及黄色指数变化效果对比分析。研究结果表明:采用高反射功能助剂改性方法制备的高反光率EVA胶膜,具有优异抗紫外辐射老化能力,同时能够提高组件的光电转换效率及功率。     

2014年胶粘剂及胶粘带行业国家标准新进展

<正>一、2014年正式实施的2项国家标准1.GB/T 29848-2013光伏组件封装用乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVA)胶膜,2014年4月15日实施。英文名称:Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer(EVA)film for encapsulant solar module。本标准规定了光伏组件封装用乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVA)胶膜的术语和定义、要求、试验方法、检验规则、包装、标志、运输和贮存。本标准适用于以乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVA)为主要原料,添加各种助剂,经熔融加工成型,用于地面光伏组件封装的胶膜。2.GB/T 29755-2013中空玻璃用弹性密封胶,2014年     

双玻组件用EVA胶膜的制备及封装工艺研究

为了降低BIPV双玻组件制造成本,采用新材料新工艺以简化生产流程,降低损耗,提高生产效率已成为光伏企业的必然选择。文章介绍了双玻组件用EVA胶膜的制备过程,同时将其与常规组件用EVA胶膜及PVB胶膜进行封装工艺及效果对比分析。研究结果表明:采用功能树脂改性方法制备的双玻组件封装用EVA胶膜适用于双玻组件的封装,可采用层压机直接层压完成,流程简单,生产低耗高效,且能够避免双玻组件出现气泡、移位、缺胶等缺陷。     

专利介绍

<正>黑色红外反射型光伏EVA胶膜CN103 881 596(2014-06-25)。该胶膜(以质量分数计)由100%EVA(乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物)、0.1%~2%交联剂、0.1%~2%助交联剂和0.05%~0.5%红外反射颜料等组成。在EVA中添加红外反射颜料(呈黑色),相应的EVA胶膜具有较好的红外反射性能;将该EVA胶膜封装于光伏组件中,能有效降低光伏组件的功率损失和温升现象。     

用于双玻光伏组件的两种封装材料可靠性的实验室研究

为了提高光伏组件可靠性,降低组件制造成本,采用低厚度钢化玻璃取代背板来封装组件已经成为光伏发展的一种方向。本文引入一种新型有机硅胶膜,可以适用于这种双玻组件的封装,与PVB同时做了一系列老化测试,如湿热老化、紫外老化,热氧老化,对老化前后的样品进行一系列的化学及物理分析,研究了其在各种老化过程中的失效模式。将这两种封装材料与焊带、电池片进行一些匹配试验,分析了匹配失效的问题。     

光伏组件用EVA胶膜的改性技术研究进展

综述了光伏组件用乙烯-乙酸乙烯共聚物(EVA)胶膜的改性技术研究进展.采用EVA内交联碱性有机物、添加阴离子型丙烯酸酯等方法制备的EVA胶膜应用于光伏组件可以提高抗电势诱导衰减效应;采用稀土化合物复合、有机硼改性丙烯酸接枝EVA制备的EVA胶膜应用于光伏组件可以提升太阳能利用率;EVA经过氧化-2-乙基己基碳酸叔丁酯与...     

光伏组件封装用EVA胶膜的研究进展

综述了光伏组件封装用乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物(EVA)胶膜的生产工艺、应用领域以及最新研究进展,并对今后的发展方向和趋势进行了展望。     

Fabrication and characterization of HCl‐treated clinoptilolite filled ethylene vinyl acetate composite films

As received and HCl treated Clinoptilolite (C)‐ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) composites were prepared via the melt‐mixing technique, and extruded through a single‐screw extruder to obtain composite strips with an average thickness of 0.5 mm. The films were then characterized for their morphological, structural, thermal, and mechanical properties. Optical micrographs show that at higher C loading, the particles form large agglomerates, resulting in the formation of voids on the surface of the films. With increasing zeolite loading, the films become brittle, resulting in reduced Young's modulus. Acid treatment of the C tends to affect the crystal structure of the zeolite, resulting in poor tensile properties of the HCl‐treated zeolite‐filled EVA films. Addition of the zeolite also increased the crystallinity of the structure, acting as a nucleating agent in the EVA crystallization. Modeling of the tensile yield data with Pukanszky model indicate that there is poor interfacial adhesion between the polymer matrix and the filler particles. Thermal characterization studies showed that addition of the zeolites retarded the onset degradation temperature of EVA. However, degradation temperatures including T_max and the final decomposed temperature were increased, suggesting improved thermal stability due to reduced inter‐chain mobility in the composite materials as a result of increased zeolite loading. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

Photodegradation and biodegradation by bacteria of mulching films based on ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer: Effect of pro‐oxidant additives

The photodegradation (432 h under irradiation of Xe‐Lamp‐solar filter) of an ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer with vinyl acetate content of 9% was studied, and the effect of iron and calcium stearates was evaluated using different techniques such us attenuated total reflectance‐Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and thermal analysis methods (DSC and TGA). A re‐arrangement in crystallization and consequent decrease in thermal stability were found through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), which were in agreement with the chain scission tendency. The presence of Ca and Fe pro‐oxidants additives in EVA films increased the ketone carbonyl formation and decreased the ester absorption band of the acetate respect to the pure EVA, as it was evidenced by the significant changes in Carbonyl Indexes found by FTIR. The activity of stearates has been also evaluated by chemiluminescence, where the temperature‐ramping tests under nitrogen showed the formation of a peroxide peak at lower temperature. The lower stability of the films containing pro‐oxidants was evidenced by the values of oxidation induction time (OIT) determined by DSC. The results were supported by GC‐MS, where the concentration of extracted products identified in the EVA containing pro‐oxidants was significant and a much greater decrease in molecular weight was determined by GPC, which confirmed the development of degradation for EVA with Ca and Fe stearates in comparison to pure EVA. Biodegradation of photodegraded EVA films were studied at 45°C during 90 days using a mixture of Bacillus (MIX) (B. cereus, B. megaterium, and B. subtilis) and, in parallel, by Brevibacillus borstelensis as reference strain. Biodegradation of EVA‐films was studied by Chemiluminescence, ATR‐FTIR and GC‐product analysis and the data confirm more efficient biodegradation on the materials containing pro‐oxidants. The chemiluminescence emissions due to decomposition of oxidation species was observed at lower temperatures on the biodegraded samples. Also, the drastic decrease of carbonyl index and the disappearance of photogenerated low molecular products with biodegradation were more efficient on the biodegraded films containing pro‐oxidants. EVA mineralization was evaluated by carbon dioxide measurement using indirect impedance technique. Biodegradation by B. borstelensis and MIX at 45°C was similar and exhibited a pronounced difference between the pure photodegraded EVA film (around 15% of mineralization) and the corresponding photodegraded films containing Ca and Fe stearates where biodegradation extent reached values of 23‐26% of biodegradation after 90 days. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

酰胺化纳米晶纤维素提高乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物薄膜阻透性的研究

合成了三种酰胺化纳米晶纤维素,并采用溶液共混成膜法制备了酰胺化纳米晶纤维素（CNC）/乙烯醋酸乙烯醋共聚物(EVA)复合膜材料。通过紫外-可见分光光度计、电子万能试验机和透湿仪研究了酰胺化CNC/ EVA复合膜的光学性能、力学性能以及水蒸气阻隔性,并通过原子力显微镜研究热压处理的EVA复合膜的表面形貌。结果表明,添加三种不同碳链的酰胺化CNC都使 EVA膜的透光率有所降低,当添加量为5 %时,EVA膜透光率仍高达90%。一定程度的热压能够让酰胺化纳米晶纤维素在EVA基体中分散更均匀,使EVA复合膜的透光率提高了2%～3%;随着纳米晶纤维素含量的逐渐增加,三种酰胺化CNC/EVA膜的拉伸强度均逐渐增强,透湿率（WVTR值）均减小;酰胺化CNC含量相同时, 十六胺改性的纳米晶纤维素(CNC-N16)/EVA复合膜的力学性能和水蒸气阻隔效果优于相应的十二胺和正辛胺。     

Investigation of oxygen barrier properties of organoclay/HDPE/EVA nanocomposite films prepared using a two-step solution method

In this article, oxygen barrier properties of nanocomposite films composed of organoclay (OC), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer have been investigated. The nanocomposite films whose EVA forms a dominant fraction were prepared using the solution method. The dispersion of the OC in the HDPE/EVA blend was improved through taking two-step procedure in the preparation of nanocomposite. First, the OC and EVA were dissolved in chloroform. Then, the resulting product, after evaporating most of the solvent, along with HDPE was dissolved in xylene. The obtained nanocomposite films underwent a number of tests in order to examine their barrier properties including X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that OC/HDPE/EVA nanocomposites are intercalated and partially exfoliated. Furthermore, from the TEM micrographs, the organoclay experimental aspect ratio was found. Also, the O₂ permeability through the films was evaluated, which showed that adding both OC and HDPE to EVA leads to a remarkable increase in the barrier properties of EVA films. Finally, by using the gas permeation results and existing permeation theories, the organoclay theoretical aspect ratio was predicted. POLYM. COMPOS., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Thermal and mechanical characterization of EVA/banana fiber-derived cellulose composites

Composite films based on poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) and cellulose derived from banana plant waste have been prepared and characterized. Cellulose whiskers isolated from, banana fibers, by an acid hydrolysis method and were incorporated into the EVA matrix by solution casting technique. The composite films were subsequently examined by scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, and FTIR spectroscopy. Compared with pure EVA and cellulose, the EVA/cellulose composite systems showed superior thermal stability. The mechanical testing of the composite films revealed that the tensile strength and elastic modulus were increased after cellulose incorporation into EVA. Among the EVA/cellulose composites, 7.5% cellulose loaded EVA showed the highest tensile strength. The percentage strain at break of the EVA/cellulose composite systems was found to be decreased which has been attributed to the restricted mobility of the polymer matrix by the presence of cellulose. X-ray diffraction studies showed that the EVA/cellulose composites were more crystalline than EVA. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Optimization of polyethylene/binder/polyamide extrusion blow‐molded films. III. Slippability improvement with fatty acid amides

The slippability of packaging films has to be controlled to facilitate confectionary operations and guarantee an easy opening for filling. In the case of single‐layer polyethylene (PE) films, the addition of slip agents made of fatty acid amides such as erucamide or oleamide usually allows the tailoring of the coefficient of friction (COF) in the film to match industrial targets, which depend on the final application. The coupling of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy analysis showed that this method has a limited efficiency and may even be detrimental in the case of multilayer PE + ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)/maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (PEgMAH) + EVA/polyamide films. The reason is that the migration of the slip additives toward the outermost surface of the PE layer, which leads to a reduction in the COF, are strongly affected by both the existence of the adjacent layers and the presence of EVA in the PE and PEgMAH layers. Nevertheless, a proper knowledge of the effect of this perturbation allows one to reach a slippability level that is required for some confectionary operations and/or for an easy opening for filling without the degradation of the heat sealability. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Study on the compatibility of ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer/vermiculite in biaxially oriented polypropylene films

A process for preparing expanded vermiculite/ethylene vinyl acetate nanocomposites by ball milling expanded vermiculite (EVMT) in cyclohexane solution of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer resin (EVA) was presented, and the influence of EVA/EVMT nanocomposites on mechanical, barrier performance of modified biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) films was discussed in this article. By the process, the EVMT is intercalated and exfoliated to obtain a kind of EVMT/EVA nanocomposite, in which EVA serves as both intercalating agent into EVMT and compatibilizer between EVMT and polypropylene (PP); so, when EVMT/EVA was melt blended with PP, platelets of vermiculite can be exfoliated easily and dispersed relatively well in the PP matrix. Compared with original (nonmodified) BOPP, when EVMT loading ranged from 0.1% to 0.5%, both strength and toughness of the modified BOPP films was increased. Moreover, platelets (flakes) of vermiculite dispersed in PP matrix improved barrier properties of modified BOPP films also. The improved barrier properties of BOPP films accorded with Nielsen model. POLYM. COMPOS., 36:78–87, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers     

农膜用聚乙烯树脂分子结构与耐老化性能的关系

通过对低密度聚乙烯（PE_LD）、线形低密度聚乙烯（PE-LLD）、茂金属线形低密度聚乙烯（m-PE—LLD）、乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物（EVA）等原料直接吹塑农用棚膜进行农田扣棚试验和力学性能测试，分析了各种树脂对生产PE功能性农用棚膜的适用性，并尝试从各种树脂基础分子结构角度对农膜的耐老化性能进行解释。试验结果表明：m—PE-LLD附脂的力学性能明显优于PE-LD和EVA树脂，EVA树脂在透明性方面占有优势；在耐老化性能方面，m-PE-LLD和EVA树脂无论扣棚时间还是测试数据均比PE-LD要好，从连续取样测试数据看出PE-LD断裂伸长保留率下降趋势明显，而m-PE-LLD和EVA树脂则是拉伸强度保留率下降趋势明显。     

Thermal and physicomechanical properties of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer and layered double hydroxide composites

A series of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer films have been prepared with different compositions viz. 2, 4, 6, and 8 wt % layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanoparticles by solution intercalation method. These solution-casted EVA/LDH nanocomposite films were dried and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. EVA/LDH films were further tested for tensile strength, density, moisture content, solubility resistance, flammability, and electrical properties. The DSC and FTIR analysis indicate strong interactions between the LDH layers and vinyl acetate groups in EVA. Further, EVA nanocomposite films show enhanced tensile strength, limiting oxygen index (LOI), and flammability rating for the addition of LDH without sacrificing the electrical properties. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008     

Stress relaxation in low‐shrink‐force polyolefin films

The morphology and stress relaxation of coextruded five‐layer LLDPE (linear low‐density polyethylene)/EVA (ethylene‐vinyl‐acetate) copolymer films were studied. Increasing VA (vinyl acetate) content in EVA causes a decrease of shrink tension in the films, which can be explained by a decrease in amount of crystallinity. The relaxation time spectrum of the coextruded crosslinked LLDPE/EVA films is similar to the relaxation time spectrum of crosslinked LLDPE film at room temperature. However, at elevated temperatures, an additional peak appears on the spectrum of coextruded film. The cause of this peak is temperature‐ and stress‐induced recrystallization of EVA during the relaxation test. This recrystallization was confirmed with DSC and wide angle X‐ray analysis. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:1716–1720, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.