无线传感器网络中能量有效自适应路由算法研究

针对无线传感器网络寿命最大化问题,基于无线传感器节点能耗分布特点和数据传输能耗模型,建立无线传感器网络生存周期的数学优化模型,并针对最小能耗路由的能耗不均衡问题和能量均衡路由的能耗开销问题,综合考虑网络中节点的剩余能量和节点间发送数据的能耗,提出一个适合无线多跳传感器网络的自适应路由算法。仿真结果表明,提出的路由算法能充分地利用有限的能量资源,较大地延长网络生存周期。     

An energy-saving routing architecture with a uniform clustering algorithm for wireless body sensor networks

Wireless body sensor networks are expected to extend human-centered applications in large-scale sensing and detecting environments. Energy savings has become one of the most important features of the sensor nodes to prolong their lifetime in such networks. To provide reasonable energy consumption and to improve the network lifetime of wireless body sensor network systems, new and efficient energy-saving schemes must be developed. An energy-saving routing architecture with a uniform clustering algorithm is proposed in this paper to reduce the energy consumption in wireless body sensor networks. We adopted centralized and cluster-based techniques to create a cluster-tree routing structure for the sensor nodes. The main goal of this scheme is to reduce the data transmission distances of the sensor nodes by using the uniform cluster structure concepts. To make an ideal cluster distribution, the distances between the sensor nodes are calculated, and the residual energy of each sensor node is accounted for when selecting the appropriate cluster head nodes. On the basis of the uniform cluster location, the data transmission distances between the sensor nodes can be reduced by employing an adaptive multi-hop approach. The energy consumption is reduced, and the lifetime is extended for the sensor nodes by balancing the network load among the clusters. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the previously known schemes in terms of the energy consumption and the network lifetime for the wireless body sensor networks.     

DAR: An energy-balanced data-gathering scheme for wireless sensor networks

A wireless sensor network faces special challenges due to its inherent features, such as the limited energy. The energy constraint drives research on how to utilize energy efficiently to prolong the lifetime of the network. Because a sink node takes the responsibility of collecting data from other nodes, a usual conception is to transfer data towards the sink node by multihop. However, conventional data-gathering schemes based on the conception give rise to the hotspot problem because of the nodes that run out of their energy sooner than other nodes, which results in accelerating the end of the whole network. The closer sensor nodes are to the sink, the more quickly they exhaust their energy, which leaves an upper bound to the lifetime of the whole network. Because of the bottleneck nodes, the network loses its service ability regardless of a large amount of residual energy of the other nodes. In this paper, we propose a novel data-gathering scheme, DAR, to handle the hotspot problem, in which all the nodes participate in the workload of gathering data from the whole network and transferring the data directly to the sink. In our scheme, the forwarding behavior of all the nodes is scheduled to balance their burden of aggregating and transmitting the network data and the nodes may send their data back against the sink, which differs from the conventional schemes. We performed simulation experiments to evaluate the performance of the DAR scheme, and the results show that our data-gathering scheme can balance the energy consumption among all the nodes and extend the network lifetime notably.     

WSN中基于最大最小化的优化路由算法

无线传感器网络(WSN)由能量受限的节点组成,需要设计路由算法优化节点的能耗。文章以最大化网络生存时间为目标,基于最大最小化模型提出了优化路由算法,定义了数据发送矩阵,设计了转发节点选择机制,以避免路由回路;基于节点收发数据的能耗及剩余能量,设计了求解优化路由的数学规划模型,优化了传感器节点的数据发送路径和发送量,均衡了节点的能量消耗。仿真结果表明,该算法能有效地均衡节点的能耗,延长网络生存时间。     

无线传感器网络中能量有效自适应路由算法研究

针对无线传感器网络寿命最大化问题,基于无线传感器节点能耗分布特点和数据传输能耗模型,建立无线传感器网络生存周期的数学优化模型,并针对最小能耗路由的能耗不均衡问题和能量均衡路由的能耗开销问题,综合考虑网络中节点的剩余能量和节点间发送数据的能耗,提出一个适合无线多跳传感器网络的自适应路由算法。仿真结果表明,提出的路由算法能充分地利用有限的能量资源,较大地延长网络生存周期。     

一种改进的无线传感器网络最小跳数路由协议

针对无线传感器网络最小跳数路由协议数据包多路径冗余传输,能量消耗不均衡等问题,提出了一种改进的无线传感器网络最小跳数路由协议。该协议通过引入侦听机制在网络中建立传输路径,同时采用一种新的能量均衡策略解决关键节点能耗过快的问题,以有效延长网络寿命。通过自主研发的无线传感器网络仿真平台进行仿真,比较最小跳数路由协议和改进协议的性能。实验结果表明:改进协议能够很好的均衡网络能量消耗,提高网络能量有效性,延长了网络寿命。     

Maximizing network lifetime in wireless sensor networks with regular topologies

Limited energy supply (battery-powered) is a crucial problem in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Sensor node placement schemes and routing protocols are mostly proposed to address this problem. In this paper, we first present how to place sensor nodes by use of a minimal number of them to maximize the coverage area when the communication radius of the sensor node is different from the sensing radius, which results in the application of regular topology to WSNs deployment. With nodes placed at an equal distance and equipped with an equal power supply, the problem of unbalanced energy consumption in 2-D regular topologies becomes more severe and much more difficult to tackle than that in 1-D chains, though the latter is known as an already quite hard problem. We address this problem and propose an adaptive data collection scheme by employing different communication radii for nodes in different locations to balance the energy consumption in WSNs. In order to achieve the ultimate goal of maximizing network lifetime in grid-based WSNs, we give a mathematical formulation, which shows the problem of maximizing network lifetime is a nonlinear programming problem and NP-hard even in the 1-D case. We discuss several heuristic solutions and show that the halving shift data collection scheme is the best solution among them. We also generalize the maximizing network lifetime problem to the randomly-deployed WSNs, which shows the significance of our mathematical formulation for this crucial problem in WSNs.     

一种能量有效的WSN路由协议

无线传感器网络中节能是首要考虑的问题。有效地延长无线传感器网络的生存时间,达到传感器节点的负载均衡是无线传感器路由网络路由协议的设计目标。由于LEACH协议存在在簇头节点的选举中未考虑节点的能量因素、簇头节点在空间上分布不均及所有簇头节点直接与Sink进行远距离数据传输过程中能量消耗过多等不足,本文提出了一种改进型的节能路由协议LEACH-ZED。LEACH-ZED采用区域划分的方式,综合考虑节点能量与到Sink节点的距离,进行簇间的多跳传输,大大改善了LEACH协议的一些缺陷。仿真表明,改进后的协议有效延长了网络的生存时间,降低了整个网络的能耗,从总体性能上看优于LEACH协议。     

一种无线链状网络路由算法的研究与应用

文章基于货运列车状态监控的无线传感器网络应用,针对网络节点能量有限以及链状网络节点负载不均衡的问题进行分析和研究,提出一种适合该应用的新型路由算法,该算法基于网络节点可通过功率控制来调整通信距离这一前提,为每个传感器节点选择合适的数据传输路径,以达到整个网络节省能耗,负载均衡的目的。仿真结果验证了该算法有效地平衡了网络负载,节省了网络能量,提高了网络生命周期。     

权衡能耗与延迟的数据融合算法研究

在无线传感器网络的路由协议中考虑数据融合能极大地提高网络生存期性能,但随之会带来网络可靠性下降、数据传输延迟增加等问题。设计一种新的可权衡能耗与延迟的数据融合算法ECLT,通过二级模糊综合评判的方式来调整原有的路由信息,增加数据传输路径间的交叠,以提高数据融合度、延长网络生存期;同时,传感节点在转发数据的过程中还可根据本身状态来动态调整进行数据融合的等待时间,从而在均衡网络中各节点能耗的同时减少了数据传输延迟。经仿真验证,该算法能在极大的延长无线传感器网络使用寿命的同时降低数据的平均传输延迟。     

基于均匀分簇的无线传感器网络寿命最大化理论分析

无线传感器网络路由协议的一个重要目标是均衡节点能量消耗并延长网络寿命.基于均匀分簇的无线传感器网络模型,对网络寿命最大化进行了理论分析.在此基础上,提出了一种改进的数据传输方式,有效地均衡了节点的能量消耗,并显著地延长了网络寿命.模拟实验表明,在网络半径一定时,通过合理地选取最优的簇半径,可以最大化网络寿命.改进数据传输方式后的最大网络寿命比改进前的提高了13%.最后,结合该领域当前研究现状,指出了基于分簇路由协议的最大网络寿命未来的研究重点.     

Understanding optimal data gathering in the energy and latency domains of a wireless sensor network

The problem of optimal data gathering in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is addressed by means of optimization techniques. The goal of this work is to lay the foundations to develop algorithms and techniques that minimize the data gathering latency and at the same time balance the energy consumption among the nodes, so as to maximize the network lifetime. Following an incremental-complexity approach, several mathematical programming problems are proposed with focus on different network performance metrics. First, the static routing problem is formulated for large and dense WSNs. Optimal data-gathering trees are analyzed and the effects of several sensor capabilities and constraints are discussed, e.g., radio power constraints, energy consumption model, and data aggregation functionalities. Then, dynamic re-routing and scheduling are considered. An accurate network model is proposed that captures the tradeoff between the data gathering latency and the energy consumption, by modeling the interactions among the routing, medium access control and physical layers.For each problem, extensive simulation results are provided. The proposed models provide a deeper insight into the problem of timely and energy efficient data gathering. Useful guidelines for the design of efficient WSNs are derived and discussed.     

Energy-efficient cooperative routing in BER constrained multishop networks

Due to the limited energy supplies of nodes, in many applications like wireless sensor networks energy-efficiency is crucial for extending the lifetime of these networks. We study the routing problem for multihop wireless ad hoc networks based on cooperative transmission. The source node wants to transmit messages to a single destination. Other nodes in the network may operate as relay nodes. In this paper, we propose a cooperative multihop routing for the purpose of power savings, constrained on a required bit error rate (BER) at the destination. We derive analytical results for line and grid network topologies. It is shown that energy savings of 100% are achievable in line and grid networks with a large number of nodes for BER = 10⁻⁴ constraint at the destination.     

无线传感器网络能耗均衡路由模型及算法

在综合考虑传感器网络中节点链路接入、数据包传输能耗及节点剩余能量的基础上,提出了一种自适应能耗均衡路由策略,并给出了相应的数学最优化模型及求解算法.优化的目标是均衡网络能耗,进而最大化网络寿命.首先采用跨层分析的方法设计了符合传感器节点计算能力的分布式动态路由树生成算法及各节点的路由选择策略函数;然后通过构造一个双层规划模型使传感器网络的整体能耗趋向均衡,尽可能地延长网络寿命.一个数值例子说明,提出的路由选择策略、双层规划模型及求解算法是可行且有效的.     

Avoiding Energy Holes in Wireless Sensor Networks with Nonuniform Node Distribution

In this paper, we investigate the theoretical aspects of the nonuniform node distribution strategy used to mitigate the energy hole problem in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). We conclude that in a circular multihop sensor network (modeled as concentric coronas) with nonuniform node distribution and constant data reporting, the unbalanced energy depletion among all the nodes in the network is unavoidable. Even if the nodes in the inner coronas of the network have used up their energy simultaneously, the ones in the outermost corona may still have unused energy. This is due to the intrinsic many-to-one traffic pattern of WSNs. Nevertheless, nearly balanced energy depletion in the network is possible if the number of nodes increases in geometric progression from the outer coronas to the inner ones except the outermost one. Based on the analysis, we propose a novel nonuniform node distribution strategy to achieve nearly balanced energy depletion in the network. We regulate the number of nodes in each corona and derive the ratio between the node densities in the adjacent (i + 1)th and ith coronas by the strategy. Finally, we propose (q-switch routing, a distributed shortest path routing algorithm tailored for the proposed nonuniform node distribution strategy. Extensive simulations have been performed to validate the analysis.     

WSN中基于能量代价的能量优化路由算法

针对无线传感器网络路由算法中的节点能耗问题,提出了一种基于能量代价的能量优化路由算法。算法综合考虑数据传输中节点能耗的有效性和均衡性,设计了一种新的能量代价函数,实现了二者的优化匹配。传感器节点按此函数计算前向部居节点的能量代价,选择能量代价最小的节点作为下一跳。算法基于部居节点信息进行路由选择,具有较低的计算时间复杂度。最后,对路由算法的性能进行了仿真分析,并与典型的路由算法进行了对比,结果表明,本路由算法能够有效延长网络生存时间,节约并均衡节点的能量消耗。     

Data censoring with network lifetime constraint in wireless sensor networks

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), senor nodes are usually battery-powered with limited energy budget. The network lifetime is directly related to the energy consumption of each node. Online censoring is an effective approach to reduce the overall energy consumption by only transmitting statistical informative data. However, the network lifetime is not proportionally extended with online censoring, since individual sensor may still suffer from energy shortage due to frequent transmission of informative data or transmission over long distance. In this paper, a parameters estimation problem is considered in WSNs, where the goal is to minimize the estimation error under the network lifetime constraint. Two censoring algorithms are developed, which allow sensor nodes to make decisions locally on whether to transmit the sampled data. The proposed algorithms can extend the network lifetime with little performance loss. Simulation results validate their effectivenesses.     

基于路灯单灯状态监控的无线链状网络路由算法的研究

基于路灯单灯状态监控的无线传感器网络应用,钟对链状网络节点负载不均衡和网络节点能量有限的问题进行分析和研究,提出一种适合该应用的新型路由算法,这种新型路由算法根据网络节点可通过功率控制来调整通信距离的前提下,合适的数据传输路径被每个传感器节点选择,使整个网络达到能耗节省,负载均衡的目的.通过仿真验证这种新型路由算法有效...     

一种协作和中继混合的传感网寿命最大化路由算法

周期性监控、多对一数据传输是无线传感网的典型场景之一.其中存在固有的能耗不均问题,即与sink 节点距离不同的节点能耗差异大,严重缩短了网络寿命.提出了一种基于协作和中继混合传输模式的路由方法,利用协作和中继在远、近距离传输时能耗的互补性,通过调整节点采用中继模式传输的负载比例(称为中继率),均衡节点间的能耗,延长网络寿命.定量地描述了节点能耗和中继率的关系,将网络寿命最大化建模为关于中继率矢量的高阶非线性优化问题.为了求解该问题,深入分析了寿命最大化时节点间能耗的关系,得到的结论是：若以中继模式传输单比特的能耗小于sink 一跳邻节点的协作模式能耗,则寿命最大化时所有节点能耗相等;否则,寿命最大化时节点中仅满足协作模式能耗大于中继模式的部分节点能耗相等.由此将多元非线性的网络寿命最大化问题转化为关于单变量的优化问题,求得了最优中继率.利用理论分析结果设计了分布式路由算法DORRCR.仿真结果表明,该算法能够有效延长网络寿命,显著提高全网的能耗均衡性.