CIG前驱膜叠层方式对CIGS膜成分和结构的影响

采用中频交流磁控溅射方法制备了三种不同叠层方式的CuInGa（CIG）前驱膜。采用固态法硒化,获得了CIGS吸收层。采用SEM和XRD观察和分析了薄膜的成分、组织结构和表面形貌。着重分析不同叠层方式的CIG前驱膜对CIGs吸收层薄膜成分、晶体结构的影响。结果表明,三种叠层方式的前驱膜都可以获得成分均匀、结构一致的CIGS吸收层薄膜。Ga可以有效抑制In2Se挥发相生成,保持成分的稳定性。以CuGa（top）／CuIn（bottom）形式的前驱膜有利于形成紧密晶粒排列的CIGS。     

以溅射为主的叠层硒化法制备大面积铜铟镓硒薄膜

本文采用基于溅射为主的四元叠层硒化法制备大面积铜铟镓硒薄膜.分别利用SEM与EDX对四元叠层这一新方法制备的薄膜进行微观结构分析与成分分布分析.结果发现,在采用四元叠层发制备CIGS薄膜中,提高衬底温度,控制Se源温度即控制预置层中Se的含量可以有效的改善薄膜的微观结构,对已经制备完毕的薄膜进行二次退火,不但可以获得比较好的微观结构,同时还可以有效的控制Ga在薄膜内部沿深度方向的分布.     

周期换向脉冲电沉积-硒化法制备铜铟镓硒薄膜

采用周期换向脉冲电沉积法于Mo/玻璃及ITO/玻璃衬底上制备铜铟镓硒薄膜。Mo/玻璃或ITO/玻璃为工作电极,饱和甘汞(SCE)为参比电极,大面积铂片作为阳极构成三电极体系,以氯化铜,三氯化铟,三氯化镓和亚硒酸的水溶液为电解液,制备Cu-In-Ga-Se合金预制膜,随后在硒蒸气中进行硒化处理,得到了黄铜矿结构的CuInGaSe2(CIGS)薄膜.分别用SEM,XRD和UV-吸收分析了合金预制膜和CuInGaSe2薄膜的表面形貌、相组成及紫外-可见吸收特性。结果表明,周期换向脉冲电沉积法可以制备表面平整、均匀致密的Cu-In-Ga-Se合金薄膜;利用脉冲电压的占空比可以提高预制膜中的In元素的比例,且随着In含量的增加,CIGS薄膜的结晶性变好;适当延长硒化退火的时间,可以使薄膜晶粒大小均匀,减小内应力,使薄膜的光吸收率提高,以利于制备更高效率的CIGS薄膜太阳电池.     

预制层结构成分对溅射后硒化制备CIGS薄膜的影响

采用磁控溅射法制备了不同结构成分的铜铟镓(CIG)预制层,对预制层进行硒化得到铜铟镓硒(CIGS)薄膜。采用XRD、SEM及EDS研究了CIG预制层的结构成分对CIGS薄膜的组织与结构的影响。结果表明,不同结构成分的CIG预制层经过硒化后得到的CIGS薄膜中各元素的成分比例差别不大;采用Ga浓度相对较高的CuGa靶制备的两层结构的CIG预制层经硒化后生成的CIGS薄膜,其(112)面择优取向比较明显,晶粒尺寸相对较大。     

前驱膜中Ga含量对CIGS吸收层性能的影响

采用中频交流磁控溅射方法制备了CuInGa(CIG)前驱膜,并采用固态硒化法进行处理,获得了Cu(In1-xGax)Se2(CIGS)吸收层薄膜.采用扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射观察和分析了薄膜的成分、组织结构和表面形貌.着重分析了CIG前驱膜中的Ga含量对CIGS吸收层薄膜成分、晶体结构的影响.结果表明,通过调节CIG前驱膜的Ga含量可制备得到Cu/(In+Ga)原子比接近1,且Ga/(In+Ga)比例可调的成分分布均匀的CIGS薄膜.CIGS薄膜由Cu(In1-xGax)Se2固溶体相组成,Ga主要是以替代In的固溶形式存在.在CuIn和CuGa合金靶的功率密度分别为0.24和0.30W/cm2条件下制备的CIG前驱膜经固态硒化处理可获得Ga/(In+Ga)比高达0.2701的CIGS薄膜.     

基底温度对四元叠层硒化法制备铜铟镓硒(CIGS)薄膜的影响

利用四元叠层硒化法制备了铜铟镓硒(缩写为CIGS)薄膜,重点分析了在叠层法制备CIGS薄膜过程中,基底温度对CIGS薄膜的晶体结构,表面形貌以及各种元素沿深度分布的影响.实验结果表明,在叠层法制备CIGS薄膜时,发现在550℃的基底温度时,不经过退火便可以生成CIGS晶体,表面Ga的含量处于比较合适的范围.而基底温度为500℃,450℃时,只能生成铜铟硒(CIS)晶体,Ga元素表面的含量较少,主要分布在薄膜底部.     

可变占空比的双脉冲电源在铜铟镓硒预置层制备中的应用

用交替溅射的方法制备铜铟镓硒薄膜太阳能电池预置层.通过可变占空比的电源控制器实现对Cu/Ga合金靶以及In靶溅射时间的控制,进而实现对最后元素配比的控制.实验中发现,在一个溅射周期中,Cu/Ga合金靶溅射时间对最后成分影响最大,其次是In靶溅射时间,非溅射时间的长短对成分也有影响.交替溅射制备的铜铟镓硒预置层经过XRD检测,合金相主要为Cu11In9.     

双层预制膜对CIGS薄膜结构和形貌的影响

采用中频交流磁控溅射方法,在玻璃基底上依次沉积了Mo、CuIn、CuGa薄膜,制备了CuInGa（CIG）双层预制膜,采用固态硒化法制备获得了Cu（In1-xGax）Se2（CIGS）吸收层薄膜,考察了CuGa层制备过程中工作气压的改变,对CIGS薄膜结构和形貌的影响。采用SEM和EDS观察和分析了薄膜的表面形貌和成分,采用XRD表征了薄膜的组织结构。结果表明,改变溅射制备CuGa层的工作气压,所获得的CIG双层预制膜均由Cu11In9、CuIn和CuGa组成。在溅射制备CuGa层的工作气压为1．0Pa的条件下所获得的CIG双层预制膜经过硒化后,获得的CIGS薄膜致密。采用不同结构的双层预制膜,在不同的硒化时间下制备的CIGS薄膜,均具有黄铜矿相结构,薄膜具有（112）面的择优取向。     

电沉积铜铟镓硒太阳能电池的研究进展

铜铟镓硒薄膜太阳能电池有着巨大的应用前景.介绍了铜铟镓硒太阳能电池的结构和特点,重点介绍了电沉积技术在铜铟镓硒太阳电池中的应用.目前单纯一步电沉积还不能有效控制CIGS薄膜化学计量比,需要化学刻蚀或者和物理气相沉积来调整原子比例,对于工业化生产柔性衬底上辊到辊顺序电沉积是重要的发展方向.     

硒源温度对CIGS薄膜结构和形貌的影响

采用中频交流磁控溅射方法，在Mo层上沉积了CuInGa（CIG）预制膜，采用固态硒化法制备获得了Cu（In1-xGax）Se2（CIGS）吸收层薄膜，考察了硒源温度对CIGS薄膜结构和形貌的影响。采用SEM和EDS观察和分析了薄膜的表面形貌和成分，采用XRD表征了薄膜的组织结构。结果表明，在不同的硒源温度下制备的CIGS薄膜，均为黄铜矿相结构，薄膜具有（112）面的择优取向。当硒源温度为575℃、580℃和585℃时，CIGS薄膜表面结构疏松，多孔隙；当硒源温度为590℃、595℃和600℃时，CIGS薄膜结构致密，表面平整。当硒源温度为600℃时，Cu、In和Ga原子含量处于制备弱P型CIGS吸收层薄膜的理想范围。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。