铂催化硅氢加成反应研究进展

硅氢加成反应是合成有机硅材料最重要的途径之一，铂催化剂作为其应用最广的催化剂，具有重要的意义。本文首先介绍了硅氢加成反应机理的研究现状；分析了聚合物长链段铂配合物、含多个铂原子铂簇化合物及N-杂环卡宾铂配合物均相铂催化剂的研究进展，致力于改善均相催化剂催化选择性差、催化活性难以控制等缺点；分别阐述了不同铂催化剂载体如无机二氧化硅、炭载体、金属氧化物、有机高分子、固载液等作为铂催化剂载体的优点，负载铂催化剂具有可回收、产物选择性好的优点，有效解决了工业上铂损失的问题；最后对铂催化硅氢加成反应的发展趋势进行了展望分析，铂负载能力的提高、铂负载催化剂的分离、硅氢加成反应的原理、催化范围的扩大等均是今后研究的重要方向。     

负载型金属配合物催化硅氢加成反应研究进展

硅氢加成反应是有机硅化学中制备含Si-C化合物的一类重要反应。综述了硅氢加成反应中负载型金属配合物催化剂的种类、催化性能及催化机理,并展望了此类反应的研究前景,表明探索价廉高效的硅氢加成催化体系将是这一领域的主要研究方向。     

苯氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷的合成

苯酚与烯丙基氯在70℃经醚化生成了苯基烯丙基醚，再经硅氢加成反应合成了苯氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷，并用红外光谱认定了该化合物的特征峰。比较了3种催化剂：氯铂酸-异丙醇(Ⅰ)，氯铂酸-四氢呋喃(Ⅱ)和氯铂酸-异丙醇-乙酰丙酮(Ⅲ)对苯基烯丙基醚与三甲氧基硅烷进行硅氢加成反应的催化性能以及反应温度的影响，发现当温度控制在80℃时，第3种催化剂的催化性能最优。     

高分子金属催化剂及其在硅氢加成反应中的应用

综述了硅氢加成反应中高分子金属催化剂的种类、结构及其催化性能     

高分子金属催化剂及其在硅氢加成反应中的应用

综述了硅氢加成反应中高分子金属催化剂的种类,结构及其催化性能。     

4A分子筛固载铂催化剂催化乙炔硅氢加成反应

研究了4A分子筛固载铂催化剂的制备及其催化乙炔与三乙氧基硅烷硅氢加成反应的反应规律,考察了反应温度、原料配比、催化剂铂含量、乙炔流量等对反应的影响.结果说明4A分子筛固载铂催化剂对乙炔与三乙氧基硅烷硅氢加成反应具有较好的催化活性,并且反应条件温和,催化剂回收利用3次仍具有较高的活性.     

无溶剂催化合成有机硅聚醚表面活性剂

通过采用铂催化剂催化低含氢硅油与烯丙基聚醚的硅氢加成反应合成了有机硅聚醚表面活性剂。讨论了铂催化剂活化温度和时间对催化剂活性的影响,研究了在无溶剂条件下低含氢硅油与烯丙基聚醚硅氢加成反应的条件。结果表明:选择60℃~80℃下活化铂催化剂1.5 h为宜;无溶剂加成反应条件为90℃~130℃、3.3 h、催化剂的加入量(以Pt计)为原料总质量的4×10-4%,合成的有机硅聚醚表面活性剂外观透明、黏度为440 mPa.s~460 mPa.s,浊点为26℃~28℃。     

聚苯乙烯-铂络合物对不饱和化合物硅氢加成反应的催化活性

合成了聚苯乙烯－铂络合物,研究了它对不同类型不饱和化合物与甲基一氯硅烷及甲基氢二乙氧基硅烷硅氢加成反应的催化特性。结果表明,其催化活性和选择性受不饱和化合物的电子效应和空间位阻效应以及硅氯化试剂结构等多种因素的影响。聚苯乙烯－铂络合物对连有一个取代基的苯乙烯、丙烯酸甲酯与 氯硅烷及甲基氢二乙氧基硅 硅氢加成反应具有很高的催化活性,对连有两个取代基的甲基丙烯酸甲酯无催化活性;该催化剂可选择性催化烯丙     

零价铂催化剂的制备及其在硅氢加成中的应用

以氯铂酸和二乙烯基四甲基二硅氧烷为原料,采用还原-配合法制得零价铂催化剂,并对催化剂的含量及其催化硅氢加成反应后体系的黏度、环氧值、反应效率(剩余氢质量分数)等性能进行表征。结果表明,该铂催化剂的催化活性和效率高,经济实用,其催化的硅氢加成反应产物的黏度和环氧值均保持稳定,进而可改善产品外观和稳定性。     

三核铜配合物的合成、表征及其催化性能

采用溶剂热法合成了以三核碘化亚铜（CuI）四面体结构为活性中心的硅氢加成反应催化剂,探讨了物料比对产物收率的影响。结果说明了当配体与碘化亚铜的摩尔比为1：6时,产物收率最高。通过元素分析、傅里叶红外光谱分析、X射线光电子能谱分析、X射线单晶体衍射分析、紫外可见光光谱分析、热失重分析对配合物的化学组成、空间结构及性能进行表征,并进一步通过甲基苯基乙烯基树脂和甲基苯基含氢硅油的硅氢加成反应进行催化固化效果验证。结果说明了在催化剂填加量为0.04%、固化温度为150℃的优化条件下反应24h,共混体系固化效果最佳。该配合物对硅氢加成反应具有很好的催化性能,并且原料成本低、制备方法简单、晶体颗粒方便储存,有望解决硅氢加成反应中贵金属催化剂的高成本问题。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。