云南高山普洱茶渥堆过程滋味和汤色品质的动态变化研究

摘 要：目的 探究云南高山普洱茶渥堆过程滋味和汤色品质的动态变化。方法 采用云南省高海拔地区生产的普洱茶为研究样本,通过理化成分测定、色差测定和感官审评的方法对普洱茶渥堆过程中主要品质成分及茶汤色差值变化进行分析,并结合相关性分析探讨了相应指标与滋味、汤色品质之间的关系。结果 在整个渥堆过程中,茶多酚、游离氨基酸、可溶性糖、水浸出物、儿茶素等物质含量均显著降低,咖啡碱含量变化不明显。以茶多酚为主体,生成的茶黄素和茶红素含量先升后降,茶褐素含量显著增加。渥堆过程中,茶汤 L*（明亮度）逐渐降低,红（a*）和黄（b*）色调增强。相关性分析结果显示,茶多酚、大多数儿茶素、水浸出物等物质与滋味品质呈负相关,茶褐素可以正向促进普洱茶的滋味和汤色品质。结论 茶多酚和茶褐素是普洱茶渥堆过程中滋味和汤色品质形成的关键因子。     

不同嫩度鲜叶加工工夫红茶对品质和内含成分的影响

为研究不同嫩度鲜叶加工工夫红茶对品质和内含成分的影响,分别采摘一芽一二叶、一芽二三叶和一芽三四叶原料,按照萎凋、揉捻、发酵和干燥4道工序加工工夫红茶,探索不同嫩度鲜叶加工工夫红茶过程中茶多酚、儿茶素、茶黄素、氨基酸等含量的变化,以及对茶叶感官品质的影响。结果表明:感官品质总分表现为一芽一二叶一芽二三叶一芽三四叶,其中一芽三四叶各感官因子得分均为最差,一芽一二叶和一芽二三叶的汤色、香气和滋味内质评分相近;内含成分的变化表现为揉捻和发酵期间儿茶素含量迅速下降,水浸出物含量也有降低,茶黄素含量上升,红茶加工过程中咖啡碱含量变化不大,不同嫩度原料之间比较,红茶加工过程中EGCG的氧化率一芽一二叶最高为92.09%,一芽二三叶为85.29%,一芽三四叶为86.30%,生成的茶黄素为一芽二三叶最高,氨基酸含量为一芽一二叶一芽二三叶一芽三四叶。     

不同干燥方式对黑茶品质的影响

目的 黑茶传统自然干燥工艺受天气、卫生、效率等因素局限,本文探讨黑茶采用现代机械干燥替代传统干燥的可行性。方法 以云南晒青毛茶渥堆叶为原料,采用不同干燥工艺(热风烘干、远红外干燥、炒干、微波干燥、光波干燥、微波光波混合干燥、晒干、晾干)制成黑茶。分析其感官品质、主要品质成分变化。结果 不同干燥方式加工的黑茶干茶色泽、汤色、叶底基本一致,香气和滋味相差较大。其中热风烘干的黑茶陈香突出,综合品质最高,其游离氨基酸含量较高。远红外干燥的黑茶滋味略带苦味,陈香较弱,其咖啡碱、儿茶素总量较低,滋味的浓度、协调度均不足。炒干的黑茶条索更紧结,香气带陈香较清新,滋味醇和,其可溶性糖、含量相对较高。微波干燥的黑茶滋味甜醇,稍带闷气,其可溶性糖、茶红素含量较高。光波干燥的黑茶茶滋味有甜醇风味及特殊香气,其游离氨基酸含量相对较高。微光波混合干燥的茶有甜醇味,香气略陈,其游离氨基酸、可溶性糖和咖啡碱的含量均介于微波与光波干燥之间,茶多酚的含量高于其他干燥方式。晒干的茶滋味涩,香气为日晒气,其游离氨基酸、可溶性糖含量较低,茶褐素含量高,儿茶素含量较高。晾干的茶滋味有涩味,口感低淡,其游离氨基酸、可溶性糖含量较低,茶褐素含量相对较高。 结论 结合感官品质和理化分析,黑茶加工干燥环节,热风烘干、炒干、微波干燥、光波干燥、微光波混合干燥等现代机械干燥方式可以取代传统的晒干和晾干方式。     

四川黑茶加工过程中感官品质和化学成分的变化

以四川黑茶大生产工艺中的茶样为研究对象,系统地研究四川黑茶加工过程中感官品质及内含成分的变化情况。结果表明:茶样的游离氨基酸、茶多酚、儿茶素、茶红素、可溶性糖、粗纤维、原果胶的含量在加工过程中均减少,其中原果胶含量降幅较大,为66.50%;水浸出物、咖啡碱、茶黄素、茶褐素、水溶性果胶的含量则增加,其中茶褐素含量增幅较大,为194.29%;感官审评结果可知,四川黑茶成品样的感官品质次于蒸压样,表明四川黑茶仍需一定时间的后发酵过程来完成其品质的最终转化;从渥堆不同层次来看,堆表的水浸出物、咖啡碱、游离氨基酸、茶多酚、儿茶素、茶黄素、茶红素、茶褐素含量变化幅度较大,堆中的粗纤维、原果胶、水溶性果胶含量变化幅度较大。渥堆过程随着翻堆的进行,堆表、堆中、堆底的茶坯重新调换位置,进行渥堆,最终使渥堆均匀,实现了四川黑茶品质的转化。     

外源酶对六堡茶渥堆过程中色素转化规律影响

通过在六堡茶渥堆过程添加纤维素酶、果胶酶、木瓜蛋白酶及过氧化物酶,研究外源酶对干茶色泽变化和茶叶中茶黄素、茶红素及茶褐素转化规律的影响及其与茶多酚含量的相关性,旨在为缩短六堡茶的渥堆时间和提高六堡茶的品质提供理论依据。结果表明:果胶酶在六堡茶渥堆的前期可以显著提高茶黄素含量及促进茶汤色泽的加深,而渥堆的后期能够提高茶红素和茶褐素的含量,第10天时,茶黄素含量是空白样的2.23倍,第20天时茶红素含量是空白样的4.32倍,渥堆结束时茶褐素含量比空白样提高29.66%;木瓜蛋白酶在渥堆15天后能迅速增加茶褐素的含量及促进干茶色泽的加深;过氧化物酶在渥堆前期可以显著提高茶褐素的含量,在渥堆的中期提高茶黄素含量的效果较明显,第15天时,茶黄素含量提高64.29%;纤维素酶能够降低茶红素转化成其他物质的速度。此外,茶红素含量与茶多酚含量呈正相关的线性关系,而茶褐素含量与茶多酚含量呈指数函数关系。因此,果胶酶、过氧化物酶、木瓜蛋白酶和纤维素酶对六堡茶渥堆过程中色素的转化影响明显。     

不同氨基酸对普洱茶发酵过程中多酚类物质转化及品质的影响

通过添加外源氨基酸的渥堆发酵方法,探讨了外源氨基酸对普洱茶发酵过程中茶多酚、儿茶素和茶色素等的影响。结果表明:同对照组相比,实验组在发酵前期(二翻之前)堆温能达到较高水平,发酵过程中茶多酚和儿茶素有较大幅度减少;茶黄素和茶红素的含量一直处于较低水平,茶褐素有较快的积累,且在三翻时含量达到最大值,四翻时有所下降。回归分析表明:茶褐素同茶多酚、儿茶素和茶红素成极显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.658、-0.921、-0.670,茶褐素与儿茶素和茶黄素之间有极显著的线性关系,回归方程为:Y=6.764-0.077 X2+1.992 X3。通过感官评定和茶汤色的光学特性分析,确定在添加外源氨基酸的条件下,发酵19d(三翻后1d)实验组产品即可达到陈年普洱茶汤色红亮,滋味醇和回甘的特点。     

不同潮水量条件下普洱茶渥堆过程化学成分的变化

通过设置不同潮水量进行实验室模拟普洱茶渥堆过程,系统地研究堆表与堆芯主要理化成分含量的变化规律,找出普洱茶快速模拟发酵的潮水量。结果表明：至渥堆结束,茶坯的茶多酚、儿茶素、茶黄素、茶红素、氨基酸的含量均呈减少趋势,水溶性糖、茶褐素、咖啡碱的含量则呈增加趋势。不同潮水量条件下渥堆茶样的堆温以及参与发酵的微生物的差异,显著地影响普洱茶的品质。结合感官评价得出,潮水量为45%的普洱茶表现出较佳的品质。     

‘巴山早’紫色芽叶红茶加工工艺研究及品质评价

为了探究‘巴山早’紫色芽叶的红茶加工工艺及其制茶品质特点。本研究选用‘巴山早’紫色芽叶为原料,在万源红茶加工工艺基础上进行工艺优化,对红茶关键加工技术（萎凋、发酵和干燥）进行单因素实验和正交试验,以感官评分、茶黄素和茶红素之和与茶褐素的比值TFRB为评价指标,确定紫色芽叶红茶的最优工艺参数,探究关键加工技术不同参数对红茶品质的影响;以‘福鼎大白’绿色芽叶为对照,采一芽一叶新梢,按照优化后的加工工艺加工成红茶,所制茶样与‘巴山早’紫色芽叶红茶通过感官审评、内含品质成分测定分析和香气组分检测分析。结果表明,‘巴山早’紫色芽叶红茶的最优加工工艺为萎凋时间21 h,发酵时间4.5 h,干燥温度90±2℃,此时感官评分最高为92.83±0.19,‘巴山早’紫色芽叶红茶的感官品质优于对照,其茶多酚、氨基酸、可溶性糖、水浸出物、咖啡碱、茶黄素和茶红素含量分别为12.58%、3.62%、2.89%、37.89%、4.61%、0.38%和3.57%,均高于对照,TFRB为1.07是其滋味鲜醇,汤色红亮的物质基础;氨基酸组分总量、呈鲜爽味氨基酸组分和呈甜味氨基酸组分含量分别为32.35、22.68和3.4...     

金花白茶加工过程中主要滋味物质的动态变化

以2017年福建寿眉散茶为原料,按照渥堆、汽蒸、压制定型、发花、干燥等加工工艺制成金花白茶。通过对加工过程中8个有代表性的工艺节点取样检测,以探明金花白茶加工过程中茶多酚、儿茶素、咖啡碱、氨基酸、水浸出物、可溶性糖、黄酮、茶三素等主要滋味物质含量的动态变化,并探究各类滋味物质的动态变化对其滋味品质的影响。结果表明,金花白茶加工过程中,茶多酚、儿茶素、游离氨基酸、可溶性糖、茶黄素及茶红素含量均逐渐降低,金花白茶较原料降幅分别为24.26%、52.89%、27.44%、9.38%、48.83%及30.96%。黄酮总量、没食子酸及茶褐素含量逐渐增加,金花白茶较原料增幅分别为20.46%、10.92%及77.31%。水浸出物、咖啡碱、茶氨酸含量略有增加,增幅为2.89%、7.70%、8.63%。这些变化有利于金花白茶滋味浓醇厚不苦涩,汤色红浓明亮品质的形成。同时结合感官审评发现,茶多酚、茶黄素、咖啡碱、游离氨基酸及茶褐素均与金花白茶滋味品质显著或极显著相关。     

工夫红茶主要内含成分与品质的相关性分析

通过对11种工夫红茶的水浸出物、茶多酚、咖啡碱、氨基酸、茶黄素、茶红素和茶褐素的含量的测定,并作了感官审评,比较了这些对品质影响较大的内含成分含量与品质之间的相关关系。结果表明,工夫红茶的水浸出物含量与工夫红茶香气得分呈极显著正相关,与汤色呈极显著正相关,与总得分呈极显著正相关;茶褐素含量与茶汤色得分呈极显著负相关,与滋味呈显著性负相关,与茶汤总得分呈显著性负相关;茶红素与茶黄素的比值和茶汤汤色得分呈二次曲线关系;氨基酸的含量与茶汤滋味品质有极显著正相关关系,与香气得分呈显著性正相关。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.